...Modeling Culture in Trade: Uncertainty Avoidance* Gert Jan Hofstede Wageningen University gertjan.hofstede@wur.nl Catholijn M. Jonker Delft University of Technology c.m.jonker@tudelft.nl Tim Verwaart LEI Wageningen UR tim.verwaart@wur.nl Keywords: trade, culture, agents, uncertainty avoidance, negotiation Abstract A model is presented of the way that our cultural attitude towards the unknown influences the decisions we make in trade. Uncertainty avoidance is one of Hofstede’s five cultural dimensions. The paper presents a model of how this dimension affects trade. This influence has been explicated for the decisions regarding trade: partner selection, negotiation behavior, trust, and the interpretation of the trade partner’s behavior. It has been verified in simulations showing that the generic tendencies as attributed to uncertainty avoidance are reflected in the simulation results. Our approach is an example of instantiating generic knowledge on the influences of culture on decision-making in general. INTRODUCTION The international food economy is rapidly changing. Important issues are concentration and globalization, growing information intensity, consumer demands, and social responsibility [Kinsey 2001]. An important issue in current food trade research is the emergence and performance of international supply chain networks [Lazzarini et al. 2001]. Agent-based modeling extends the understanding of processes in society and economy. It enables simulation of the emergence...
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...|GCI-1074A FORFF (1-14) |Arizona Department of Economic Security | | | |Arizona Early Intervention Program (AzEIP) | | | | |DATE | | | |4/9/2016 | | |AzEIP AHCCCS Member Service Request | | |AzEIP SERVICE COORDINATOR’S NAME |PHONE NO. |EMAIL | |Noelle Franks |480-229-5280 |Noelle.ACT@gmail.com | |AzEIP TBEIS CONTRACTOR |PHONE NO. |EMAIL | |Arizona Cooperative Therapies |o-602-547-1111/ |n/a | | ...
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...Module 1 Lab Report For this module, I have chosen the movie Taken to analyze. In it, Bryan Mills’ teenage daughter, Kim, travels to Paris with a friend to follow a band on tour. Shortly after arriving, the two share a taxi with a stranger who works in a human trafficking ring. The two are profiled and abducted soon after, but Kim is on the phone with her father at the time of the abduction. Using very limited clues and training as an ex-CIA operative, he tracks down these men all over Europe and rescues his daughter. This modern-day myth shares a very powerful cultural truth-value that we can see in ancient myths such as The Iliad and The Odyssey. The characters in these stories are driven by a strong love for somebody else and will do anything for those they love. This is true in society today, as we would do anything for those we love. In Taken, we only see this portrayed in one character. In these other myths, however, we see a multitude of heroes perform grand acts for those they love. In The Iliad, Menelaus brings together the Achaean armies to attack and conquer the mighty city of Troy for one reason: Love. His beloved wife, Helen, had been taken away by Paris of Troy to be his wife. In an effort to save his wife, he traveled across dangerous land and oceans to Troy where the Greeks fought in a war for 10 years. If not for love, a 10 year war because of a single man’s desire would seem absolutely absurd. However, we all can sympathize with Menelaus because we would...
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...nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join...
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...Opportunities 10 Organizational Threats 10 Leadership Evaluation 11 Leadership Strengths 11 Leadership Weaknesses 13 Recommendations for Leadership Development 14 Organization Overview Organizational overview provides a framework of the organization. It would ideally be a catalogue all necessary information that would help an external party to assess the organizational fit in a better way and understand whether he/she is in total sync with the organizational goals and the other beneficiaries. The organizational overview addresses the following: * The mission and the history * The stakeholders * The goals and the programs * The budget * The outcomes and the achievements * The sponsors or the funders. I have chosen Salesforce.com as the organization for my analysis and believe that the description provided would help in giving a better understanding of the organization for any third party considering a position with the organization. This organization was developed about fifteen years ago with the objective of bringing together better and reinvented customer relationship management services (CRM) using the mechanism of cloud computing. They have revolutionized the process of CRM, and the way they have incorporated the entire system in cloud computing led to the foundation of a path breaking philanthropic model for them to...
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...I am just trying to join this site and take a look at what kinds of papers and information may be on the site. There is a minimum 250 word essay required to join. I am not presently uploading an actual paper but certainly may once I get on the site and look around and decide if I want to continue or not. I am just trying to join this site and take a look at what kinds of papers and information may be on the site. There is a minimum 250 word essay required to join. I am not presently uploading an actual paper but certainly may once I get on the site and look around and decide if I want to continue or not. I am just trying to join this site and take a look at what kinds of papers and information may be on the site. There is a minimum 250 word essay required to join. I am not presently uploading an actual paper but certainly may once I get on the site and look around and decide if I want to continue or not. I am just trying to join this site and take a look at what kinds of papers and information may be on the site. There is a minimum 250 word essay required to join. I am not presently uploading an actual paper but certainly may once I get on the site and look around and decide if I want to continue or...
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...“I WANT YOU FOR THE U.S. ARMY!” Now, what would you do if someone were to ask you this? Or if you seen it out in town on a poster? Would you pay any attention to it or just walk on by? Most people would honestly just walk on by, unless, there was something in that particular poster that had caught their attention. Recruiting ads have changed over the years, but this one was popular. This particular recruiting advertisement was an effective argument because of their slogan, Uncle Sam, his stare, his point, and the use of America’s colors; red, white, and blue. I would say this particular recruiting image was for men or boys. Back then it were only the men or boys who could actually join the army. So, this poster excluded any women and girls because they were not allowed to join. The main targeted audience for this was for the younger men and boys, and for more than one reason. The younger they are, the more apt they are to be healthier. The army wants them to be younger because they can move more quickly and act upon things faster than someone who is older. They also want the men who don’t already have a family started because then they won’t have that worry while out in battle and can focus better on what they need to do. Where is the place where you see most advertisements for things? Out in town, right? This image was more than likely posted out in town on public buildings as well, that is where most of a town’s population goes for many different reasons. Having it out where...
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...Crips did not form until later. Many people question why young men and even kids join gangs, and there can be different answers to that question. However many people can agree that gangs and gang involvement is deviant act. The question now is what type of deviant organization are gangs, according to me, I believe that gangs are organized crime groups, or also a deviant family outlook. I believe that gangs are organized crime groups because gangs make up 48% of violent crimes (www.fbi.gov). Gangs take part in many different violent acts such as murder, theft, rape, kidnaping and etc… That is because gangs compete with other rival gangs, and when asked why they fight most gang members did not have a reason why. (Made in America Video). However they said if they kill one of us, than we go and kill three of them, it is that type of attitude that has led to 48% of violent crimes. (Made in America Video). Gangs to me are also organized crime groups because they participate in drug manufacturing, trade, and distribution which has to be carefully operated, without it being organized there would not be a profit made. Participating in all these different activities within the gang is what leads me to believe that they are an organized crime group. Another question that many people ask is, why do young men and kids join gangs? After reading “Why American Boys Join Gangs” the majority of kids that join gangs are low income minorities. According to Stanley Taylor, “―Ultimately, children...
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...willingness to participate" (Hazing Defined 1). Most hazing deaths occur because the act goes too far; the hazers get carried away. Their intention is to have a team building activity or make sure members are up to snuff (Facts.com 2). However, this is not what really happens. The acts often cross the line, and the victims do not complain because they want to join the group (Facts.com 2). Teens often want to outdo one another; each year, teens do something more dangerous than what happened to them while they were the victims (Bowers 1; Bushweller 3). Not only can these acts be dangerous, but they are also an "abuse of power and [a] violation of human dignity" (High School Hazing). If teens can be educated that this hurtful and inhumane act of bullying is forbidden in high school, then they will know that it is not acceptable in college, where hazing becomes the most dangerous. Although high school hazing starts out and seems harmless, it can quickly escalate to being harmful, dangerous, and illegal. However, in most cases, the victim will still take part because they want to join the group. Take for instance, Casey Culpepper. She wanted to join the volleyball team her first year in high school. All through the summer, the threat of the "initiation" haunted her. One day she and her friends were attacked by seniors after class and smeared with concoctions that included canned dog food, eggs, ketchup, mustard, horse manure and pet feces. They were then hosed off so hard that it hurt (Bowers...
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...Most hazing deaths occur because the act goes too far; the hazers get carried away. Their intention is to have a team building activity or make sure members are up to snuff (Facts.com 2). However, this is not what really happens. The acts often cross the line, and the victims do not complain because they want to join the group (Facts.com 2). Teens often want to outdo one another; each year, teens do something more dangerous then what happened to them while they were the victims (Bowers 1; Bushweller 3). Not only can these acts be dangerous, but they are also an “abuse of power and [a] violation of human dignity” (High School Hazing). If teens can be educated that this hurtful and inhumane act of bullying is forbidden in high school, then they will know that it is not acceptable in college, where hazing becomes the most dangerous. Although high school hazing starts out and seems harmless, it can quickly escalate to being harmful, dangerous, and illegal. Hazing can very quickly turn from a harmless prank into a dangerous situation. In most cases, the victim will still take part because they want to join the group. Take for instance, Casey Culpepper. She wanted to join the volleyball team her first year in high school. All through the summer, the threat of the "initiation" haunted her. One day she and her friends were attacked by seniors after class and smeared with concoctions that included canned dog food, eggs, ketchup, mustard, horse manure and pet...
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...decide to attend an international conference. You have never attended such an event before. What is your main reason for attending? Choose one option. a. I’m going to attend lots of presentations so I can keep up-to-date with developments in my industry. b. I’m hoping to meet lots of interesting people – maybe some of them will be useful for my future career. c. I have a target of twenty people that I want to meet, so I can persuade them to buy our products. On the first evening, you attend a ‘welcome party’. You arrive in a large hall filled with about 500 people. They all seem to be talking to each other in groups. There’s nobody that you recognise. What do you do? a. Go up to one of the groups, introduce yourself and ask if you can join them. b. Go up to one of the groups and listen to the conversation. Maybe you can join in later. c. Find where the food is being served and try to start a conversation with someone in the queue. d. Walk around the hall, pretending to be looking for someone. Avoid eye contact with other people. e. Turn around and go home. At the conference party, which of these problems would be worse for you? a. No-one wants to talk to you. b. A really boring person wants to talk to you … and you can’t escape from him/her. Where is the best place to stand if you want people to talk to you? a. In the middle of the hall. b. By the wall. c. Outside. d. By the buffet / bar. Which topics of conversation could you use to break the ice with someone? a. How much you hate...
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...straight to the point they care about… saving money, and it makes them want to put their hand up too. Anything that is going to save us 1000s, I’m good. I’m checking it out. I’m looking toward retirement. We got to save money. MA, OH Who doesn’t want to save money? Interesting. I would put my hand up….I want to save thousands. N/A, Nashville This is the best. Gets right to it. Easy to digest. Tells me what I want to know. IFP, Nashville Who doesn't want to save thousands on health. It’s not cheap. IFP Phoenix Time is very consuming and most people want to get straight to the point. Everything is now straight to the point. Pretty good pitch. Save thousands on health insurance. IFP, Birmingham Though some were skeptical, explaining...
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...05-19-10. Can Baptist agree on baptism for children? This question is what set some Christian apart when it comes to baptizing their kids at an early age. Because some of them reject baptizing kids at a young age, because children do not understand or know any better. Many nondenominational churches request that members get immerse in water no matter what your age is. While other accepts you as a member just because you had some water sprinkle on you when was a kid (Ken Camp, Baptist Standard Friday April 23, 2010).However, nearly all believers that have been baptize believe it is a no-soul saving power. But some believe baptism to be very vital in becoming a member of any church, so if this is true why such a big deal about children being dunk into some water to prove a point in the first place. Furthermore, many Christians pick a church base on the different programs that are offer like music, two services during Sunday, and of course whether kids are baptize at an early age. Because, some churches want to know before you even join are you or have you ever been baptize or not. Because denominations are losing their grip on member being baptize. Some people move from city to city looking for a church to call home. Wherever, people come from and what reason they are looking for a new home church. All people are looking for is a stable foundation and feeling a part of. Therefore some sociologists of religion think that, some people do not value...
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...It happened in the gym, when I was in elementary school. My cheeks were flushed and warm from bouncing nonstop on the hop ball. I relaxed for a minute, and enjoyed the cool air conditioning that caressed my red face. I could almost hear the sizzling. I felt the handle of the hop ball that were gripped in my iron hands. Kids around me were unceasingly playing. Some were shooting hoops, while the rest, like me, were being goofballs and bouncing around, even racing on the hop balls, seeing who could go pass the red line at the end of the gym, first. I heard the joyous laughter that made me want to join in again, so I bounce high. When I came to the glistening gym floor, I felt a sharp pain in my lower back, but it receded as fast as it appeared....
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