...Content This chapter is concerned primarily with helping the reader develop a basic understanding of the Fourier transform and the frequency domain, and how they apply to image enhancement. Background Introduction to the Fourier Transform and the Frequency Domain DFT Smoothing Frequency-Domain Filters Sharpening Frequency-Domain Filters 4.1 Background • Any function that periodically repeats itself can be expressed as the sum of sines and/or cosines of different frequencies, each multiplied by a different coefficient (Fourier series). • Even functions that are not periodic (but whose area under the curve is finite) can be expressed as the integral of sines and/or cosines multiplied by a weighting function (Fourier transform). • The advent of digital computation and the “discovery” of fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm in the late 1950s revolutionized the field of signal processing, and allowed for the first time practical processing and meaningful interpretation of a host of signals of exceptional human and industrial importance. • The frequency domain refers to the plane of the two dimensional discrete Fourier transform of an image. • The purpose of the Fourier transform is to represent a signal as a linear combination of sinusoidal signals of various frequencies. = Any function that periodically repeats itself can be expressed as a sum of sines and cosines of different frequencies each multiplied by a different coefficient – a Fourier series 4.2 Introduction...
Words: 3417 - Pages: 14
...and extent .................................................................................................... 7 4.4. Information about the collection ................................................................................. 8 4.5 Results......................................................................................................................... 8 5. Why: Reasons for Digitising and Disclosing the Collection ............................................... 9 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 9 5.2 What is the social and cultural significance of the collection? ...................................... 9 5.3 What is the present importance of the...
Words: 10988 - Pages: 44
...Shetty&, Chinmai$ , Rajeshwari Hegde@ #,*,&,, Department of Telecommunication Engineering, @ Guide and faculty BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore, India # supreethkrao@gmail.com arpithaprasad@gmail.com & anushree.shetty12@gmail.com $ cpchinmai@gmail.com * Abstract— A smart navigation system based on an object detection mechanism has been designed to detect the presence of obstacles that immediately impede the path, by means of real time video processing. This paper is discussed keeping in mind the navigation of the visually impaired. A video camera feeds images of the surroundings to a Da-Vinci Digital Media Processor, DM642, which works on the video, frame by frame. The processor carries out image processing techniques whose result contains information about the object in terms of image pixels. The algorithm aims to select that object, among all others, that poses maximum threat to the navigation. A database containing a total of three sounds is constructed. Hence, each image translates to a beep, where every beep informs the navigator of the obstacles directly in front of him. This paper implements a more efficient algorithm compared to its predecessor, NAVI. Keywords— Navigation, Edge Detection, Flood Function, Object Detection, DM642, Acoustic Transformation I. INTRODUCTION Assistance for the blind or visually impaired can range from simple measures, such as a white cane or a guide dog, to a very sophisticated computer technology...
Words: 2605 - Pages: 11
...Dental X-Ray Image Analysis by Using Image Processing Techniques Qno.1. Identify the tools and technologies used in the paper. Elaborate or give details of all the tools used in the paper. In this paper author focused on to detect dental Caries. It is diseases that should be occurs in to teeth, so author used different digital image processing tools and techniques such as, Dental X-Rays, Image Processing, Image Segmentation and Binarization these all of defined and elaborate Below. 1. Dental X-Rays 2. Image Processing a) Image segmentation b) Binarization dental x-ray image is used by the dentist for the diagnosis and treatment purpose such as root canal treatment, detection of different factor similar to the...
Words: 3714 - Pages: 15
...Digital Image Processing Second Edition Rafael C. Gonzalez University of Tennessee Richard E. Woods MedData Interactive Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Pubblication Data Gonzalez, Rafael C. Digital Image Processing / Richard E. Woods p. cm. Includes bibliographical references ISBN 0-201-18075-8 1. Digital Imaging. 2. Digital Techniques. I. Title. TA1632.G66 621.3—dc21 2001 2001035846 CIP Vice-President and Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia J. Horton Publisher: Tom Robbins Associate Editor: Alice Dworkin Editorial Assistant: Jody McDonnell Vice President and Director of Production and Manufacturing, ESM: David W. Riccardi Executive Managing Editor: Vince O’Brien Managing Editor: David A. George Production Editor: Rose Kernan Composition: Prepare, Inc. Director of Creative Services: Paul Belfanti Creative Director: Carole Anson Art Director and Cover Designer: Heather Scott Art Editor: Greg Dulles Manufacturing Manager: Trudy Pisciotti Manufacturing Buyer: Lisa McDowell Senior Marketing Manager: Jennie Burger © 2002 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this book. These efforts include the development, research, and testing of the theories and programs to determine their effectiveness...
Words: 66542 - Pages: 267
...KODAK and the Digital Revolution 1. Evaluate Kodak's strategy in traditional photography. Why has the company been so successful throughout the history of the industry? Kodak had several core competencies to its advantage. Of primary importance were its “user-friendly” qualities, cost, extensive advertising that helped built its name; perceived quality of its products and its customer focus that lead to strengthening an important core competency i.e. customer satisfaction. Kodak’s leadership also came from marketing and its relationships with retailers (for shelf space and photo-finishing) and also its investments in R & D. During its heyday, its technological capabilities and its rapid design to market cycle times were success factors. Kodak used a razor-blade strategy wherein film was regarded as the consumable so it sold cameras for low cost and profited from increased sales of films. 2. Compare traditional photography to digital imaging. What are the main structural differences in the industry? (Use the 5-forces model) | Traditional | Digital | Rivalry among competing firms in industry | Initially none until 1976 when Fuji came in | High- many companies producing different brands at all price category | Bargaining power of suppliers | Low – since Kodak was their main consumer | ...
Words: 1252 - Pages: 6
...Kodak’s current position in digital imaging? Would Kodak’s position be different had the company adopted a different digital imaging strategy in the eighties and the nineties? Evaluate Kodak’s strategy starting in the mid-eighties. In 1983 Kodak’s stated objective was to invest in digital imaging R&D, but the company’s structure and culture were not aligned to promote this innovation. From the 1980s through the early 1990s, Kodak did not have a clear opinion and view of how digital imaging would drive the industry or how to commercialize any of their R&D findings. As a result, Kodak continued to seek ways in which it could marry chemical-based and electronic image to preserve the company’s cash cow, selling high-margin consumables (photographic film and paper). Through 1993, Kodak had spent $5 billion in digital imaging R&D but had little to show for it besides an image sensor that competitors had used to compete for the low-end consumer market and theKodak’s Photo CD device, which was ultimately unsuccessful. Management failed to focus on the merits of developing digital on a stand-alone basis. For example, the Photo CD utilized digital imaging but required it to be used in tandem with traditional photography. Kodak’s pricing was too steep and the product was inappropriately targeted, against the advice of Kodak’s own invention team, to the consumer market rather than the commercial market. As a result, Kodak missed out on establishing an initial digital imaging market position...
Words: 822 - Pages: 4
...RELEVANT TO ACCA QUALIFICATION PAPER P3 Studying Paper P3? Performance objectives 7, 8 and 9 are relevant to this exam POSITION-BASED AND RESOURCE-BASED STRATEGIES Imagine you are in the middle of a country. To your north there is a mountain range, to the south an ocean, to the west a desert and to the east, jungle. You are running out of food and have to move. But to where? So you look at whatever evidence you can get: weather forecasts, travellers’ tales, unreliable maps (because this is before GPS). No direction is without peril and all offer some reward, but you have to go somewhere. There seems to be a storm brewing in the mountains, malaria in the jungle and it’s the wrong season to tackle the desert. So you go for an ocean crossing, hoping to find a promised land, but always aware that more information might make you rue your choice, aware that you might have to change your direction, and aware that at some point, a change of direction will become impossible because you have reached a point of no return. Essentially, what has been described above is a position-based approach to strategy. The destinations are four possible strategies or business developments, the weather forecasts, tales and maps are the equivalent of tools such as PESTEL and Porter’s Five Forces. You are dealing with imperfect information and might have to abandon or modify a strategy. These tools might indicate that market and environmental factors make some strategies seem very unattractive, but...
Words: 2967 - Pages: 12
...Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience. Automation has had a notable impact in a wide range of industries beyond manufacturing (where it began). Once-ubiquitous telephone operators have been replaced largely by automated telephone switchboards and answering machines. Medical processes such as primary screening in electrocardiography or radiography and laboratory analysis of human genes, sera, cells, and tissues are carried out at much greater speed and accuracy by automated systems. Automated teller machines have reduced the need for bank visits to obtain cash and carry out transactions. In general, automation has been responsible for the shift in the world economy from industrial jobs to service jobs in the 20th and 21st centuries.[1] Movable type is the system of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual letters or punctuation). The world's first known movable-type system for printing was created in China around 1040 A.D. by Bi...
Words: 7787 - Pages: 32
...Graphics Vol. 2, No. 1, May, 2011 Identification of Abnormal Masses in Digital Mammography Images Indra Kanta Maitra Research Fellow, Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Calcutta, India E-mail: ikm.1975@ieee.org Sanjay Nag Research Fellow, Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Calcutta, India E-mail: sanjaynag75@gmail.com Prof. Samir Kumar Bandyopadhyay Professor and Senior Member IEEE, Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Calcutta, India E-mail:skb1@vsnl.com Abstract Mammography is at present one of the available method for early detection of masses or abnormalities which is related to breast cancer. The most common abnormalities that may indicate breast cancer are masses and calcifications. The challenge lies in early and accurate detection to overcome the development of breast cancer that affects more and more women throughout the world. Masses appear in a mammogram as fine, granular clusters, which are often difficult to identify in a raw mammogram. Digital mammogram is one of the best technologies currently being used for diagnosing breast cancer. Breast cancer is diagnosed at advanced stages with the help of the digital mammogram image. In this paper, a method has been developed to make a supporting tool. This will make it easy and less time consuming for identification of abnormal masses in digital mammography images. The identification technique is divided into two distinct parts i.e. Formation...
Words: 4564 - Pages: 19
...over the camera enable better photographs to be taken? Introduction The digital world of photography change how humanity communicates and exchange images in a matter of few seconds provoking to have less privacy in your everyday life. Digital photos in the Web are very common, which is a useful tool for people to share memories and personal events, but once the pictures are downloaded and shared it’s impossible to erase. Almost everyone have digital access from either a camera phone or digital camera, which creates a whole new era of artistic art that helps humans to express feelings and emotions (Helmut and Alison, 2011). Technology made it easier to play and experiment with common features of devices and programs to have a variety of pictures with different effects that creates artistic photos. Digital Photography transforms the view on how humanity has access to instant photos from family and friends, editing, and digital artistic. Discussion Capturing digital images comes back in 1960s where NASA use digital signals to capture the surface of the moon with the help of computer technology to improve the images that the space probes were sending. The government used satellites to spy and helped to advanced digital imaging. The private sectors made big contributions like Texas Instruments invented a film-less electronic camera in 1972. Sony released an electronic camera that recorded images onto a mini disc (Helmut and Alison, 2011). According to Daniel Carp, Kodak...
Words: 7189 - Pages: 29
...that inspires me to fight against all obstacles and hurdles. I was born in the era of 90’s where Indian kids just started seeing video games .The outdoor sports were losing its realm as kids on those days were attracted by video games ,electronic toys attractive colorful images on screen ,animations etc. When I was growing up found mobile, laptops, ATM’s penetrating the markets and in the life style of people. It was changing people way of working. I still remember my fathers all time peeping pager and I always used to wonder how come someone send a message on air and the pace at which it was send. Seeing this at a young age I always wanted to know more about it specifically one question always rolled: How it works? This curiosity has always inspired me to be near science and technology. This eventually led me doing my undergrads in Electronics and Communication Engineering at Government Engineering College Gandhinagar which is one of the top most state college of state and which is affiliated with Gujarat Technological University (GTU). This curriculum included courses like Mathematics, Computer Programming and...
Words: 993 - Pages: 4
...financial officer and chief executive officer as well as the leaders of the firm’s principal business functions and units. Strategy TI is aware that its customers depend on the company to assist them innovate and get to market first. The company, therefore, drive toward flawless implementation to deliver software, differentiated products, and support they need, whenever they need them. The firm actively engages with its customers and learns as much that it can about their needs in order to generate new, innovative products for their future applications on a constant basis. 3.1.2. Components of Strategy Corporate Mission Texas Instruments seeks to change the world “one chip at a time.” The company’s mission is to create analog and embedded processing products for power electronics across every industry. The company has interwoven integrity, commitment, and innovation throughout the fabric of its history in order to create and assist to make the world safer, smarter, more fun, greener, and healthier (Nishi &Doering, 2000). The firm considers integrity as its cornerstone, innovation its lifeblood and organizational commitment as its promise. Organization Culture Ethics is a foundation at the company and has been for the previous 80 years. The company has an inclusive culture, which focusses on what individuals bring to the table and what they can do for the company. The company’s performance culture...
Words: 1731 - Pages: 7
...Computer crime involves: Theft by computer (including identity theft and phis hing) Software piracy and intellectual property misuse Software sabotage (malw are- including worms, viruses, Trojan horses, e tc.) Hacking and electronic trespassing. The computer crime dossier Computer crime: any crime accomplished through knowledge or use of computer technology Businesses and government institutions lose billions of dollars every year to computer criminals The majority of crimes is committed by company insiders Typically covered up or not reported to authorities to avoid embarrassment According to a 2001 survey of over 500 companies and government agencies: 85% detected computer security breaches in the preceding 12 months Financial losses due to security breaches topped $377 million 70% reported that Internet connections were frequent points of attack Only 31% said that internal systems were frequent points of attack. Theft by computer Theft is the most common form of computer crime. Computers are used to steal Money Goods Information Computer resources One common type of computer theft today is the actual theft of computers, such as notebook and PDAs Notebook and PDAs are expensive Data stored on a computer can be more valuable Denial o f Service ( DOS) Attacks bombard servers and Web sites with so much bogus traffic that they are effectively shut down networks, denying service to legitimate customers and clients. Computer security Protecting computer systems...
Words: 7438 - Pages: 30
...More precisely character recognition is process of detecting and recognizing characters from input image and converts it into ASCII or other equivalent machine editable form. It contributes immensely to the advancement of automation process and improving the interface between man and machine in many applications . Character recognition is one of the most interesting and fascinating areas of pattern recognition and artificial intelligence. .Character recognition is getting more and more attention since last decade due to its wide range of application. Conversion of handwritten characters is important for making several important documents related to our history, such as manuscripts, into machine editable form so that it can be easily accessed and preserved. Lots of independent work is going on in Optical Character Recognition that is processing of printed/computer generated document and handwritten and manually created document processing i.e. handwritten character...
Words: 2960 - Pages: 12
