...Globalization, Transnational Corporations and Human Rights – A New Paradigm Jennifer Westaway1 1 School of Business Law and Taxation, Curtin University, Perth, Australia Correspondence: Jennifer Westaway, School of Business Law and Taxation, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, 6957, Western Australia. Tel: 61-892-666-3945. E-mail: jennifer.westaway@cbs.curtin.edu.au Received: February 13, 2012 doi:10.5539/ilr.v1n1p63 Abstract The growth in power and influence of the transnational corporation under the forces of globalization has been touted as being one of the most significant developments both domestically and internationally. Changes to economic, political and financial barriers by many developing countries with the hope to attract international investment have seen the move by transnational corporations to exploit these opportunities. There are many who argue that the impact of transnational corporations has been positive, providing employment and income opportunities as well as country wealth. There are however, many who argue that the power and influence of the transnational corporation brings with it the ability to directly impact adversely on human rights and that as the transnational corporation operates outside human rights obligations assumed by each state pursuant to their status under international conventions, there needs to be a new human rights dialogue. This paper addresses the significance of the transnational corporation, the role of the transnational corporation...
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...HUMAN RIGHTS LAW IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION ON HUMAN RIGHTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY............................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 1 GLOBALISATION ............................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2 INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW ................................................. 10 CHAPTER 3 IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION ON HUMAN RIGHTS............................... 13 Economic Rights .................................................................................................................. 13 Political Rights ..................................................................................................................... 17 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................ 21 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................... 23 Articles ................................................................................................................................. 23 Books .................................................................................................................................... 24 Miscellaneous ..........
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...multinational enterprises (MNEs), this study develops an IHRM model and argues that it can be widely applicable. The model indicates that an MNE’s IHRM policies and practices are the interaction of the home HRM system, firmspecific factors and host-contextual factors. The firm-specific and host-contextual factors have a differentiated, changing and concurrent impact on IHRM policies and practices. There is also interplay between IHRM policies and practices. Intervening factors and their impact may vary over time and in different contexts. IHRM IHRM model intervening factors Chinese IHRM multinational enterprises (MNEs) Internationalization and the effective use of international human resources are two major issues facing firms in today’s global economy. As more and more firms operate internationally, there is a clear need to develop an understanding of how to manage human resources that are located outside the domestic environment. An IHRM system is a set of distinct activities, functions and processes that are directed at attracting, developing, and maintaining the human resources of a multinational enterprise (MNE). These activities, functions and processes result from the strategic activities of multinational enterprises and impact on the international operations and goals of enterprises (Schuler et al. 1993; Scullion 1995; Taylor et al. 1996). IHRM seeks to assist organizations to make the most effective use of...
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...World-systems Diversity of Cultures Global Mindset III. HYPERGLOBALIZATION Conflicting Goals Environmental Consequences Social Consequences Extended Product Responsibility Subsidies and Preferential Treatment of the Corporation Lack of Accountability Misaligned Incentives Short-term Profits Money versus Spirituality Borderless Economy Liberalization Conflicting Goals Misaligned Incentives Short-term Solutions versus Long-Term Growth Protection of Natural Resources Lies, Damn Lies, & Statistics Standardization versus Adaptation Regional Focus New Paradigm IV. GLOBALIZATION AND STRATEGY Global versus Multidomestic Strategies Service Industry Common Global Misunderstandings Developing and Implementing a Global Strategy Organizational Culture V. GLOBALIZATION AND PUBLIC POLICY Approaches to Economic Organization Historical Review Determinants of Economic Organization Corporate Political Strategy International Environmental Policy Performance Requirements Global Political Economy International Financial Markets International Relations VI. Globalization as a Discourse Capitalist Globalization Democracy and Free Markets Corporate...
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...culture of a society over time is called: a. social change c. radical change b. social continuation d. evolution ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Page 468 OBJ: How Globalization Affects Social Change (I) NOT: Factual 3. Which of the following factors has NOT consistently influenced social change over time? a. the physical environment c. cultural factors b. political organization d. the invention of the automobile ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Page 468 OBJ: How Globalization Affects Social Change (I) NOT: Factual 4. Who among the following would most likely lament the movement toward globalization? a. the president of a transnational corporation b. a computer engineer c. the head of a small-town historical society d. a university dean ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Page 468 OBJ: How Globalization Affects Social Change (I) NOT: Applied 5. A collective attempt to further a common interest or to secure a common goal through action outside the sphere of established institutions is a: a. social movement c. riot b. collective behavior d. revolution ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Page 478 OBJ: How Globalization Affects Social Change (I) NOT: Factual 6. What was the most significant political factor in speeding up patterns of change in the modern world? a. the invention of the ballot box b. the emergence of the modern state c. the commitment to less government involvement in...
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...organizations of the future (Richman, LS, 1993). So what is organizational change? Organizational changes are departures from the status quo for smooth trends (Huber, GP, 1995). It is the process of altering or modifying the current state in terms of behaviors or functions (Harrington, N, 2008). The forces of change are everywhere, they can be found within the organization itself and they can be found in the external environment. The internal environment is affected by the organization’s management policies and styles, system and procedures as well as employee attitudes. The external environment is affected by political, social, technological and economic stimuli outside of the organization that causes changes (Benowitz, EA, 2011). Why do organizations change? Organizations change for many reasons but there are six broad forces that bring about change: workforce changes, such as diversity; technology changes, such as mobile computing; economic changes, such as stock market fluctuations; competitive factors, such as mergers and acquisition, social trends and world political factors, such as china opening up for trade (Robbins, SP, 2005). Here, we are going to focus on world political factors as they are major factors that cause organizational change. All organizations are affected to some degree by political and legal systems in their environments. The political system is an important variable in virtually all aspects of...
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...Complex Interdependence In 1970s, a new perspective known as transnational relations arose to question realism key assumptions of state as main and the only actor of world politics. This theory gave a new analytical framework to understand the international relations which was contrary to the state centric paradigm of realism. With complex interdependence as its central concept, this theoretical analysis advanced “synthesis of liberal + realist perspectives by constructing a way of looking at world politics and also the idea of institutionalism to foster cooperation”. It is asked how under conditions of complex interdependence world politics would be different than under realist conditions means this analysis ask to see “ what realism overlooked”. The phenomenon of Interdependence is not new; states have always been interdependent on each other for their economic functions and especially for security purposes. We have seen the complicated interdependence among states in the alliance system to achieve their political ends before First World War. The earliest example of interdependence comes from Norman Angell’s “The great illusion (1910) when he said the economic interdependence will minimize the occurrence of war on the basis of cost-benefit analysis.” Countries are dependent on each other for trade and transaction, they interact globally e.g. flow of money, goods, people and messages across international boundaries but all transactions among countries are not characterized by...
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...considered to be erasing transnational boundaries with people sharing common goods and services or adopting the cultures of another culture. Thus, the statement given above by Knox and Marston that globalization seems to lead to loss of originality or territorial identity can be considered as true in a way. According to definitions of globalization, the primary characteristics that it possess include movement of people and goods, improvement in technology and telecommunications, diffusion of knowledge and a spurt in multinational corporations. There have been debates about the positive and negative aspects of globalization. Those who are in favour of globalization point out that economically weaker countries can have the opportunity to join the global market and export their goods and services and thereby improve their economies. Also, different governments can co-operate together for global welfare and citizens can experience other cultures and become global citizens. The positive aspects of globalization are again overshadowed by its negative aspects which include loss of territorial identity and original culture. International bodies like the World Bank and International Monetary Fund are often Western-focused in their finance policies towards developing countries and there is no real progress or profit for the borrowers. The essay will discuss on the negative impact that globalization brings on the environment and highlight capitalism as its agent for impact on the environment...
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...Discuss the Role and Impacts of Transnational Corporations in the Global Economy (40 marks) Transnational Corporations (TNCs) are companies which are able to co-ordinate and control its production, in more than one country during economic globalisation, examples of which include Nike, McDonalds and IKEA. These companies use differences between a country’s cost of production, natural resources, labour and state incentives to their advantage. This allows them to spread their resources and production between locations globally to minimise cost to the company. In recent decades the increasing wealth of TNCs has led to more dominated roles in the global affairs this has many impacts on the economy, global population and environment both positively and negatively. Transnational corporations have a very large role to play in the global economy. With the economies of developing countries, such as China and Brazil, generally growing due to the exchange of information and goods (globalisation) companies are keener to invest in them to increase their turnovers and overall development. TNCs have globally increased new job opportunities and new tax revenues even for the poorest of countries, by doing so they have contributed in reducing the levels of world poverty and have improved infrastructure for developing countries. TNCs are also incredibly wealthy. Ford and General Motors are two companies which exemplify the wealth of TNCs. Their combined annual income is equal to the GDP of all...
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...growing magnitude, speeding up, and deepening impact of interregional flows and patterns of social interactions’. It has been called upon to account for developments as diverse as the value of euro, world-wide popularity of ‘Harry Potter’, and the rise of Third Way politics and religious fundamentalism. The concept of ‘Globalization’ came to be used in the 1960s and early 1970s, which has been recognised as the ‘golden age’ of rapidly expanding political and economic interdependence – mostly between Western states. In this inter-dependent world, events abroad readily acquired impacts at home, while developments at home had consequences abroad. The world was fast becoming a shared social and economic space, at least for its most affluent inhabitants. Globalization has been variously conceived as ‘actions at distance’, whereby actions of social agents is one location have significant consequences for distance others; time-space compressions, where the way electronic communication erodes the constraints of time and distance; accelerated interdependence among countries; a shrinking world, with an erosion of boarders and geographical boundaries through socio-economic activity. The ‘flows and interactions’ of globalization are not confined to economic trade, capitals, and spread of MNCs. There is a growing emphasis on the need for broaden approach, including communication (internet), demographic globalization (migration), political globalization (international institutions),...
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...practiced by Transnational Corporations in their business operations due to cost constrain (Ashley E, 2008). (Please refer to appendix 1.0 for more information on Transnational Corporations). Furthermore, the main factor that forces many companies to be more low cost oriented is due to the massive pressure of the current competitive market and also the destructive price wars causes by globalisation that has been circulating in the market ever since the pre-1900s era (Henry A, 2008). (Please refer to appendix 1.0(A) for more information on History Of Outsourcing). In addition to that, by cutting cost in any way can eventually effects the specific company`s position in the market and that is why many companies also tend to choose those low wage countries in Asia for the outsourcing of their non-core business activities (Ashley E, 2008). The non-core business activity that the companies usually seek for outsourcing will be ranging from packaging and distribution, assembly and many more. Thus, through the existence of outsourcing ultimately enabled companies to focus on the prospective directions of activity, utilise the available resources efficiently, development of core competencies and to gain competitive advantage as well (Lacity MC & Willcocks LP, 2001). In accordance with that, the first country that was widely noticed to be the main option for companies to seek for outsourcing is none other than China whereby those large companies like Transnational Corporations whose is...
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...Date: To: From: Subject: Introduction The following memo attempts to contrast the concept of a “Global” enterprise as modeled by the authors B. Kogut in “What Makes a Company Global?” a Review of The Myth of the Global Corporation, M. Mangelsdorf in "Building a Transnational Company", INC. Magazine 1993, Bartlett and Ghoshal in "Managing across boarders New Strategic Requirements", Sloan Management Review, Summer 1987 and Johan Lembke in “Global competition in the information and communication technology Industry...", Business and Politics, v.4,#1, 2002. The contrast discussion will form around five factors identified as fundamental to operating across nations. Factor #1: The Significance of National Origin The authors appear to be evenly divided regarding the role the nation of origin plays in the formation, comparative advantage and effective operation of a global industry. Kogut and Mangelsdorf believe the nation plays a significant role in structure and operation. Kogut forms his entire article on the notion that the nationality of an enterprise is the sole determinate of comparative advantage. His theory is that if global markets remain free, nations will become elements of a global value chain. Kogut’s only variable for a global enterprise is how much to converge the various national operations. Conversely, Bartlett and Ghoshal (B&G) and most particularly...
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...Introduction: Globalisation can be considered as one of the most essential phenomenon of our times. Ardalan (2009) described globalisation as a compression of time and space with huge intensification of economic, cultural, social and political interconnections on the global scale. A New Geo-economy by Peter Dicken (2003) Dicken (2003) believes that ‘something’ is happening out there. More industries are orientated towards global markets nowadays in which the increasing of internationalisation and globalisation can be considered as one of the most important development in the world economy. As a result, global division of labor has evolved to a specialisation of labors in different parts of the production processes without being limited by geographical constraints anymore. It leads firms in the industrial countries focus to produce manufactured goods, meanwhile the non-industrialised countries are specialised to supply raw materials or agricultural products to them. This process is not as simple as the theory because the fragmentation of production processes and geographical relocation has been involved in the present trade flow, however. In addition, the emergence of a new international financial is inevitable as well since the development of technologies of transport and communications has accelerated the global transactions (Dicken, 2003). But, there is no consensus whether that ‘something’ is a new thing or not. Some believe that a new globalised world economy has risen...
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...for a global economic structure has been developing. This modern structure is an evolved form of capitalism, driven by neoliberal ideologies, which has adapted to the economic and social conditions of the current day. The recent phenomenon of globalization is in essence a modern form of global hegemony and dominance that establishes control through financial domination and capital exploitation. This paper focuses on this process of domination by examining the effects of neoliberal policies and structural reforms using the nation of Brazil as the unit of analysis. As will be discussed later in this report the government of Brazil has undergone significant structural changes over the last few decades that have resulted in an economic shift towards neoliberal policies. Policies promoting free enterprise capitalism, privatization of national assets, deregulation, tax reforms, flexible interest rates, trade liberalization and reductions in public expenditure have resulted in devastating outcomes for poor and marginalized groups within Brazil. These economic reforms have reordered government priorities resulting in cuts in social spending, worsening of wage inequality, displacement of workers, intensification of national debt and the weakening of labor bargaining and the conditions for meaningful work. The argument that this paper seeks to prove is that neoliberal policies in Brazil have altered political and social structures resulting in economic imbalance and economic, social and...
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...The objective of this paper seeks to summarize Nayyar’s article on globalisation as it relates to the history and development of two epochs and through further analysis determine how far ‘deglobalisation’ has reached after the 2008 recession and crisis. The subject of globalisation and its impact on development is approached from a historical perspective. By comparing the first era of globalization (1870-1914) to a modern present day version (1970-2000) Nayyar demonstrates the similarities and differences that occurred in both epochs and further examines the implications of this process both in the past and in the present as it includes three main characteristics, increases in international trade, investment and finance. Nayyar defines globalisation as a “deepening economic integration in the world economy” and is cautious to advise that this process is neither symmetrical nor new. Paradoxically he points out that whilst globalisation in the new era advocates free trade, this freedom is limited to the flow of goods and services whilst restricting the movement in labour. The period 1870-1914 was a true era of free trade, where the dominant ideology was economic liberalism. This was an era of rapid growth in international trade, finance and investment where statistics showed that Western Europe was the engine of this growth. In theory it was believed that trade liberalization was the sole variable responsible for the expansion in international trade. Nayyar points...
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