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Imperialism

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Imperialismo es la doctrina política que justifica la dominación de un pueblo o estado sobre otros; habitualmente mediante distintos tipos de colonización (de poblamiento, de explotación económica, de presencia militar estratégica) o por la subordinación cultural.

Dentro el siglo XIX nace una nueva tendencia de las grandes potencias europeas en ampliar su dominio sobre las otras naciones en el mundo a los modos de conquista o colonización. Teniendo como base del imperialismo al mercantilismo. Esto es porque los países europeos necesitan exportar más de lo que importaban esta es la razón en por que necesitaban materia prima de otros países ya que algunos de estos se estaban quedando agotados. Por esta razón muchos países europeos, como Bélgica, Francia e Inglaterra usaban materia prima de extranjeros como África.

Las Causas
Económicas
La crisis 1873 provocó el descenso de los precios, y con ello el proteccionismo, es decir, la protección de los productos propios de cada país prohibiendo la entrada de artículos extranjeros o gravándolos con impuestos. Esto dio lugar a la necesidad de encontrar nuevos mercados que no estuvieran controlados por dicho sistema. Por otra parte, potencias capitalistas europeas como Inglaterra, Países Bajos y Francia necesitan dar salida a su excedente de capital y lo hacen invirtiéndolo en países de otros continentes estableciendo préstamos, implantando ferrocarriles, instalando puertos, etc. Además estos países necesitan buscar materias primas para sus industrias ya que, empiezan a agotarse o a escasear en Europa. La Segunda Revolución Industrial, por otra parte, necesita de nuevas materias primas de las que Europa no dispone o escasean, como plata, petróleo, caucho, oro, cobre, etc. las causas económicas fueron el fruto de la expansión del capital industrial y se vieron obligados a buscar territorios nuevos donde pudieran invertir el exceso de capitales acumulados, estos capitales encontraron una productiva salida en forma de créditos otorgados a la minoría de los indígenas.

Demográficas

En Europa, entre 1850 y 1914, se produjo un gran aumento demográfico, llegando incluso a duplicarse su población, por lo que en algunos países empezaban a escasear los recursos. Gran parte de la población, unos 40 millones de europeos, no tenía otra salida que marcharse a las colonias de su respectivo país ya que no contaban con trabajo, ni con alimentos suficientes para abastecerse todos y cambiaron su residencia en busca de riquezas y mejores condiciones de vida.

Darwinismo social

Adoptado por los imperialistas, sobre todo en Inglaterra, para excusar sus actuaciones. Tras conocer las teorías de Darwin sobre la evolución de las especies por selección natural, sostenían que, al igual que las distintas especies o razas, las sociedades más avanzadas tenían derecho a imponerse y a seguir creciendo aunque fuera a costa de las más inferiores o retrasadas.

Científicas

Existía un fuerte interés por descubrir y analizar nuevas especies de animales y plantas, conocer nuevos territorios y realizar investigaciones de todo tipo. Esto hace que muchos científicos deseen progresar, lanzándose a la aventura consiguiendo a cambio grandes avances en campos como la biología y la botánica.

Técnico-políticas

Algunos políticos quieren hacer olvidar rápidamente sus derrotas consiguiendo nuevos territorios. La navegación también fue un factor importante ya que los barcos de vapor, ahora capaces de llegar mucho más lejos, necesitan disponer de puntos costeros por todo el mundo para poder reponer las existencias de carbón, por lo que cuando el establecimiento de estos pasó a manos del estado, en lugar de limitarse a dicho punto, este intentó controlar cada vez más territorio. Allí donde se tenga un predominio político se tendrá el predominio de los productos, un predominio económico.1

Militares y geoestratégicas

El periodo entre 1871 y 1914 fue de paz entre las principales potencias europeas, la denominada Bella Época. La disponibilidad de un creciente potencial demográfico para el alistamiento se puede emplear en territorios extra europeos, siguiendo o precediendo a la expansión colonial económica de las empresas y a la emigración.

Las razones geoestratégicos eran resultado de la competencia por el dominio de rutas navales y de espacios continentales clave, como la denominada área pivote del Asia Central o el imperio continuo en África.

El Imperio Británico
Uno de los Imperios más poderosos fue el imperio británico. En los últimos siglos fue el imperio más extenso de todos, comenzando en el siglo XVI hasta el XX, pasó por varios gobernantes o reyes, que como sus objetivos tenían las causas económicas y las causas estratégicas donde querían islas estratégicas y comerciales para controlar rutas oceánicas para su mercado. Con el gran tamaño de su imperio y su importancia política, económica, militar Inglaterra fue considerado un “macroimperio” en el momento y que llego a dominar a la cuarta parte de la población mundial, ampliándose por diversos continentes como Asia, África, Oceanía y América, pero se concentro en territorios costeros, islas estratégicas y comerciales que antes correspondieron a otras potencias como Francia, Holanda o España y la derrota de Napoleón fortaleció su posición como el imperio dominante en el momento. Los ingleses prosperaron por el sur de África, colonizando países que ahora se conocen como Sudan, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Nigeria y Uganda. Controlaron las áreas más ricas de África, estas siendo el sur donde abundaban diamantes y oro y el valle de nilo donde había muy buen cultivo, y con estos territorios controlados lograron proteger las principales rutas que alcanzaban a India, una colonia muy significativa en Asia. En América se concentraron donde ahora seria Canada y en Oceanía tenían a Nueva Zelanda donde los maoríes (la población local) quedaron bajo vigilancia de los ingleses y a Australia que fue usado como una “prisión” para el abundancia de convictos en Gran Bretaña.

Fuente

“Las razas superiores poseen un derecho sobre las razas inferiores. Yo mantengo que ellas tienen un derecho, porque también tienen un deber. El deber de civilizar a las razas inferiores [ ... ].

Yo afirmo que la política colonial de Francia, la política de expansión colonial, la que nos ha obligado a ir, durante el Imperio, a Saigón, a la Cochinchina, la que nos ha llevado a Túnez, la que nos ha arrastrado a Madagascar, insisto en que esta política de expansión colonial se ha inspirado en una verdad sobre la que, sin embargo, es necesario suscitar por un instante vuestra atención: a saber, que una marina como la nuestra no puede prescindir, en la extensión de los océanos, de sólidos refugios, de defensas, de centros de avituallamiento [ ... ].”[1]

Un discurso de Jules Ferry ante la Camara de Diputados, Julio 1885.

Este discurso de Jules Ferry, se denomina como una fuente primaria ya que ocurrió simultáneamente (ante la cámara de diputados) a las colonizaciones europeas sobre el mundo.
Jules Ferry fue un politico, abogado y periodista frances que creia que el hombre blanco deberia imponerse al mando de las otras razas como dice en el discurso, “Las razas superiores poseen un derecho sobre las razas inferiores.”. Esta cita es un claro ejemplo del Darwinismo politico o social que creia que las razas superiores debian apoderar y civilizar o modernizar a las razas inferiores, en este caso el hombre blancos siendo la raza superior y los negros siendo la raza inferior. Pero en el segundo parrafo del fragmento del discurso de Ferry, el político Frances envuelve la idea de que la marina francesa exige sitios estrategicos con refugios y defensas ya que “no puede prescindir sin ellos”. Lo que dice Ferry subraya las causas vitales del imperialismo, en este caso una causa ideological de que el hombre blanco debe civilizar y enseñar a la raza inferior y que deben de tener nuevos territorios y sitios estrategicos en este periodo de expansion colonial europea sobre otros continentes del mundo.

Consecuencias

Demográficas

En general, la población sufrió un incremento al disminuir la mortalidad, por la introducción de la medicina moderna occidental y mantenerse una alta natalidad. Ello se tradujo en un desequilibrio entre población y recursos, que aún hoy día persiste. No obstante, en algunas zonas, la población autóctona sufrió una drástica reducción (especialmente durante la primera fase del imperialismo), como consecuencia de la introducción de enfermedades desconocidas. En otros lugares, la población indígena fue simplemente reemplazada por colonos extranjeros

Económicas

La explotación económica de los territorios adquiridos hizo necesario el establecimiento de unas mínimas condiciones para su desarrollo. Se crearon infraestructuras destinadas a dar salida a las materias primas y agrícolas que iban destinadas a la metrópolis. Las colonias se convirtieron en abastecedoras de lo necesario para el funcionamiento de las industrias metropolitanas, mientras éstas colocaban sus productos manufacturados en los dominios. La economía tradicional, basada en una agricultura autosuficiente y de policultivo, fue sustituida por otra de exportación, en régimen de monocultivo, que provocó, en gran medida, la desaparición de las formas ancestrales de producir y la extensión de cultivos

Sociales

Las consecuencias sociales se manifestaron en la instalación de una burguesía de comerciantes y funcionarios procedentes de la metrópolis que ocuparon los niveles altos y medios de la estructura colonial. En algunos casos, se asimilaron determinados grupos autóctonos dentro de la cúspide social. Se trataba de las antiguas élites dirigentes y de miembros de determinados cuerpos del ejército o la función pública colonial. En ambos casos su asimilación fue acompañada de una profunda occidentalización. Cuando, a raíz del proceso de descolonización, comienzan a surgir estados a partir de lo que fueron colonias, esos grupos sociales ocuparán una posición relevante en la administración y el gobierno de los nuevos países.

Política

Los territorios dominados sufrieron un mayor o menor grado de dependencia respecto a la metrópoli, en función del tipo de organización administrativa que les fue impuesto. Sin embargo, esta dependencia no estuvo exenta de conflictos, que fueron el germen de un anti imperialismo protagonizado generalmente por las clases medias nativas occidentalizadas, que reclamaban la toma en consideración de las tradiciones autóctonas. Ello se canalizó a través de las premisas del juego democrático que las metrópolis defendían para sí mismas pero que negaban a sus colonias: libertad, igualdad, soberanía nacional, y otros ente ellos.

Culturales

El imperialismo condujo a la pérdida de identidad y de valores tradicionales de las poblaciones indígenas y a la implantación de las pautas de conducta, educación y mentalidad de los colonizadores. Asimismo, supuso la adopción de las lenguas de los dominadores (especialmente el inglés, el francés y el español). Ello arrastró a una fuerte aculturación. La religión cristiana (católica, anglicana, protestante, etc) desplazó a los credos preexistentes en muchas zonas de África o bien se fusionó con esas creencias, conformando doctrinas de carácter sincrético.

Ecológicas

La introducción de nuevas formas de explotación agrícola e inéditas especies vegetales y animales provocaron la modificación o destrucción de los ecosistemas naturales. Así, por ejemplo, el bisonte fue casi exterminado en las praderas americanas; el conejo se convirtió en una auténtica plaga tras su introducción en Australia, donde carecía de depredadores naturales; las grandes selvas tropicales fueron objeto de deforestación causada por la sobreexplotación maderera y la introducción de los monocultivos de plantación; los ríos fueron contaminados con residuos procedentes de los sistemas de extracción de metales preciosos.

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[1] http://laeradehobsbawm.wordpress.com/materiales-sobre-la-era-del-imperio/materiales-para-historia-de-la-era-del-imperio/textos-para-historia-de-la-era-del-imperio/la-justificacion-del-imperialismo-discurso-de-jules-ferry/

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