...Martin Luther born in 1483 in germany was a christian theologian and monk. his contributions to the christian religion were revolutionary and the impacts have shaped doctrines and structures present today in the religion. His interpretation of the bible resulted in controversial insights which challenged roman catholic traditions and the papal power which influenced europe in the middle ages. he initiated the protestant reformation which was hugely significant in the history of christianity. deep study of the scriptures gave way to many revelations for Luther. He believed and preached that salvation and subsequently eternity in heaven could not be simply earned through the doing of good deeds, but can only be received as a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as a redeemer from sin and subsequently eternity in Hell. At the time, the roman catholic church was selling 'indulgences' which were then believed to ensure acceptance to heaven and release from purgatory for those who bought them, regardless of sin, thus allowing people to think they could buy their way into heaven. The money was then used to construct cathedrals and monuments. Luther challenged the church on the corrupt nature of these promises they made to the public and endeavoured to expose the truths of the bible. As many germans were unable to read and understand the bible, they relied heavily on the word of the pope and the church, however Luther preached that ones faith and belief in Jesus...
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...only had the basic idea to bring Christianity back to its roots, making him a radical. One way in which it can be argued that Luther was not a revolutionary was because he did not intend for a revolution to happen. This is apparent because when Luther wrote his 95 Theses, he sent them to the Archbishop (and elector) Albert of Mainz on the 31st of October 1517, which is when he pinned them up in the University of Wittenberg. This shows that he had not planned a revolution because it would not have made any sense if Luther had sent the 95 Theses to Albert to warn him in advance of a revolution, as revolutions work better when powerful people are not aware of them before they begin. Another piece of evidence that suggests that Luther had no intention to start a revolution is that the 95 Theses were written in Latin. This shows that they were written to be read by scholars of a university, not peasants. If Luther had really intended a revolution then he would have written the Theses in the vernacular which would have meant the peasants could have read it, understood it, and acted upon it immediately in the form of a revolt. One other piece of evidence that suggests that Luther was not intending a revolution is that Luther’s opening statement on the Theses is ‘Out of love for the truth and the desire to bring it to light, the following propositions will be discussed at Wittenberg,...
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...The reformation was a historical event that happened around the 15th century, it’s based on the re-formation of the church. Five hundred years ago, Martin Luther released the ninety-five these statement on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg (“ German reformation, 3 ”). Martin Luther like his father and grandfather, he was a slave, he was also the oldest of ten children. The reformation has ended near the late 1900s. When he was younger, he was sent to a boarding school, but on his journey back he was supposed “kidnapped”. In the early 21st century, relations have been good throughout the catholic church and mainstream Protestantism. The story of the Protestantism is a bloody and violent time for both sides. The Reformation is...
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...great leaders. World leaders and United States leaders share the ambitions to achieve these descriptions. Martin Luther and Martin Luther King Jr. are two names nearly every American citizen knows and most likely respects today. To begin, Martin Luther served as a prominent world leader. Many years ago, in medieval Germany, Martin Luther changed the church forever. He lived as a man full of deep faith for God and was a strict Christian all of his life. Today he is known by numerous people as the most influential German monk who ever lived. Luther had a doctorate in Theology and craved for a reform. He had the biggest issue with parishioners buying indulgences, believing that this purchase would ensure their salvation. He fought for justice and equality, as many great leaders have. At one point he nearly brought down the entire Roman Catholic Church. After writing his famous 95 Theses, the Church was devastated. Even though Luther was hesitant to fight back about the indulgences, he found answers when he turned to the Bible and realized that it is not the Church that will guarantee salvation, it is your own personal faith. In his theses he criticized the Pope’s purpose in raising money and expressed a straightforward concern for the people of Rome. Due to the revolutionary machinery of printing, Luther’s 95 Theses spread throughout all of Europe within three months (“About Martin Luther”.) In 1521, Luther was forced to face Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms. Here, he was expected...
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...Name Instructor Course Date Ancient History The Funeral Oration This was a yearly occasion given to celebrate those who had kicked the bucket during the time in the administration of the Athenian military. According to Thucydides, the funeral oration expressed that democracy makes it for individuals to better themselves through merit instead of class or money. Pericles underlined the power of the people of Athens and particularly their ability to work amongst themselves for the improvement of the city by putting away their personal interests. He spoke about how the Athens city people worked for the betterment of the city, not due to force, but because of their true will. The funeral oration gives a mention about the Athenians where it talks about their willingness to give instead of receiving. Despite the fact that excluded with Thucydides' interpretation of Pericles' particular discourse, a rundown of all the fallen was typically recounted as a part of the discourse and the assemblages of the fallen were cleaned and put in plain view around a monstrous dedication to fallen Athenians before internment (Macve 130). Despite the fact that most of a sorrowful or deploring discourse, Pericles thought outside the box and endeavored to utilize the discourse to win the great graces of the general population by advancing his qualities and those of Athenian culture, tucked in the middle of his remembrance of the fighters and corruption of his adversaries. The move worked after...
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...CHAPTER 24 TEST QUESTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Luther’s initial stimulus for formulating the Ninety-Five Theses was a. his excommunication from the Roman Catholic church. b. the sale of indulgences. c. his time spent in England during the English Reformation. d. the turmoil caused by having two popes during the Great Schism. e. the influence of John Calvin. 2. The author of the Ninety-Five Theses was a. John Calvin. b. Erasmus. c. Voltaire. d. Martin Luther. e. Henry VIII. 3. The Catholic church dramatically pushed the sale of indulgences in the sixteenth century because of the a. need to match the resurgence of the Byzantine empire. b. threat posed by Islam. c. need for Henry VIII to pay off the national debt. d. expense associated with translating original Greek classics. e. need to raise funds for the construction of St. Peter’s basilica. 4. Which one of the following was not one of Luther’s problems with the Roman Catholic church? a. the selling of indulgences b. pluralism c. absenteeism d. the immense wealth of the Catholic church e. the church’s decision to translate the Bible into vernacular languages 5. Who said, “I cannot and will not recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to act against one’s conscience. Here I stand. I can do no other.”? a. Martin Luther b. Jesus c. John Calvin d. Sima Qian e. Henry VIII 6. In the centuries following the fall of Rome, the only unifying...
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...The Christian church was created in the Roman Empire. It was thought to have originated from the East. There were plenty of other religions that were growing but it was really the Jewish religion that was attracting the most significance. The Jews were considered “God’s chosen people” throughout the Bible and this acted as a drawing force to the religion . Because the ancient Roman religion was still enforced, Christianity was not a popular belief. This faith was angering many Roman officials and historians. One roman historian specifically spoke out against the Christian faith saying “All that is loathsome comes from the East” . Many might wonder how, with so much hate and controversy, Christianity made such an impact on the world. As one...
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...PERSONAL PRAYER: TIMELESS SECRET OF HIGH IMPACT LEADERS ________________ A Book Review Presented to Dr. Jon Bishop Liberty Theological Seminary _____________ In partial fulfillment Of the requirements of PLED 520 __________ By John Smith, Jr. January 27, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 2 Author 2 Book Summary 2 Book Critique and Evaluation 6 Personal Application 9 Resources 10 Introduction One of the most intriguing things about the Christian faith is the lack of participation that each believer exhibits in the spiritual discipline of prayer, all though they are constantly reminded that it is the pathway toward a more intimate relationship with Christ. There are a multiplicity of spiritual disciplines that the believer is expected to practice, however, the one that is most pervasive across the varied spectrum of Christianity is the spiritual discipline of prayer. Most believers are encouraged to spend vast amounts of time participating in prayer, although the average spiritual leader spends less than 15 minutes each day praying. As this writer was growing up he would consistently hear people in his home church state, “much prayer much power, little prayer little power, no prayer no power.” Author Dr. Dave Earley is currently is Chairman of the Department of Pastoral Ministries and Church Expansion at Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary. He also serves as Director of the Center...
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...LIBERTY UNIVERSITY BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY Contemporary Roman Catholicism Dr. Ebele Adioye THEO 510 (FALL 2015) Survey of Contemporary Theology by David Boston November 3, 2015 Table of Content I. Introduction: How do Evangelicals agree or disagree with contemporary Catholicism? II. This paper will explore the different motif within Contemporary Roman Catholicism while examining the differences between Evangelicals and Contemporary Roman Catholics. A. Origin of the Roman Catholic Church. 1. Different views of Church History. 2. Apostolic Succession. 3. Veneration of the Saint/ Virgin Mary. B. Mass/ Sacraments/ Eucharist/ Purgatory. III. Protestant Reformation. A. Council of Trent. 1. Vatican Counsel II. 2. Biblical Canonization/ Apocrypha B. Evangelical Attitude toward Contemporary Roman Catholicism? 1. Areas of Agreement. 2. Area of Disagreement. 3 Different views of Church of Authority. 4. Different view on Salvation on justification. IV. Conclusion: Evangelicals persist that some of the Contemporary Roman Catholic teachings can be misleading, in spite of this salvation to the believer can still be achieved. Introduction ...
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...presented and briefly explained in this chapter. Examples are given for better understanding and appreciation of how a factor could affect the foodways of a population group or area. One factor may have more impact on bringing about changes than other factors. Each has varying degrees and extent of influences that makes cultural foods around the world interesting and challenging to the readers and culinary afficionados. Geographical Location The geographical location of a country determines the kind of climate it has throughout the year. Also, its neighboring countries and bodies of water (ocean or sea) influence the available food added to foods inherent in its culture. An example is the African continent: North African nations with coastal lines of the Mediterranean Sea have common foodways with Greeks, Italians and other nations that also get food sources from this sea. Another example is about countries in the tropical belt, having fruits that cannot grow in wintry areas of the world. Thus, what are exotic to the non-tropical countries are common and cheap in tropical countries. Conversely, grapes, berries, and different varieties of apples imported to the tropical countries are expensive. While climate is one of the factors in the study of geography, its impact on cultural foods is very significant and is further elaborated in the next section. Climate Different types of climates and vegetation divide the world into distinct natural regions: the polar regions...
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...thwart the heretic queen, Elizabeth I. The first half-century of Papal espionage saw an active covert service under the command of ambitious leaders. The Holy Alliance experienced several victories, yet several more failures. Although the early years of the Holy Alliance were not entirely fruitful, the successes and failures of the English chapter of the Holy Alliance would lay the foundation for the development, and future successes of one of the world’s most influential, far-reaching, and longest-lasting espionage organizations. The origins of the Holy Alliance can be traced back to 1550. In the previous decades, the Catholic Church had faced one of its biggest enemies to date, the Protestant Reformation. In the years following Martin Luther’s 95-thesis, whole populations all across Europe began to identify with various Protestant sects, separating themselves from the Catholic Church, and causing the Vatican, which previously dictated religious doctrine to all Western European Christians, to lose considerable influence. The Catholic Church needed to eliminate all traces of these heretical religions, and thus, the priest Miguel Ghislieri was ordered by the Pope himself to create a counterespionage service, sniffing out any heretics in the Papal States to be judged before the church. Chislieri quickly created a vast network of agents that operated all across Rome. These agents operated everywhere, in kitchens, inns, and even brothels, reporting any suspicious activity back to...
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...Renaissance Italian Renaissance Humanism Machiavelli and Power Politics Leonardo Da Vinci Global Travel and Trade The African Cultural Heritage West African Kingdoms The Europeans in Africa Native American Cultures Maya Civilization The Empires of the Incas and the Aztecs The Spanish in the Americas and the Aftermath of Their Conquest The Impact of Technology Christian Humanism and the Northern Renaissance Luther and the Protestant Reformation The Spread of Protestantism The Catholic Reformation 2 WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS The French Revolution Napoleon Bonaparte The Industrial Revolution Advancing Industrialism Colonialism China and the West Social and Economic Realities Nineteenth-Century Social Theory: conservatism, liberalism & socialism The Radical View of Marx and Engels Picasso and the Birth of Cubism Futurism, Fauvism and Non Objective Art The Birth of Motion Pictures Freud and the Psyche Total War and Totalitarianism The First World War The Russian Revolution Nazi Totalitarianism The Second World War Identity and Liberation: Gandhi, Martin Luther King and Malcolm X 3 WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS The Black Death The most devastating natural catastrophe of the early modern era was the bubonic plague, which hit Europe in 1347 and destroyed one third to one half of its population within less than a century. Originating in Asia and spread by the Mongol tribes that dominated that vast area, the disease...
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...Christianity Christianity (from the Ancient Greek word Χριστός, Christos, a translation of the Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ, Māšîăḥ, meaning "the anointed one",together with the Latin suffixes -ian and -itas) is an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and oral teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. Christianity is the world's largest religion, with approximately 2.2 billion adherents, known as Christians. Most Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God, fully divine and fully human, and the saviour of humanity whose coming was prophesied in the Old Testament. Consequently, Christians refer to Jesus as Christ or the Messiah. The foundations of Christian theology are expressed in ecumenical creeds. These professions of faith state that Jesus suffered, died, was buried, and was resurrected from the dead in order to grant eternal life to those who believe in him and trust in him for the remission of their sins. The creeds further maintain that Jesus bodily ascended into heaven, where he reigns with God the Father. Most Christian denominations teach that Jesus will return to judge everybody, living and dead, and to grant eternal life to his followers. He is considered the model of a virtuous life. His ministry, crucifixion, and resurrection are often referred to as "the gospel", meaning "good news" (a loan translation of the Greek: εὐαγγέλιον euangélion). The term gospel also refers to written accounts of Jesus's life and teaching, four of which...
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...AP EUROPEAN HISTORY NOTES- Filled with silliness and inside jokes, enjoy at your leisure :) If something is in [] brackets, it is only written in there for our pleasure, ignore it if you are looking for actual information. Key: • 7: The Renaissance and Reformation- 1350-1600 UMSUniversal o Georgio Vasari- Rinascita=rebirth (like Renaissance) painter/architect Male Suffrage o Individualism: People sought to receive personal credit for achievements, unlike medieval ideal of “all glory goes to god” Names Ideas o Renaissance: Began in Italian city-states, a cause de invention of the printing press, laid way for Protestant Reformation Events Books/Texts Italy: City states, under HRE (Holy Roman Empire) o For alliances: old nobility vs. wealthy merchants FIGHT P-Prussia Popolo: third class, “the people”, wanted own share of wealth/power R-Russia A-Austria Ciompi Revolts: 1378 Florence, Popolo were revolting [eew], brief period of control over government B-Britain Milan taken over by signor (which is a tyrant) • o Under control of the Condottiero (mercenary) Sforza- Significant because after this, a few wealthy families dominated Venice (e.g. Medici) Humanism: Francesco Petrarch (Sonnets), came up with term “Dark Ages”, began to study classical world of rhetoric and literature Cicero: Important Roman, provided account of collapse of Roman Republic [like Edward Gibbon], invented Ciceronian style: Latin style of writing...
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...Andrew Ballantyne ARISTOTLE Jonathan Barnes ART HISTORY Dana Arnold ARTTHEORY Cynthia Freeland THE HISTORYOF ASTRONOMY Michael Hoskin ATHEISM Julian Baggini AUGUSTINE HenryChadwick BARTHES Jonathan Culler THE B I B L E John Riches BRITISH POLITICS Anthony Wright BUDDHA Michael Carrithers BUDDHISM DamienKeown CAPITALISM James Fulcher THE CELTS Barry Cunliffe CHOICETHEORY Michael Allingham CHRISTIAN ART Beth Williamson CLASSICS Mary Beard and John Henderson CLAUSEWITZ Michael Howard THE COLD WAR Robert McMahon CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY Simon Critchley COSMOLOGY Peter Coles CRYPTOGRAPHY Fred Piper and Sean Murphy DADAAND SURREALISM David Hopkins DARWIN Jonathan Howard DEMOCRACY Bernard Crick DESCARTES TomSorell DRUGS Leslie Iversen TH E EARTH Martin Redfern EGYPTIAN MYTHOLOGY Geraldine Pinch EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN PaulLangford THE ELEMENTS Philip Ball EMOTION Dylan Evans EMPIRE Stephen Howe ENGELS Terrell Carver ETH ICS Simon Blackburn THE EUROPEAN UNION John Pinder EVOLUTION Brian and Deborah Charlesworth FASCISM Kevin Pass mo re THE FRENCH REVOLUTION William Doyle FREUD AnthonyStorr GALILEO Stillman Drake GANDHI BhikhuParekh GLOBALIZATION...
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