...Lit review from the long term impact of health on economic growth in Pakistan 2. LITERATURE REVIEW As mentioned in introduction that numerous studies have been conducted on the relationship between human capital development and economic growth. The main conclusion of these studies is that there exists a positive relationship between human capital and economic growth. (1) It is only last decade that there is a flurry of studies exploring the relationship between health and economic growth. By using the adult survival rate as an indicator of health status, Bhargava, et al. (2001) finds positive relationship between adult survival rate and economic growth. Results remains similar when adult survival rate is replaced by life expectancy. However, fertility rate have a negative relationship with economic growth. Because life expectancy is highly influenced by the child mortality. Growth in workforce is mostly lower than population growth. Resultantly high fertility rate reduce the economic growth by putting extra burden on scare resources. Mayer (2001) also uses the probability of adult survival by gender and age group as a measure of health status. By using Granger-type, causality test study concludes that health status causes economic growth in Latin America generally, and specifically in Brazil and Mexico. Improvements in adult health are associated with 0.8-1.5 percent increase in annual income. Moreover, the growth impact is higher for improvements in health of female compared...
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...Introduction to the report ______________________________________________ 1 Introduction to the report ______________________________________________ 2 Research Questions & Information from other studies ______________________ 3 Results Introduction to Results ________________________________________________ 4 The impact of CO2 Emissions __________________________________________ 5 Does income contain a correlation? ______________________________________ 6 How does smoking affect our life expectancy ______________________________ 7 How the leading causes of death relate ___________________________________ 8 How the health care has affected life expectancy ____________________________ 9 Future Studies Thing’s that could have been improved on _______________________________ 10 Conclusion A restatement of the work that has been done...
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...their coverage as to their relevant needs, and be dependable with ethical guidelines linked to the public’s health and the health care. Most importantly, we would not like for the various advances health sector to utilize helplessly or isolate them self’s from one another, but take the effort to interact and advance complementary components of systems that have a global integrated nature. Now, we redirect to the three set of sources that might have the ability for contributing more effective means of coping towards the encounters of ill health in our world. Specifically, in countries that are developing. First, ethical concepts used in health care are going to be discussed. The ethical concept will be divided in to fairness, equity and human rights, Second, biomedical research and clinical studies in healthcare will be...
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...The UNDP Human Development Report (HDR) for 2011 focuses on the intertwined issues of sustainability and equity. While most countries have achieved substantial development gains since 1970, the 2011 HDR draws attention to evidence that raises questions about the sustainability and distribution of these benefits. Human Development Index: Encouraging Progress Most countries have made great strides in living standards over the past 30 to 40 years. The UNDP’s Human Development Index (HDI) increased, on average, by 41 percent overall and 60 percent in low HDI countries since 1970. The HDI country ranking is divided into four quartiles. The first quartile, or top 47 countries with the highest HDIs, is labeled “very high human development.” The remaining three quartiles of country groupings are “high human development” countries, “medium human development” countries and “low human development” countries. From 1980 to 2011, average HDI scores increased by 16.1 percent, 20.7 percent, 50.0 percent and 44.3 percent for very high, high, medium and low human development countries, respectively. The table below presents HDI data from the 2011 HDR for a select group of countries from each development category. Green Revolution The Green Revolution in agricultural productivity is one of a number of important factors behind the dramatic rise in living standards. With only a 10 percent increase in cultivated land, agricultural output doubled over the past 50 years. In Asia, the Green...
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...Health service organization m | Assignment 1 | By Nikunjkumar G Patel | | Instructor Dr. David Tataw | 7/17/2011 | | Question: Explain how health is affected by behaviors, economics, and social structure. Behaviors, economics and social structure have great impact on human health. Health behavior specially consist of those behavior that people engaged in well order to maintain health and prevent disease. When people notice the symptoms of illness in themselves and other is called as illness behavior. When people consulted to a physician and receive a diagnosis and begun course treatment this time some sick roll behavior occurs to the patient. When acute disease convert to chronic illness this time the behavior of the patient change. These are the behavior related to the health condition now these behaviors go beyond to social and cultural level. Patient behavior significantly impact to the other family members, friends and other employees related to him. Sometimes behavior of health care provider also impact sometimes organization where patient treatment occur like hospitals and clinic, professional societies, regulatory agencies and insurance carriers all playing active role. Economic also plying great roll because of load of work and other factors person become ill and now when a person get ill they have to think about do they have insurance to pay the bill? Doctors fee, and all these tighten the belt of their budget of their illness. And...
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...Lifespan and longevity are hallmark to the existence of species. Life history, which lifespan and longevity spawn from, is the basis for species to exist and a necessity for evolution to happen (Carey et al. 2001:411-412). With regards to the importance of paleodietary shift within the hominin lineage, it is imperative to understand that diet has had a lasting influence to longevity and lifespan within the genus Homo. Why do modern humans have such high life expectancies compared to their ancestors, and how has life expectancy changed within the genus Homo as its species has evolved? As time has passed, life expectancy within the genus Homo has increased due to numerous dietary advancements, such as the shift from heavy chewing to hunter-gathering...
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...Anthropogenic activities can lead to deterioration and degradation of the environment. This can impact human health by reducing life expectancy and increasing infant mortality rate. For example, climate change can lead to flooding and drought, which can impact agricultural yield. Shortage of food or famine can affect the infant mortality rate. Also, human activities that pollute the environment can lead to chronic and acute disease which can affect life expectancy and infant mortality rate of a given population. Infrastructure can impact life expectancy and infant mortality rate. The presence of good infrastructure may aid healthy lifestyle leading to higher life expectancy and lower infant mortality rate. Hence the absence thereof may affect...
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...in a population (morbidity) and frequency of death at a particular age (mortality) represent vital and gross health statistics (McKeown 1978). Basically, improved health is reflected in decline of mortality. Determinants of health can be sought in various health theories or models. One of these is ‘life course model’ which offers an interdisciplinary framework for guiding research on health, human development and aging. Life course epidemiology is defined as the study of long term effects on later health or disease risk of physical or social exposures during gestation, childhood, adolescence, young adulthood and later adult life (Kuh and Hardy 2002). The aim is to elucidate biological, behavioural, and psychosocial determinants of health that operate across an individual’s life course, or across generations, to influence the development of disease risk. Combining the definition, quantifiers and determinants, if health trends are to be evaluated there has been a major transition in health status and its indicators. An Upside Trend Life expectancy has seen an upward trend worldwide. In the UK, for England and Wales, the Human Mortality Database or HMD shows that life expectancy at birth and at age 65 have increased for both males and females from 1841 to...
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...The Effects of Obesity on Mortality Numerous studies have been conducted on obesity and its relation to mortality, however contradictory results appear because different studies lump data in different ways. In Crimmins, E. M. (2011) a person is of normal weight if he or she has a BMI between 18.50 and 24.99. A person with a BMI of 25 or more is considered overweight, while anyone with a BMI of 30 or more is considered obese. Obesity is further subdivided into Class 1 (30–34.99), Class 2 (35–39.99), and Class 3 (40 and above). While the University of Oxford (2009) argues that moderate obesity reduces lifespan, Reinagel (n.d.) introduces a new study which report findings that some people who are overweight may actually have a higher life expectancy than those who are considered normal or healthy weight. This paper examines two Block, W. & Cussen, M. (2000) articles in relation to three other articles to compare to what extent obesity affects longevity. Literature Review In Block, W. & Cussen, M. (2000) Preston’s article points to the substantial increase in the...
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...BIO 103 Module 53 Human Impact Quiz Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwaid.com/shop/bio-103-module-53-human-impact-quiz/ Attempt 2 of 2 Started: 02/25/2016 Score: 80% Points: 80 out of 100 Question 1 Points: 10 out of 10 The sea level is _________ as a consequence of climate warming. • increasing • decreasing Question 2 Points: 10 out of 10 As a result of anthropogenic climate change... • patterns of weather and climate stay the same but temperatures are always just slightly warmer than they would be otherwise. • patterns of weather and climate change in an unpredictable way over time and from place to place, sometimes leading to extreme weather events. Question 3 Points: 0 out of 10 Which two activities are the main human activities that have led to increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2)? • livestock production and rice paddy agriculture • breathing and decomposition • fertilizer use and natural gas extraction • burning fossil fuels and clearing forests Question 4 Points: 10 out of 10 Human activities are the only factors that can influence the Earth’s climate. • True • False Question 5 Points: 0 out of 10 Which best describes current trends and the likely future of the global economy in the next few decades? • Continued fast growth in populous developing nations like China and India, resulting in a major increase in overall affluence and consumption levels worldwide. • Continued growth in resource...
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...Abstract The current study while applying the theoretical framework based on expectancy theory examined the relationship between satisfaction with compensation and work motivation. The dimensions i.e. fixed pay, flexible pay, and benefits were examined with regard to satisfaction with compensation. The work motivation on the other hand was studied using the effort and performance dimensions. Literature research as well as practical survey consisting of self-administered questionnaire was used to study the population in question, which were managerial cadre employees of the sales departments of the cellular service providers in Lahore. The relationships between satisfaction with compensation and work motivation were analyzed by using Chi Square and correlations. The main findings of the study were: 1) satisfaction with compensation can be factor of work motivation. 2) flexible pay is not a motivating factor in the jobs which the employees were holding. 3) benefits do not have a significant impact on work motivation. Key words: Compensation, Satisfaction, work motivation, expectancy theory 1. Introduction In the 21st century organizations, by and large, people pay much more attention to their life style and the money they earn from the work than their predecessors. However, it still remains unclear whether many of them would continue working if it were not for the money they earn. Employee expectations of a compensation plan are that it is fair and...
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...NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES IMPLICATIONS OF POPULATION AGING FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH David E. Bloom David Canning Günther Fink Working Paper 16705 http://www.nber.org/papers/w16705 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 January 2011 Support for this work was provided by the Program on the Global Demography of Aging at Harvard University, funded by Award Number P30AG024409 from the National Institute on Aging. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute on Aging or the National Institutes of Health. The authors thank Marija Ozolins and Larry Rosenberg for their assistance in the preparation of this paper. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peerreviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2011 by David E. Bloom, David Canning, and Günther Fink. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Implications of Population Aging for Economic Growth David E. Bloom, David Canning, and Günther Fink NBER Working Paper No. 16705 January 2011 JEL No....
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...change. Demography is involved with everything that impacts or can be affected by populace size, development or decrease, spatial dispersion, structure, and attributes (Weeks, 2015). Demography is a power on the planet that impacts change in human prosperity of which the world has seen in the course of the last couple of hundred years. Demographic transition theory is from the early 20th century and is a collection of demographic data on a much larger scale. It is quantitative studies across different societies based on fertility, morality, and resultant growth rates. The demographic transition theory was developed in an attempt to make sense of all of this international data. From the demographic transition theory, we observe very different modern demographic regimes from Western Europe, central Europe and the developing world. This paper abridges key patterns in populace size, fertility and mortality among these transitions and the causes and consequences of population change. There are three fundamental stages of demographic change. The first stage is of high growth potential. In this stage, there is high fertility and high morality and the population is stable. Additionally in the first stage, an economy is primitive and in reverse. Agriculture is the principle occupation, which gives low level of pay to individuals. The way of life is exceptionally poor and individuals don't even have fundamental civilities of life. There is mass-destitution, training opportunities are...
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...each level? Surface level food holidays Underwater level economy customs Deep level value belief 3. How is culture transmitted? Both formal and informal Informal transmission occurs every day as individuals interact with each other, watch television, or read books Formal transmission occurs through efforts to socialize as an individual, such as in schools and government 4. How does culture impact communication in organizations? Culture has an impact on how communication takes place in an organization, what is communicated (e.g., only work related or including personal issues), and the manner in which information is communicated (direct confrontation vs. saving face) 5. What are high-context and low-context cultures? In high-context cultures, the context in which what is spoken plays a major role in communication and the behavior of individuals In low-context cultures, the information is very straightforward, and the context has less impact on how such information is likely to be spoken and interpreted Individuals...
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...specific signs and symptoms that occur more often in the elderly and can impact patient mortality and morbidity. Normal aging changes, multiple co-morbidities, and adverse effects of therapeutic interventions contribute to the development of Geriatric Syndromes (Rodgers, 2008, p. 323). Geriatric Syndrome includes sleep disorders, eating disorders, incontinence, confusion, falls, and skin breakdown. Mental disparities such as depression, delirium, dementia and pain are also symptom that accompanies aging (Rodgers, 2008, p. 323). Discuss cultural diversity and the impact of diversity on life transitions. The aging baby boomers generation will contain a greater racial and ethical mix than any other previous generation. This is in direct correlation with increasing immigration from primarily nonwhite countries and a lower fertility rate among Caucasians. The U.S. Census bureau predicts that nonwhite populations will account for approximately 39% of the U.S. population by 2050 (Chop, 2006). Life expectancy for nonwhite Americans is less than it is for whites. African American men and women currently live on average 6-5 years less, respectively, than their white counterparts. However, if a black person of either gender lives to age 65; his or her life expectancy is much closer to whites than it was at birth. Other ethnic minorities, including Mexican Americans and Native Americans, have life expectancies lower than African Americans. Even with their relatively low percentages...
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