...Market failure is a concept within economic theory describing when the allocation of goods and services by a free market is not efficient. That is, there exists another conceivable outcome where a market participant may be made better-off without making someone else worse-off. (The outcome is not Pareto optimal.) Market failures can be viewed as scenarios where individuals' pursuit of pure self-interest leads to results that are not efficient – that can be improved upon from the societal point-of-view.[1][2] The first known use of the term by economists was in 1958,[3] but the concept has been traced back to the Victorian philosopher Henry Sidgwick.[4] Market failures are often associated with information asymmetries,[5] non-competitive markets, principal–agent problems, externalities,[6] or public goods.[7] The existence of a market failure is often used as a justification for government intervention in a particular market.[8][9] Economists, especially microeconomists, are often concerned with the causes of market failure and possible means of correction.[10] Such analysis plays an important role in many types of public policy decisions and studies. However, some types of government policy interventions, such as taxes, subsidies, bailouts, wage and price controls, and regulations, including attempts to correct market failure, may also lead to an inefficient allocation of resources, sometimes called government failure.[11] Thus, there is sometimes a choice between imperfect outcomes...
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...Ann Bonifacio Assignment #3 March 07, 2016 The Imperfection of Female The author, Lucy Clifford suggests that children are easily corrupted, women are out of control, and mothers have inadequate parenting skills in the story “The New Mother”. Firstly, Clifford shows that children in “The New Mother” can be corrupted easily. The children Blue-Eyes and Turkey are quickly convinced by the Gypsy girl to be naughty in order for them to see the little people dance in her pear-drum. In this case, Blue-Eyes and Turkey are willing to behave disobediently to gain what they want. In order to satisfy the Gypsy girl that they are naughty enough, they also do things against their mother’s wishes. They follow the things that the Gypsy girl suggests them to do even if their behaviour hurts their mother’s feelings. They tell the Gypsy girl “We have been so very naughty, and mother says she will go away to-day and send home a new mother if we are not good” (Clifford 60A). They choose to disobey their mother through the manipulation of the Gypsy girl, making them believe that “There is no mother with a wooden tail and glass eyes and if there were we should just stick pins into her and send her away” (Clifford 60A). The two girls also break things at their house such as the tins on the wall, and window as advised by the Gypsy Girl. “We have done all the things you told us; now will show us the little man and woman?” (Clifford 60A), the children try to prove her. Her manipulation persuades...
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...Nathaniel Hawthorne reveals a story of love on the edge of ending due to outward appearances. Georgina’s birthmark is considered a mark of imperfection to her husband, Aylmer. She could choose to embrace the birthmark or please her husband and exterminate it with his scientific knowledge. This story displays how even the little imperfections of outward appearances can affect a person. Overall, the story conveys an image of beauty, imperfection, science, and love. Nathaniel Hawthorne gives an image in this story that beauty goes much deeper than outside appearances. Beauty is not just outward appearances rather it is inward appearances. One of the main focuses in the story is that Aylmer believes Georgina’s birthmark is “a significance of imperfection”, and insists that she would be perfect without it(Hawthorne’s “The Birthmark”: Science and Romance). Aylmer has the mindset that Georgina would be perfect without it, but he does not realize that no one can be perfect until they pass away. Due to the significance of the birthmark, it becomes hard for him to continue to love Georgina because he only allows himself to focus on outward appearances. However, inward appearances are the key to what one should focus on....
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...Conservatism does not have one single viewpoint or stance on human nature or imperfection as Conservatism as a whole encompasses different strands or beliefs within it. For example One Nation conservatives have a different philosophy on human imperfection than New Right conservatives do. One Nation conservatives hold the belief that we as humans are: greedy and have a limited capacity for altruism, a complex mix of emotions and contradictory motivations making us irrational, not totally consistent and are at balance the majority of the time with corruption. They believe that our inherent imperfect human nature stems from original sin, the Christian Belief. This shows a wholesome negative outlook on human nature. The New Right on the other hand is more positive as a result of the neo-liberal ideological view that we are in fact rational, shown by the classical liberal belief in self-regulating society and a ‘realm of coercion’. However, as the New Right is a marriage of neo-liberal and neo-conservative views there is also the negative view of human nature present, as held by traditional conservatives. At the heart of the debate, obviously is whether or not conservatism is a philosophy of imperfection, it is my view that it is a philosophy of imperfection to a large extent, as I will explain now. To begin, it is important to quote O’Sullivan who in 1976 said that conservatism is a ‘philosophy of imperfection. He said this, as unlike many ideologies which believe that humans are naturally...
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...“By portraying the perfect, Arthurian literature exposes the contemporary imperfect.” In the light of this statement, explore the ways in which Malory, Tennyson and Monty Python present chivalry. Chivalry is the preconceived moral code by which medieval knights would behave. As the 18th century critic Richard Hurd acknowledges, chivalric knights would demonstrate ‘their romantic ideas of justice; their passion for adventures; their eagerness to run succour of the distressed and the pride they took in redressing wrongs and removing grievances’. Throughout the works of Sir Thomas Malory, Alfred Lord Tennyson and Monty Python, this definition of chivalry remains constant, although with a particular focus on the tropes of physical prowess, superhuman endurance in combat and dutiful respect of ladies. However, as Leigh Hunt remarked of Tennyson’s Idylls of the King, the poem ‘treats the modes and feelings of one generation in the style of another’. I would argue that, in fact, this applies directly to all three writers. Malory presents the reader with an earthy, realistic, yet anachronistic representation to demonstrate the worth of such ideals in a country wrought with decline and chaos during the Wars of the Roses. Tennyson idealizes this knightly conduct: this glamorization of chivalry functions as a model which, for Tennyson, reflects the applauded propriety of Prince Albert and other Victorian gentry. Monty Python, in tune with the 1960/70s synonymous with the radical...
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...these thoughts can change the very existence of man as a whole through invention and innovation. Religious groups would base their opinion of humans on their faith; we are human simply because we are not God. At times science, philosophy and religion can confuse a person opinion on what it actually means to be human. Maybe the concept of being human is much simpler then some may think. Being human could simply mean that we as a collective race are imperfect. The idea of human imperfection is not easily explained by science, philosophy or religion. They can all sometimes be too complex to understand. Science exemplifies the human race as a species, philosophy praises human race as thinkers and religion looks at the human race as sinners and how we all must be perfect to please God. Even society tells us we must be perfect in the eyes of the world. We as a human race all possess the trait of imperfection thus making us all the common men among one another in society. The concept of the imperfection of the common man is addressed in many different pieces of literature. In William Shakespeare’s play, Othello, Shakespeare created his characters to depict the...
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...(i) Injection Molding Demonstration Battenfeld HM 40/130 is the machine used in the laboratory session to mold Polypropylene. Thermoplastic materials such as nylon, polystyrene, polythene and polypropylene can be used in a process called injection molding. How injection molding works? 1. The hopper is filled with granules of plastic powder. The hopper stores the material until it is needed. 2. The heater starts heating up the tube until it reaches a high temperature, then a screw thread starts turning. 3. The granules are pushed along the heater section by a motor, which pushes the granules along the heater section. The heater melts the granules until they reach the liquid state. This liquid is then forced under pressure into a mold where it cools down the liquid and solidifies it, which then turns into a shape. 4. The mold then opens and the ejector pins remove the molded part. In one molding cycle, the maximum amount of plastic injection mold that can be injected is called the “shot size”. For best quality, parts must use about 60% to 70% of a machines rated shot size. Larger shot sizes will not allow sufficient melt cushion for packing. Smaller shot sizes produce greater irregularities and loss of precision. The relatively high melting point of polypropylene allows continued use at 104°C. The resin begins to soften at about 121°C. The polymer “Polypropylene” (C3H6)n properties: Property Value Molecular weight of repeat unit 42.08 g/mol...
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...Culture Myths Women always want to look and feel beautiful all the time no matter what. Imperfections and flaws are irritation to anyone, especially women. They bring out a lot of self confidence issues, come out at the wrong time, and women just want to hide all of those in make-up. By putting make-up on the imperfections and flaws seem to disappear and women feel on top and beautiful again. Make-up should not determine weather you are beautiful or not. Sometimes women look like two completely different people with and with out their make-up on like an alter ego of what they want to be. Everyone has imperfections and covering them up is not going to make them go away. The Revlon commercial makes it seem like anything but perfect skin is not acceptable. They made a formula that bends and reflects light to help diffuse flaws. This helps spread out the imperfections and flaws but do not make the flaws go away. Many products look better in a commercial or in a picture. After receiving the product it does not look or work like what the commercial has stated. Even by adding make up imperfections and flaws can still be noticeable. The people acting in the commercial usually already have clear skin, or they shoot the commercial and Photoshop their skin to make their product more believable. In that same commercial they say that the make-up will make you look better in any kind of light. They also use different lightings to make it seem more real. While they are using different...
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...and a women whos birthmark he see’s as her imperfection, which puts their relationship in a downward slope. Hes so focused on her imperfection that shes scared hes starting not to love her and she realizes she cant change the mark yet she fallows Aylmers ideas leading to her death. The Birthmark proves that a person cannot change who they are. This is shown through Aylmers focus on perfection. Aylmer is so focused on perfection it is making their relation ship not as strong, its putting them on a down hill slope. On page 3 the quote “ Dearest Gorgiana I have spent much thought upon the subject “ shows the reader how perfection is his main focus. Alymers so focused on Gorgiana’s imperfection that he’s not seeing his true love for her which is putting their relationship in a down hill slope. In gorgianas case I think her feelings on her birthmark are that she knows its their and she doesn’t really like it but she’s living with it, if he loves her he shouldn’t be just focused on that, so she might be thinking twice about how he is and that could be effecting their relationship with one another. Gorgiana’s fear of Aylmer losing love for her, because of this imperfection, is growing worse because she knows she cannot change it. “ Pray do not look at it again. I never can forget that convulsive Shudder. “ She knows the mark is ugly and wants him to have nothing to do with it but look away. Gorgiana does not want her imperfection to be what comes in between their relationship...
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...is stating to another man: You're telling me this little bad-boy will diffuse her dark circles & fine lines. The woman in this advertisement is actually smiling at the man's statement. He is speaking for her, about her body and her physical appearance to another man, yet she seems unfazed by his opinion. In today's society, men seem to have the most important opinions on beauty and their opinions have affected women's physical expectations of themselves. In order to understand this advertisement and the meanings within it, we have to establish a meaning of the product, concealer. Concealer is used to hide imperfections on the skin and therefore has a positive association with make-up. Men and women have associated beauty with perfection and, therefore, the more imperfections a woman can hide, the more beautiful she will look. In today's society, imperfections are considered ugly and unwanted, especially on women. Mainly women wear concealer, although there may be an occasional man who wears cover up or some other form of make-up. While it is still acceptable for men to be imperfect (men are not featured on the package of eyeliner or mascara), the notion of beauty and expectations of women have made them want to conceal...
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...economics states that a competitive enterprise economy will produce the largest possible income from a given stock of resources. No real economy meets the exact conditions of the theorem, and all real economies will fall short of the ideal economy—a difference called “market failure.” In my view, however, the degree of “market failure” for the American economy is much smaller than the “political failure” arising from the imperfections of economic policies found in real political systems.f monopoly pricing. Here is the assessment of economist George Stigler, who won the Nobel Prize for his work in industrial organization: A famous theorem in economics states that a competitive enterprise economy will produce the largest possible income from a given stock of resources. No real economy meets the exact conditions of the theorem, and all real economies will fall short of the ideal economy—a difference called “market failure.” In my view, however, the degree of “market failure” for the American economy is much smaller than the “political failure” arising from the imperfections of economic policies found in real political systems.f monopoly pricing. Here is the assessment of economist George Stigler, who won the Nobel Prize for his work in industrial organization: A famous theorem in economics states that a competitive enterprise economy will produce the largest possible income from a given stock of resources. No real economy meets the exact conditions of the theorem, and all real economies...
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...Through a list of harsh truths, John Steinbeck’s novel Of Mice and Men casts humanity in an unfavorable light. These include loneliness, oppression, and imperfection. The grim realities of the hardworking characters are revealed through their actions to rise above challenges and in the end their defeats These truths are all used to build the complex main theme of friendship and the effect it can have on an individual's life. Of Mice and Men exposes the validity,loneliness, of people during the Great Depression. For instance Curly’s wife seeks attention ,positive or negative, from anyone on the ranch because of her isolation being the only woman present. When confronted with her isolation she says,“Wha’s the matter with me?Ain’t I got...
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...Teens, Plastic Surgery or Not! Candy G BCOM/275 March 24, 2012 Teens, Plastic Surgery or Not! Although, many teenagers believe they will be more confident after plastic surgery to fix imperfections, teenagers should not have plastic (cosmetic) surgery. Cosmetic surgery can be dangerous, it will not improve teenagers self esteem, and most adolescents are not finished growing physically, mentally or emotionally to make the life-changing decision for these elective surgery procedures. Plastic surgery, teenagers should not undergo these procedures. Nose jobs, breast implants, liposuction, injections, plastic surgery, for teens? (Ali & Lam, 2008, p. 1, para. 1). Plastic surgery, or cosmetic surgery, the more politically correct terminology, can have several dangerous side effects ranging from infections, permanent scaring, botched procedures or, death. These young adults should not be making decisions to under go an elective procedure that they may regret later in their lives. Many teens lack self esteem and are self conscious because of a dislike of a body part or perceived imperfection, such as small breasts, large thighs or, not possessing that Barbie doll figure. Magazines have convinced teens that to be accepted by their peers they need to have a perfect body; society has also glamorized cosmetic surgery as an acceptable way of achieving the...
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...By sharing his own personal stories about his scars and how he got them, he encourages other people who have scars and imperfections of their own, to embrace to. He encourages people by telling them how he sees his own scars and how he has learned to cope with the looks and questions he gets about them. He also argued that even though our scars are all “…potential tales of woe…scars are also signposts of optimism.” (144). Throughout his essay, he uses more emotional appeal than anything. He appeals to people’s emotions by describing, in detail, how he got most of his scars and what they mean to him. This helps people sympathize and even empathize with him. Also he uses emotional appeals to encourage his readers. He does this by saying, “If your body is game enough to knit itself back together after a hard physical lesson, to make scar tissue that means you’re still...
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...these models receive. However, beauty has been a tool society has used to forget about the true nature of humans. In “Confession”, Linh Dinh attempts to illustrate society’s chase after beauty is actually society attempting to ignore the imperfections of being human. Linh Dinh focuses heavily on society’s impressions of deformity discreetly. He does this through his language usage. Dinh writes, “the jagged gaps of their stiff smiles”(5). The media portrays a beautiful smile as lips turned upward with shining white teeth. Dinh creates the opposite on his doll. The word “jagged” facilitates in bringing out a beastly image. This jagged smile reminds the audience of a wild animal, with sharp gnarly teeth. In perspective to the aim of “Confession”, this relation to an animal symbolizes the imperfections of humans to a new extent. The physical defects that are obvious through the first read now become a discreet way of conveying that humans are not as sophisticated as they think, but rather unrefined and uncivilized. Dinh continues on to use the word “stiff”(5) to describe the smile he is creating on the model. The word stiff illustrates to the audience the sense of a forced smile. In relation to society running away from their imperfections, Dinh conveyed how this “stiff” smile indicates people trying to hide behind their smile like a mask, to conceal their inner problems. In the next line, Dinh writes: “I pamper each pimple, hump, massage each incrustation”(6). The word...
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