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Ideal Types

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tipos de ideales primera parte

Max Weber
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(1864-1920)

LOS TIPOS IDEALES

Weber no colocaba a las ciencias naturales y a las ciencias sociales, en campos opuestos en cuanto a la precisión del conocimiento logrado, porque las ciencias sociales pueden lograr un tipo especial de explicación mediante la construcción y uso de tipos ideales.

Caracterizaba las ciencias sociales o culturales como disciplinas que analizan fenómenos de la realidad en términos de su significación cultural que deriva de una orientación valórica del sujeto hacia ciertos eventos que los convierte en objetos culturales. Esos eventos son los que constituyen el objeto de estudio de las ciencias sociales y culturales.

El investigador de estas ciencias está interesado en comprender la individualidad de un determinado fenómeno social; pero también debe explicar ese fenómeno, con una explicación que se basa en una imputación causal mediante la cual se buscan las causas que pudieron dar origen a divergencias entre el tipo ideas de un cierto suceso construido y un suceso concreto.

Los tipos ideales de Weber son construcciones intelectuales de un cierto objeto cultural, que se forman por la síntesis de muchos sucesos concretos individuales arreglados de acuerdo con un cierto acentuado punto de vista del investigador de acuerdo con la función que va a cumplir. Esa construcción, no se encuentra en la realidad, es una construcción ideal.

Tipos de ideales:

1.- El tipo ideal histórico. Es el tipo que se puede formular en una época determinada. Por ejemplo el tipo ideal de libre mercado.
2.-El tipo ideal de sociología general. Es el tipo que se refiere a fenómenos que se dan a lo largo de todos los periodos históricos y en todas las sociedades.
3.-El tipo ideal de la acción social. Es el tipo de la conducta de un actor determinado por sus motivaciones.
4.- El tipo ideal estructural. Es la construcción intelectual que se refiere a causas y consecuencias de la acción social.

(1883 – 1936)

HEINRICH RICKERT: CIENCIA CULTURAL Y CIENCIA NATURAL

La preocupación principal Heinrich Rickert está dirigida a encontrar la diferencia básica entre las ciencias naturales y las que él denomina ciencias de la cultura.

Esa diferencia las encuentra en los distintos métodos que utiliza cada ciencia:
Método generalizador (ciencias naturales): constituido por conjuntos de procedimientos que buscan conocimientos generales de los objetos hacia los cuales se dirige su investigación, es decir, buscan formular leyes.
Método individualizador o idiográfico (ciencias culturales): consiste en la búsqueda de singularidades de los aspectos particulares que individualizan un determinado fenómeno.

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