...a rising working-age population that is illiterate. This has caused a problem in the Indian labor market, in that the general educational level of the labor force that lies between ages of 15 and 59 years is very low. In 2010, India had a working population of 431 million people out of which 29% were illiterate. Also, about 24% possessed an education below primary or only primary education and only about 17% had a secondary and higher education. Ramachandran and Chatterjee (2013, p. 32) stated that while India is the second most populated country in the world, with a current population of about 1.21 billion with an average population growth rate of 1.41%, this is a clear indication that this population will increase more with time. When looking at the age structure, people who are 15-64 years old make up 65% of India's population and only 30% being under 15 years of age. This clearly indicates that India is composed of a rather young population. As per the 2011 census, literacy levels stand at around 74.04% and this is a significant progress from the 14.5% rate at the time of India’s independence in 1947, though the census still reveals that the adult literacy rate in India was more than 11% lower than the average World Adult Literacy Rate of 84% (Census of India, 2011c, p.101). Despite major reforms and programs intended to develop the education system, India is still struggling with low rates of illiteracy, especially in the country’s rural parts. Different states have been...
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...2016 Illiteracy in India In the world, on one hand, there are developed countries, but on the other hand, there are developing countries and poor countries. In many of these countries, many people are illiterate. There are 757 million people in the world who are illiterate (UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2013). It always has been a serious issue. The representative country, which has this problem, is India. Illiteracy does not only make a citizen unable to read and write, but it also makes it difficult for a citizen to get a well paying job. If they cannot work, they have to keep living a poor life. This is the vicious circle, which lasts forever unless we change. This essay will explain how literacy rate is low in India, the interviews about this issue and how we can change it better. The low illiteracy rate in India has been always a serious issue for the government as well as its people. India has the highest population of illiterate adults at 287 million. This number has decreased gradually. It decreased 15% in 15 years, and as of 2006, the literacy rate in India stood at 63% (The Hindu, 2014). However, this number is still low compared with other developed countries. Ram, a renowned journalist (2014) said, “The reason for low literacy rate is the lack of proper school facilities as well as the sheer inefficiency of teaching staff across the government run education sector”. It has been proved obvious through this statement that the scenario of education in India faces...
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...Overview Agriculture to India is as the heart is to the human body. It contributes 23 percent of the gross domestic product and feeds billions of people and employs 66 percent of the countries work force. The Mandis system was set in place by the government to centralize and also control the distribution of grains from agriculture among producers, consumers and traders. The organizational structure of the mandis left room for a high level of ambiguity and both greed and self interest took precedence over the well being of farmers. The system was corrupted and the true beneficiaries were the mandis employees. The lack of resources namely technology and information made it impossible for farmers to know the true market value of their produce and therefore accepted any price set by the mandis. In many cases they received prices way below the going market price. Many unethical practices were portrayed by the mandis employees. These practices exploited farmers and the lack of education and information of the farmers furthered the abusive behavior of the mandis. The ITC group which was one of India's foremost private sectors saw the need to address these inefficiencies and therefore gave birth to a system called the E-choupal. The ITC, on implementing the E-choupal sought to improve the supply distribution chain by payment method and all in all, eliminate the inefficiencies that the mandis system posed. For example the organizational structure had to be reconstructed to lessen the...
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...day. From the last 10 years, extremism is increasing. Almost every kind of problem exists in Pakistan, including electricity load-shedding, bad economy, less educational facilities, less hospitals, inflation and no pure water in many parts. These problems exist in Pakistan right from its independence which as mentioned above was more than sixty years ago. Despite it being rich on raw resources thus far Pakistan is a developing country with limited development in every era due to the problems it faces. In the following text we will shed some light on some of the major problems faced today by Pakistan as a country. 1. POVERTY: According to an analysis poverty has increased roughly from 30% to 40% during the past decade. Consider that if 40%of a country’s population is earning their life below the poverty-line in which the people are deprived of basic necessities of life such as clothing, shelter,food, education and medication, such families and their children will be forced to think of their survival only. 2. ILLITERACY Pakistanis officially reported to have 50% literacy rate. Which means half of its population is illiterate. With such family backgrounds, inflation, poverty and child labor this rate is expected to increase in future. Even for those who are termed as “Literate” are only able to read and write, which in today’s technology oriented world is still considered as illiteracy. Majority of the people forming...
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...Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration) India, being a developing country, has had to face several economic and political challenges. One of the most important problems is the population explosion. India's population hit 1 billion in May 2000, increasing the urgency for the country to take steps to control its population growth. Some of the reasons for this population explosion are poverty, better medical facilities, and immigration from our neighbouring countries of Bangladesh and Nepal. The population density of India in 1996 was about 287 persons per square kilometre. Several solutions to decrease the rate of population increase have been tried by the government, some successful, some unsuccessful. Although the rate of increase has decreased, the rate has not reached the satisfactory level yet. The population in India continues to increase at an alarming rate. The effects of this population increase can be felt in the increasing poverty, unemployment, air and water pollution, and shortage of food, health resources and educational resources. The main reasons, effects and foreseeable suggestions are as follows: a. REASONS FOR INCREASE IN POPULATION are as follows: 1. Poverty 2. Religious beliefs, traditions and cultural norms 3. Decreased Death Rates due to medical and life style improvement. 4. Migration from other countries to our country b. Effects of over population: 1. Air pollution 2. Water Pollution 3. Unemployment and illiteracy 4....
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...IV. Unemployment among Indian youth: An overview The preceding review of the Indian efforts at formulating the policies to mitigate youth unemployment has highlighted the difficulties of attacking the problem in a continental country. It has indicated that it is difficult to obtain precise estimates of the number and proportion of the youth in the country and the level of unemployment among them. The widespread errors of age reporting, which result from the high level of illiteracy and the lack of awareness about the date of birth, are a serious problem. (a) Facts of the Situation There are marked differences between estimates of the number and proportion of youth based on the decennial censuses and the sample surveys, as well as the Sample Registration System. The projections made by different agencies such as the Office of the Registrar General on behalf of the Planning Commission and the United Nations also differ with respect to the number and relative share of the youth in the population. However, according to the best national estimates, the youth formed about 18.5 to 19 percent of the national population in the early 1990s, and numbered about 159 million at the time of the 1991 Census. Over 53 percent of them (85 million) were in the labour force. By 2001, the number of youth is projected to rise to 212 million, and the number of youth in the labour force to 107 million (almost 23.6 percent of the projected total labour force of 453 million). The data...
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...Case study: India in the move Introduction With more than 1,5 billion citizens, India represent a huge market for national and international companies. However India is still facing some difficulties that are slowing it expansion and its economic growth. Trying to solve them is the main objective of the minister of finance Jaswant Singh that has to craft a budget to achieve the 10th five years plan, which constitutes an economic, and social growth project for 2002-2007. Among its main objectives is achieving, a growth rate of 8% (Exhibit 2), removing interstate barriers to trade and commerce, implementing a more efficient fiscal management, creating jobs, reducing poverty, illiteracy and solving the social, politic and religious conflicts within the country. What were the reforms that led to this new plan? Is this developing India attractive for foreign direct investment? To answer to this question, we will start by analyzing India’s Background and we will finish by studying its process towards globalization I. India’s Background India’s population in 2002 knew a continuous growth of 1,5% and is estimated to keep and on growing. Live expectancy had reached 62 in 2002 and the literacy rate was 65% in 2001. Having a very diversified population, the country has 18 official languages, Hindu being the most prevalent. Many religion try to cohabite, not always successfully, inside the territory. Hindu-Muslim frictions represent a major problem for the country; indeed...
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...Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration) India, being a developing country, has had to face several economic and political challenges. One of the most important problems is the population explosion. India's population hit 1 billion in May 2000, increasing the urgency for the country to take steps to control its population growth. Some of the reasons for this population explosion are poverty, better medical facilities, and immigration from our neighbouring countries of Bangladesh and Nepal. The population density of India in 1996 was about 287 persons per square kilometre. Several solutions to decrease the rate of population increase have been tried by the government, some successful, some unsuccessful. Although the rate of increase has decreased, the rate has not reached the satisfactory level yet. The population in India continues to increase at an alarming rate. The effects of this population increase can be felt in the increasing poverty, unemployment, air and water pollution, and shortage of food, health resources and educational resources. The main reasons, effects and foreseeable suggestions are as follows: a. REASONS FOR INCREASE IN POPULATION are as follows: 1. Poverty 2. Religious beliefs, traditions and cultural norms 3. Decreased Death Rates due to medical and life style improvement. 4. Migration from other countries to our country b. Effects of over population: 1. Air pollution 2. Water Pollution 3. Unemployment and illiteracy 4....
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...Uncertain Glory: India and its Contradictions, Allen Lane, pp. 107-142. course name – Indias development Experiance couorse cordinator – DR. Niladri Sir 2014-15 THE CENTRALITY OF EDUCATION INTRODUCTION :- In a powerful diagnosis, Rabindranath Tagore said: 'in my view the imposing tower of misery which today rests on the heart of India has its sole foundation in the absence of education'.The remark is some what extreme, in separating out just one factor among many problems that India faces.And yet tagore offers a judgement that is deeply insightful. The role of basic education in the process of development and social progress is very wide and...
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...Women in India constitute nearly 50% of its population. According to 1991 census, there were 40.6 crores of women as against 43.7 crores of men. Roughly, there are 929 women for every 1000 men. Man considers woman to be frail and weak by nature. She is shorter and delicate compared to the strongly build man. But man forgets that a woman is made so, so to play a specific fro in nature which a man cannot play, that is the role of the mother. In intelligence both are equal. Man is aggressive and emotional. A woman is patient, calm and receptive. She can bear more pain and has more tolerance than a man. She is stronger in conviction and in perseverance. Yet women all over the world are playing a secondary role only. The position in India is no different. Women were glorified in epics and puranas, for their service to their men. Serving a father first, secondly a husband, and later serving her children and grandchildren, had been her lot. Puranas mention the names of Seeta, Savitri and Anusuya and glorify them for their devote service to their husbands. They even say that a woman can easily get salvation by serving her husband. After Independence the Constitution of India gave equal rights to men and women in all walks of life. But even today one cannot say that all women in India enjoy equal rights with men in all matters. There are many reasons for this (1) the customs and traditions prevalent for centuries, (2) The high percentage of illiteracy among women, (3) Ignorance of...
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...liberalisation, greater openness in trade and increase investment in infrastructure. This helped the Indian economy to achieve a rapid rate of economic growth and economic development. However, the economy still faces various problems and challenges. 1. Inflation Fuelled by rising wages, property prices and food prices inflation in India is an increasing problem. Inflation is currently between 8-10%. This inflation has been a problem despite periods of economic slowdown. For example in late 2013, Indian inflation reached 11%, despite growth falling to 4.8%. This suggests that inflation is not just due to excess demand, but is also related to cost push inflationary factors. For example, supply constraints in agriculture have caused rising food prices. This causes inflation and is also a major factor reducing living standards of the poor who are sensitive to food prices. The Central Bank of India have made reducing inflation a top priority and have been willing to raise interest rates, but cost push inflation is more difficult to solve and it may cause a fall in growth as they try to reduce inflation. 2. Poor educational standards Although India has benefited from a high % of English speakers. (important for call centre industry) there is still high levels of illiteracy amongst the population. It is worse in rural areas and amongst women. Over 50% of Indian women are illiterate. This limits economic development and a more skilled workforce. 3. Poor Infrastructure Many Indians lack...
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...Education scenario and needs in India: Building a perspective for 2025 Suman Sachdeva SECTION-I The Indian Constitution resolves to provide quality education to all and in an effort to fulfill the educational needs of the country specifically for the diverse societies and cultures of the country the government has chalked out different educational categories: Elementary education, Secondary education, Higher education, Adult education, Technical and Vocational education. Despite serious handicaps of means and resources, the country has built up during the last 50 years, a very large system of education and has created a vast body of men and women equipped with a high order of scientific and technological capabilities, robust humanist and philosophical thought and creativity. It would be worthwhile to observe the trends in the different sectors of education from post Independence period to the present scenario. Sectors of Education Elementary Education Graph I: Comparative Statement of Number of Institutions in 1950-51 and 1998-99 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 6.27 2.1 1.9 0.13 1950-51 1998-99 Primary Schools (Classes I-V) Upper Primary Schools (Classes VI-VIII) Comparative Statement of Numbers of Students (Upper Primary Stage) in 1950-51 and 1998-99 403.53 400 300 200 100 0 1950-51 1998-99 31.19 57.58 12.7 At the time of Independence, only fourteen percent of the population was literate and only one child out of three had been enrolled...
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...females. Lack of education for women, primarily caused by social obligations and social beliefs, is having a global importance by making other countries seem more educated. Pakistan is eminent primarily for its history and governing system. It is a country located in Asia and is one of the fewest countries in the world that give more preference to males. They do this because it is believed that they are essential to the country. They do physical work, which helps build the foundation for a successful country. Males are also involved a lot in the military, which is what Pakistan gives a lot of preference to (“Women’s Education in Pakistan”). Pakistan has a noteworthy history. It was once a part of India. When the countries achieved independence in 1947, Pakistan split off from India due to religious conflict (“Pakistan”). Ever since then, Pakistan has struggled to maintain political and social stability. Female education is one of these. Social unrest has led to debates on whether or not women should receive fair education (“Women’s Education in Pakistan”). The lack of education in Pakistan has led to many of the residents (especially women) there be unknowledgeable, thus causing more turmoil. Females are receiving...
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...indicate that the transition from feudalism to modern society has been slow and incomplete despite the occasional turbulence, turmoil, wars, social reforms, and intellectual ferment. It was during the mid-19th century (First War of Independence) and the 20th century freedom movement that the Indian newspapers played a powerful and prominent role in questioning the forces of authority, social prejudices and the suppression of personal liberty. During the late 19th and early 20th century, attempts to propagate the ideas of liberty, equality, fraternity, and freedom were made by political and social leaders. The journals started by them played a historical role in questioning old ideas and practices like casteism, communalism, superstitions, educational backwardness and women’s oppression. Modern rational and scientific ideas, secularism, tolerance, and economic empowerment of the people were propagated in the writings of national leaders. The newspapers, particularly, served in conscientizing literate and educated people about the need for social reforms and political independence. Until 1950, the newspapers no doubt, served in inspiring people of the country towards a change in their thinking about social transformation, economic empowerment and the establishment of a strong foundation for democracy. But in recent decades, a decline in the functioning of the press/media has set in. This paper attempts to present a glimpse of events through which the all types of media have passed....
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...NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES ACCOUNTING FOR GROWTH: COMPARING CHINA AND INDIA Barry Bosworth Susan M. Collins Working Paper 12943 http://www.nber.org/papers/w12943 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 February 2007 We are very indebted to Anthony Liu and Gabriel Chodorow-Reich for extensive assistance in understanding the data and constructing the growth accounts. This paper was presented at the annual conference of the Tokyo Club Foundation for Global Studies, December 6-7, 2006. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. © 2007 by Barry Bosworth and Susan M. Collins. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Accounting for Growth: Comparing China and India Barry Bosworth and Susan M. Collins NBER Working Paper No. 12943 February 2007 JEL No. F43,O1,O4 ABSTRACT We compare the recent economic performances of China and India using a simple growth accounting framework that produces estimates of the contribution of labor, capital, education, and total factor productivity for the three sectors of agriculture, industry, and services as well as for the aggregate economy. Our analysis incorporates recent data revisions in both countries and includes extensive discussion of the underlying data...
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