...DOES MONETARY POLICY INFLUENCE ECONOMIC GROWTH IN PAKISTAN? Haji Saif Ullah (Author) Email: hajisaif@live.com Muhammad Ashraf (coordinator) Department of Management Sciences University Of Gujrat, Gujrat ABSTRACT This study examines the impact of monetary policy on economic growth in Pakistan. The study uses time-series data covering the range of 1991 to 2011.The effects of stochastic shocks of each of the endogenous variables are explored using Error Correction Model (ECM). The study shows that Long run relationship exists among the variables. Also, the core finding of this study shows that inflation rate, exchange rate and external reserve are significant monetary policy instruments that drive growth in Pakistan. It is therefore recommended that the establishment of primary and secondary government bond markets that can also increase the efficiency of monetary policy and reduce the government’s need to rely on the central bank for direct financing. Keywords: Policy instruments, Economic Growth, GDP, Money supply, monetary policy INTRODUCTION The aim of this study is to examine the impact of monetary policy on economic growth. Economic growth is an important macroeconomic objective for any country. Monetary policy has direct relation with economic growth. Folawewo and Osinubi (2006) stated monetary policy as the arrangements which are planned to control supply of money in a country. In many countries the basic aims of the monetary policy are to stabilize prices...
Words: 3750 - Pages: 15
...The transmission mechanism of monetary policy The Monetary Policy Committee Bank of England This report has been prepared by Bank of England staff under the guidance of the Monetary Policy Committee in response to suggestions by the Treasury Committee of the House of Commons and the House of Lords Select Committee on the Monetary Policy Committee of the Bank of England. The Monetary Policy Committee: Eddie George, Governor Mervyn King, Deputy Governor responsible for monetary stability David Clementi, Deputy Governor responsible for financial stability Alan Budd Willem Buiter Charles Goodhart DeAnne Julius Ian Plenderleith John Vickers This report is also available on the Bank’s web site: www.bankofengland.co.uk The transmission mechanism of monetary policy Introduction and summary The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) sets the short-term interest rate at which the Bank of England deals with the money markets. Decisions about that official interest rate affect economic activity and inflation through several channels, which are known collectively as the ‘transmission mechanism’ of monetary policy. The purpose of this paper is to describe the MPC’s view of the transmission mechanism. The key links in that mechanism are illustrated in the figure below. First, official interest rate decisions affect market interest rates (such as mortgage rates and bank deposit rates), to varying degrees. At the same time, policy actions and announcements affect expectations about the...
Words: 9371 - Pages: 38
...investigates the effects of Monetary policy on some significant economic variables like exchange rate, gross domestic product and inflation using data from 1960-2010 to analyze the results. We have taken the data in percentage form. A great number of empirical studies on the relationships of monetary policy and inflation are available and most of these have analyzed the effectiveness of monetary policy in controlling inflation in Pakistan. In this paper we have presented the effectiveness of monetary policy it’s framework and data estimation through which we reached to the conclusion that monetary shocks do affect real variables like GDP, inflation and exchange rate. Pakistan has been estimated by a number of researchers and it has been recognized that monetary phenomenon are responsible for the high levels of inflation. Keywords: Monetary Policy, Inflation, Exchange rate, Economic Growth, Gross domestic product and Pakistan. Introduction This paper attempts to examine the long-run effects of Monetary Policy on several economic variables such as inflation, economic growth that is gross domestic product and exchange rate in Pakistan. For this purpose, analysis have been employed for the period 1960-2010. As monetary policy actions affect policy variables with a significant gap and with high degree of unpredictability and insecurity, it is key to predict the probable impact and degree of monetary policy actions on the real variables. Usually, policy makers and central banks...
Words: 2772 - Pages: 12
...The Impact of Monetary Policy on Economic Growth and Inflation in Sri Lanka C.Amarasekara 1 Abstract Based on a vector autoregressive (VAR) framework and utilising both recursive and structural specifications, this study analyses the effects of interest rate, money growth and the movements in nominal exchange rate on real GDP growth and inflation in Sri Lanka for the period from 1978 to 2005. The results of the recursive VARs are broadly in line with the established empirical findings, especially when the interest rate is considered the monetary policy variable. Following a positive innovation in interest rate, GDP growth and inflation decrease while the exchange rate appreciates. When money growth and exchange rate are used as policy indicators, the impact on GDP growth contrasts with established findings. However, as expected, an exchange rate appreciation has an immediate impact on the reduction of inflation. Interest rate innovations are persistent, supporting the view that the monetary authority adjusts interest rates gradually, while innovations in money growth and exchange rate appreciation are not persistent. Several puzzling results emerge from the study: for most sub-samples, inflation does not decline following a contractionary policy shock; innovations to money growth raises the interest rate; when inflation does respond, it reacts to monetary innovations faster than GDP growth does; and exchange rate appreciations almost always lead to an increase in GDP growth. The...
Words: 18533 - Pages: 75
...Inflation – Impacts On The Economic Growth Of Nigeria By DoubleGist | Published: June 5, 2013 Inflation – Impacts On The Economic Growth Of Nigeria Inflation – Impacts On The Economic Growth Of Nigeria A macroeconomics problem facing Nigeria, and the most disturbing, is the problem of inflation. As a result of its growing rate, Nigerian government is concerned about its impacts on her economic growth. To place an order for the Complete Project Material, pay N5,000 to GTBank (Guaranty Trust Bank) Account Name – Chudi-Oji Chukwuka Account No – 0044157183 Then text the name of the Project topic, email address and your names to 08060565721. Many authors have written on Impacts of inflation on Nigerian economy, but the authors have different views because inflation analysis, nevertheless, one thing common is that all the authors agree that inflation has Impact on Nigerian economic growth. Samuelson (1973), defines inflation as “a general rising prices for breeds, cars, haircut, rising wages, rent etc. Onwukwe (2003), on his side defines inflation as “a significant and sustained rise in the general price level or a declining value of the monetary units. The problem created by the rising prices of goods and services has become two difficult for government to solve. During inflationary period, fixed amounts of money buy less quantity of goods and services. The real value of money is drastically reduced i.e the purchasing power of consumers are reduced. The Impact of rapid...
Words: 4162 - Pages: 17
...Objectives of the paper: With giving an overview of what the monetary policy really is and narrating how the central bank formulates the monetary policies and takes the necessary steps for its implementation in Bangladesh, this paper targets to analyze the impact of monetary policy on the inflationary situation. Methodology: The study depends on I. Extensive literature review of external sources on central banks on formulation and implementation ofmonetary policy for the country II. Publications of Bangladesh Bank Scope of the paper: 1. First of all, monetary policy is a deep sea to swim through. Though Bangladesh practices and implements a limited number of instruments, the mix is always complex to grab the main idea behind it. Extensive analysis of the mix is beyond the scope of the paper. 2. Framing of indices of central bank policies is beyond the limit of this paper. 3. Structured data is hard to collect from the departments of Bangladesh Bank, so complex calculations and data analysis is deliberately avoided. Bangladesh Bank (BB): The central bank of the country, was established as a corporate body by the Bangladesh Bank Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 127 of 1972) with effect from 16 December, 1971 by acquiring the liabilities and assets of erstwhile State bank of Pakistan in East Pakistan. Bangladesh Bank is the central bank of the country | | There is a cross departmental committee on monetary policy (MPD) headed by a deputy governor, which includes the...
Words: 3215 - Pages: 13
...com/locate/ecmod The effects of fiscal spending shocks on the performance of simple monetary policy rules Ali K. Malik ⁎ Karachi School for Business and Leadership (KSBL), Bahadurabad, National Stadium Road, Karachi 74800, Pakistan a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Accepted 26 August 2012 JEL classification: E50 E52 E58 Keywords: Fiscal policy Monetary policy Inflation targeting Impulse response analysis Macroeconomic variables 1. Introduction a b s t r a c t We examine the effects of fiscal shocks on the performance of alternative monetary policy rules in a small dynamic general equilibrium framework. We explicitly consider the interaction between fiscal and monetary policy rules which may be present in the real world. We use a simple specification for the fiscal policy rule and various specifications for the (simple) monetary policy rule. Our analysis suggests that some form of flex- ible inflation targeting regime would perform well in response to fiscal shocks compared to other forms of policy regimes. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. monetary policy has developed largely in isolation. The terminology ‘fiscal theory of the price level’ does however correspond to some ear- Monetary policy rules have come under extensive examination in the literature on monetary policy in the recent years. Simple mone- tary policy rules appear to be more robust across a wide range of models compared to the optimal rules...
Words: 12497 - Pages: 50
...Introduction During recent decades, inflation targeting has become one of the most significant developments in both the theory and the practice of monetary policy. An increasing number of central banks around the world have adopted this strategy as the basic framework governing their respective monetary policies (Friedman, 2004). As this trend has become hot, however, problems arises. A question worth discussing derives from those problems is that how to evaluate the monetary policy conducted by an inflation-targeting central bank. There is a view that the evaluation should not base on simply comparing the actual values for inflation with the inflation target. The reasons for this opinion is quite obvious: first, no central bank has complete control over inflation; second, in practice all central banks also care about stabilising economic activity. In the following sections of this essay, we will first consider the central bank’s responses to a temporary demand shock in detail, and then the case of an inflation shock. A conclusion will be given at the end. A temporary demand shock Assume that there are no productivity or inflation shocks (at=ut=0), and a demand gt shock with persistence µ < 1 takes place at time 0. The natural real interest rate is given by rtn=r+φ-1gt. Substitute MPR into IS curve with the information above, and then use the method of undetermined coefficients, we can have: xt=bggt bg>0 πt-π=cggt cg>0 With the two coefficients...
Words: 1103 - Pages: 5
...EFFECT OF MONETARY POLICY ON THE ECONOMY OF PAKISTAN Submitted To: Sir Ahsan Shakil GROUP MEMBERS: ZIAD ASGHAR B-16703 WALEED BIN AAMIR B- 18992 SAIF UD DIN AHMED B-18993 EFFECT OF MONETARY POLICY ON THE ECONOMY OF PAKISTAN What is Monetary Policy? Monetary policy is how central banks manage the money supply to guide healthy economic growth. This policy is adopted by the central bank of an economy in order to control and regulate the money supply often altering or interest rate to ensure price stability and general trust in the currency. It also deals with the both the lending and borrowing rates of interest of the banks. Objectives of Monetary Policy: 1) Price Stability or Control of Inflation: Monetary policy is better suited to the achievement of price stability that is, containing inflation. Price stability means reasonable rate of inflation. 2) Economic Growth: It is the most important objective of a monetary policy. The monetary policy can influence economic growth by controlling real interest rate and its resultant impact on the investment. 3) Full Employment: Full employment has been ranked among the foremost objectives of monetary policy. It is an important goal not only because unemployment leads to wastage of potential output, but...
Words: 936 - Pages: 4
...Running head: MACROECONOMIC IMPACT ON BUSINESS OPERATIONS Macroeconomic Impact on Business Operations Laurie Wilkinson University of Phoenix Macroeconomic Impact on Business Operations The Federal Reserve has the unique ability to control the money supply and stimulate the economy when needed. Any actions of the Federal Reserve can have an impact on macroeconomic factors and the balance in the economy. This paper will discuss the tools used to control the money supply, the effects of monetary policy on macroeconomic factors and the best way to achieve a balance in the combinations of monetary policy. The Federal Reserve has several tools available in order to control the money supply. The Reserve Ratio allows the Fed to raise or lower this ratio to affect the amount of money and ability a bank has to lend. The Open Market Operations is also available, where the Fed can buy or sell government bonds to the public and commercial banks. Depending on which they do this action can either increase the assets on hand or increase the reserves for the banks. Increasing the reserves allows banks to lend more. Finally, the Discount Rate is available to use. The Fed can make short term loans to banks, increasing the amount that the bank can lend out which in turn increases the money supply. If the bank increases the discount rate then banks will not want to borrow as much and it restricts the amount of money they have to lend. Monetary Policy can be looked at as a way the Federal Reserve...
Words: 1371 - Pages: 6
...Chinese policies to tackle inflation Abstract: India and china the two Asian giant, have shown economic growth in last few decades. The expansion of the economy brought high inflation in both countries. Inflation impacts all types of the consumers while rich or poor, it will become a real problem if the countries didn’t adopt policies to decrease the inflation rate. India and china have a very fast economic growth with fast population. The government and the central bank have to work beside to curb the inflation using two main policies are monetary policy and fiscal policy. In the monetary policy the central bank has to manage the many supply in the market and also control and decline the inflation, in terms of fiscal policy the government try to see the tax level to impact in the inflation rate. Monetary policy has more effect than fiscal policy, but also there are challenges implementations of the policies. Argument 1(monetary policy) India has faced a hyperinflation in years 2009 to 2011 to unprecedented level. The inflation in India affects the saving of the Indian household which decreased the value of saving in that nation. The monetary authorities are trying to impact the money supply directly without creating deformation in the economy by changes CRR (cash reserve ratio), repo and reverse repo rate. The main objective is to maintain price stability. The RBI (reserve bank of India) trying to control the money supply by using which called contractionary monetary policy...
Words: 2383 - Pages: 10
... On “Monetary Policy of Bangladesh” Course Code: MBA 510 Course Title: Macro Economics Submitted to: Professor Abdul Bayes Department of Business Administration East West University Submitted by: Minhajul Abedin ID: 2013-1-95-019 Section: 01 Date of submission: 24 august, 2013 Monetary Policy of Bangladesh Decisions regarding the monetary policy are very important for any country in today’s world. To control the supply of money by targeting a rate of interest, and to promote the economic growth and stability, a good control over the monetary policy is a must for every country. Bangladesh is a developing country and its monetary policies are generated by the central bank of the country. Though the land size of Bangladesh is not that big but in terms of total people, it is a big country relative to other countries. As a developing country it is undertaking so many developments and business projects both publicly and privately. The monetary policy of Bangladesh is playing a pivotal role to control the money supply of the country which in turn is promoting the overall economic growth of the country. This essay briefly discusses about some of the activities of the central bank related with the monetary policy of Bangladesh along with some other primary things which are related to the basic monetary policy. In this essay the “Monetary Policy of Bangladesh” will be presented by following this sequence, 1. A brief overview of monetary policy 2. Objectives...
Words: 3405 - Pages: 14
...Evaluating how their business environment is influenced by government economic policy which may be identified through the application of economic theory. * Critically evaluating the local economic business environment measured against the choice of a comparative international economic and business system. (Pictorial techniques may be used which are appropriate to illustrate and justify the evaluation, e.g. Graphs, charts, economic curve diagrams, etc.) (700 – 1,000 words) Question 2 * Critical evaluation of measures used by governments and central banks to manage the economies of their countries. * By critically evaluating, using convincing arguments in support of the measures used to reduce, minimise or alleviate economic difficulties many countries face. (Examples should be used in the submission to illustrate the justified view) (1,100 – 1,500 words) 1. BUSINESS includes all doings linked with production, trade, banking, coverage, finance, energy, advertising, packaging etc. ENVIRONMENT refers to all external forces, which have comportment on the functioning of business. The environment includes factors outside the firm which can lead to opportunities for or threats to the firm. There is close relationship between business and its economic environment. Business obtains all its needed inputs from the economic environment and it absorbs the output of business units. ECONOMIC POLICY is the term used to describe administration actions that are intended to influence...
Words: 3351 - Pages: 14
...RBI'S MONETARY POLICY INITIATIVES SINCE 2008-09 AND ITS EFFECTIVENESS IN CONTAINING INFLATION PROJECT OF MACROECONOMICS ON “RBI’S MONETARY POLICY INITIATIVES SINCE 2008-09 AND ITS EFFECTIVENESS IN CONTAINING INFLATION” SUBMITTED BY ARPIT PANGASA (11DM032) GUNJAN GODWANI (11DM052) RIDHI PRASAD (11DM122) UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF PROF. JAGDISH SHETTIGAR BIRLA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA RBI'S MONETARY POLICY INITIATIVES SINCE 2008-09 AND ITS EFFECTIVENESS IN CONTAINING INFLATION RESERVE BANK OF INDIA It is the central banking institution of India and controls the monetary policy of the rupee. The institution was established on 1 April 1935 during the British Raj in accordance with the provisions of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. Reserve Bank of India plays an important part in the development strategy of the government. It is a member bank of the Asian Clearing Union. Reserve Bank of India was nationalised in the year 1949. The general superintendence and direction of the Bank is entrusted to Central Board of Directors of 20 members, the Governor and four Deputy Governors, one Government official from the Ministry of Finance, ten nominated Directors by the Government to give representation to important elements in the economic life of the country, and four nominated Directors by the Central Government to represent the four local Boards with the headquarters at Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai and New Delhi. Local Boards consist...
Words: 8844 - Pages: 36
...Monetary Policy ECON 201 Roger Capretta 5 October 2012 Governments use monetary policy as a tool to influence their economy. Usually, government will find a way to influence the economic activity in connection with their political objectives by using their monetary authority to control the availability and supply of cash flow throughout the economy. Their main goal is to achieve macroeconomic stability by enabling low unemployment, low inflation, economic growth and a balance of external payments. A Central Bank is usually appointed to administer an economy’s monetary policy. The main goal of monetary policy is to promote solid economic performance and higher living standard amongst the public within the economy. Low, stable, and predictable inflation is a great way to judge how an economy’s functioning. There are three objectives to monetary policy. They are price stability, maintenance of full employment and also economic activity and welfare of people within an economy. Price stability is directly related to the price level of goods or services. This price can directly affect the economic growth based upon if it is high or low. This can also lead to full employment. When good and services are selling, companies have the ability to hire more employees which raises the employment level. When money is flowing through an economy and people are working and not unemployed the economic activity is high which will lead to economic prosperity. The Federal Reserve plays...
Words: 1444 - Pages: 6
