Introduction

Ever since the 1980s, technology, especially that of information technology and transportation, has witnessed an unprecedented development. This has given such an impetus to international migration that it floods every corner of the world with the momentum of an avalanche. With this comes a substantial increase in the exchange of human capital between nations. Against this background, the pace of international migration keeps accelerating and the scale of it continuesto expand. However, as is often pointed out, international migration is a two-edged sword with dual effects.Nevertheless, the benefits of international migration are in excess of the economic costs. This essay will examine the brain drain and government spending on education problems for origin countries, meanwhile, unemployment problems, wage problems and social service spending for countries of immigration will also be included.(the essay’s structure)

Brain drain for origin countries

It is believed that international migration does harm to the human capital of origin countries, which is called brain drain.（this is the topic sentence, it is important. Becs readers can understand what you are going to talk about ）Research conducted by Indian households in 2004 shows that about 40% of emigrants have obtained at least a diploma of senior high school, the percentage of which is substantially higher than that of all Indians over the age of 25(TheEconomist,2011)(this is the example.it should be closely linked topic sentence) This suggests that rather than contributing to the human capital accumulation of their countries, a portion of well-educated nationals choose to emigrate, some of whom can be rated as the pillars of the society.(this is my comments, we should explain how the example closely link to our topic, it is quite important,we should add more in our report) Hence, on the surface, it seems that international migration is detrimental to origin countries,however, whilst making an intensive study, it can be learned that these arguments do not hold water(this sentence aims at linking the paragraph between this paragraph and the following paragraph, so that it can make the essay looks like as a whole part)

From the angle of the origin countries, emigration, even emigration of the elite proves to be beneficial with brain gain outweighing brain drain.(topic sentence)For one thing, people exaggerate the “brain drain” based on inflated numbers of talents lost which makes no distinction between people who uplift themselves after emigration and people who are already elite in their home countries. Allowing for this discrepancy, Vicente, P.C(2007) et al estimated the possibility of a university degree holder emigrating at 24.68%, which is much lower than the 67.5% reported by Marfouk (2006, cited in Vicente, P.C. 2007)(example) .This implies that the loss of talent is not as severe as people have imagined. In addition, studies reveal that though equipped with college diplomas, young people in origin countries like Morocco and Tunisia find it much harder to get employed than those less educated(The Economist,2011).This suggests that in reality the origin countries give their well-educated citizens less scope to exercise their abilities. Thereby, emigration turns out to create better matches of labor and jobs.(commentsHence, the skilled migrants may find better soil to grow on abroad.

Furthermore(use linked words,it can make the report clear), the prospect of emigrating to greener pasture and the policies of host countries with a preference for the elite provide people left behind with a spur to invest more in education,as evidenced by a study of Cape Verdean,which finds that the number of young people finishing secondary school increases by roughly eight points with a rise of 10％ in the probability of emigration(The Economist,2011).(example)Since some of those who have received a fair education end up staying, this promise of emigration undoubtedly prompts a net increase in the stock of a country’s human capital.

Government spending on education for origin countries

The emigration of talentthey vigorously nurture does not escape the attention of governments in source countries. Some governments in developing countries, which dedicate a large amount of money to education, are considering discreetly whether it is worthwhile to do so, for there will be fiscal losses owing to revenue reduction. Indian government argued that students in Indian Institutes of Technology tend to stay in Silicon Valley or Wall Street after they graduate from the school rather than going back to make a contribution to India (The Economist, 2011). This phenomenon leads them to fear that their investment in education would end up bringing no repayment.Nevertheless, these worries are groundless.

As a matter of fact, origin countries ultimately obtain great benefits from emigration. These benefits chiefly take the form of remittance. Statistics from the World Bank (cited in The Economist, 2011)(the statistics was published by the world bank, but be used in the article of the Economist, so in-text reference you should write:(the original source, and then write cited in the articles which you find.) illustrate that in 2010, remittance from workers who come from developing countries, reached $315 billion in the aggregate. in some countries, such as Lebanon, Lesotho, Nepal, Tajikistan，remittance occupies over 20% of GDP. These data demonstrates the magnitude of remittance, which should not be underestimated. Meanwhile, a new study on Ghanaian migrants compares the remittance they sent back home with the amount spent on educating them and reveals that it turns out to be a good deal for their educated citizens to emigrate(The Economist,2011).

Apart from remittance, emigrants can also serve their motherland in subtle and indirect ways. Through their social contacts and the national image they establish overseas, emigrants play an important role in fostering trade between the country they come from and the country they reside in. The Indian emigrants in Silicon Valley set a typical example. It impress the host country with their intelligence and the quality of their software, thus providing India’s domestic software companies with better access to the American market(The Economist,2011). This suggests that though living abroad, emigrants can still do their parts in stimulating their home country’s economic growth. Thereby, there is no need to worry about the emigration of the brightest.

Unemployment problems for countries of immigration

In recent years, the unemployment rate in Europe keeps rising. This leads to many complains over immigration as people generally suppose the soaring unemployment rate is related to the newcomers who mean to compete with them for jobs. Schifferes, S. (2002) stated that even in elections held in the Netherlands, Denmark and France, opponents of immigration linked the unemployment rate with immigration. However, evidence shows that there is little relevance between international migration and the increased rate of unemployment.

Schifferes, S (2002)stated that during the period of the 1980s, in many EU countries, international migration kept stable, while the rate of unemployment still ascended. The reason why European countries kept a high unemployment rate rested in the high cost of hiring new employees or firing old employees rather than migrants’ impact. Beyond that, those that are labeled low-skilled migrant workers fill jobs where the supply falls short of demand, such as construction, catering, child-care and cleaning (Borjas, G. 2011).these manual labor and service sector jobs are what the development of economy cannot do without. Furthermore, as economist Moore, S (2001, cited inBorjas,G. 2011) put it, immigrants who share the courage to travel across oceans generally tend to be entrepreneurial. In technological innovation and business field, they bring this spirit into full play and create jobs in a shrinking job market. Statistics between1995-1998 offers reliable evidence. It attributes the start of 30% of Silicon Valley businesses, including Google to Chinese and Indian immigrants.(Borjas,G., 2011). Therefore, contrary to what people have thought, the tide of immigrants actually conduces to tackle the unemployment problem.

Wage problems for countries of immigration

Migrants can escape being pointed fingers at for unemployment, but it can’t be denied that they lower the wage on native workers to some extent. A larger labor pool is bound to put the employers at an advantage where there is no need to make their jobs appealing in form of higher salary or better working conditions.

Nevertheless(linked words), as Schifferes，S. (2002) stated, the negative effects can be counteracted by the benefits gained buying goods of lower prices driven down by lower labor costs. Evidently, there is no need to be unduly concerned about this problem. With 335,000 people migrating each year from Eastern Europe after the barriers to free movement are removed, the EU still rated the fears of immigrants’ impact on wages as unfounded.

Social services spending for countries of immigration

Another worry concerning the financial stress the government has to face is to supply the immigrants with social service. Admittedly, in the short term, with a mass of immigrants coming, more services, such as health care, is needed. Figure 1
However, from the figure 1, 79.73% of the migrants are young adults, who are at working age, which means they consume less such service provided by host countries. Moreover, the fiscal burden can be offset by the tax revenue. Schifferes, S. (2002)pointed out that in the UK, home office research illustrates that migrants contribute ￡5bn more in taxes than they derive in benefits in UK.

Meanwhile, the Treasury validates that the contributions migrants made assuredly generated economic growth at a quarter-point. Migrants purchase goods and services in the receiving countries, consequently spurring consumption in host countries which straightly increases the fiscal revenue. Crafts, N(2010, cited in Schifferes, S. 2002 )(because in the article wrote by Schifferes, he quoted the words from the article of Crafts;s)provided further proof ,explaining that in the late 19th century, migrants from Europe to the US rapidly promoted the development of economy, thus laying the foundation for America to become the most influential country in the world. So it is apparent enough that immigrants pay more for what they get. Whatever blame opponents of immigration may put on them, they do exert a far-reaching influence on the host countries, most of which is known to be benign influence.

Conclusion

This paper examines the brain drain and government spending on education problems for origin countries, as well as unemployment problems, wage problems and social service spending for countries of immigration. So, from evidences offered in this essay,(make a conclusion about what we have talked above.) it clearly shows that the benefits of international migration are in excess of the economic costs. Hence, in the long run, with the globalization further strengthening, the intercommunication between nations will be increasingly frequent. Thus, the pace of international migration will continue to accelerate.Driven by the general trend, both origin countries and countries of immigration will benefit more in the future.(predict future)

Bibliography:

The Economist. May 26th 2011. Drain or gain? (internet).Available from:http://www.economist.com/node/18741763 (Accessed 28th June 2011)

Borjas,G. 2011. Effect on Countries of Destination.(Internet) Available from: http://worldsavvy.org/monitor/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=427&Itemid=814 (Accessed 28th 2011)

Steve, S. 2002. Analysis: Who gains from immigration? (Internet)Available from:http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2019385.stm (Accessed 29th June 2011)

Vicente, P. C.，Lacuesta, A.,& Batista, C. September 2007. Brain drain or brain gain? Micro evidence from an African Success Story.(internet).Available from:http://ftp.iza.org/dp3035.pdf(Accessed 28th June 2011)