...effects incurred as a result of incineration are also outlined. Incineration as an energy source; the pros and cons Incineration is a waste treatment technology that encompasses burning waste and transforming it into energy (Denilson et al., 1996). The wastes that are subjected to the process of burning can include residential, hazardous and commercial wastes (Denilson et al., 1996). The wastes are burnt in an incinerator which is a large furnace designed for that work. Incineration converts the materials deemed as wastes including paper, metals, plastics and food scraps into fly ash, bottom ash, combustion gases and heat (Denilson et al., 1996). In some instances the heat produced by incineration can be used to create electric power. In the United States there are a total of 113 incinerators that are working and out of these, 86 are used to produce electricity (Brebbia et al., 2014). The last incinerator in US was built in the year 1997 and ever since there has been no new incinerator built (Brebbia et al., 2014). The reasons for the halt in building incinerators in US was due to the public opposition regarding the costs of building, identified health risks and environmental pollution it causes and the increase of other practices like composting and recycling (Brebbia et al., 2014). Incineration is a very effective method in eliminating the wastes that would have been deposited on land and creating energy that can be used in various sectors like electricity generation. In...
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...INCINERATOR Construction Incinerator is in the shape of a vertical cylindrical chamber with an inverted funnel shaped chimney at the the top. The cylindrical chamber consists of a burning chamber just as in case of oil fired burners, which are lined with refractory materials at the inside. An oil fired burner is provided to initiate the ignition process. It is extremely important that the temperature inside the cylinder is controlled and for this reason thermostats are used. To provide an uninterrupted flow of air for the combustion, forced draft fans are provided. The air supplied is directed upwards in swirls with the help of strategically designed ports. A rotating shaft with blades is attached at the center, which helps for a faster combustion process and also prevents incomplete combustion. The ash and the residue thus generated due to the combustion is forced at the periphery by this rotating shaft. The ash is pushed into an ash hopper and it gets collected there. A door is provided to dump the waste inside the incinerator. This door pneumatically operated and when opened shuts down the fan and the burner automatically. Not all the ash gets collected in the ash hopper. Some of the ash due to the forced air goes up to the chimney with the smoke. To remove this ash from the smoke a char eliminator is used. A char eliminator is similar to a filter paper. A sight glass is provided at the side of the incinerator to keep a watch at the burning process. All the processes...
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...itself isn’t helping by putting two incinerators in the South Bronx, polluting the air and causing children to get asthma. We should be very grateful that we are living in better conditions than those who are living in the South Bronx. Afterwards, Kozol writes that he and Cliffie pass by a tree with stuffed bears attached to it. While they looked at the tree, Cliffie had said, “‘I saw a boy shot in the head right over there,’” on page 5, line 41-42. The boy couldn't have been shot for any particular reason, he is a little boy after all. So, that means the little boy was shot in the head and killed for absolutely no reason whatsoever. That’s just one example of how terrible crimes and murder are in the South Bronx. There are many crimes in the South Bronx because it has a high crime rate. Crimes include murder, so murder might be common in the South Bronx. Murder is never a good thing, and it’s a very serious crime. Children shouldn’t have to worry about dying at their age, but that’s something the children of the South Bronx have to live with. We should be thankful that we don’t have to be constantly worrying about dying or being killed, which sadly, the people of the South Bronx have to worry about. Lastly, Kozol talks about a waste incinerator that Cliffie said was where they were “burning bodies,” but in reality, they were burning “redbag products” such as amputated limbs, bandages, and syringes on page 6, line 72-76. The incinerator was built in the South Bronx because...
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...giving gifts, but this doesn’t seem to last long. The company is now reluctant to use “incinerators”. Issues One major issue raised in the case is what the company should do to minimize the public complaints on pollution. Should the company also install incinerator? There are numerous factors related to the case such as ethical, environmental, legal, social, political, technological and economic. The company went against ethics by misleading the public by publishing notice on a least popular newspaper. The environmental issue is related to the pollution created by the company. The company was using out-dated technology by not using incinerator. Also it is an economic issue when it comes to installing the incinerator. Facts to support the existence of complaints by the public 1. The notice was published in the least popular newspaper so the villagers didn’t notice it. 2. The objection of the villagers against the pollution was attempted to be silenced by good words and gifts to authority. 3. The company sent a staff member to the plant location to make personal contact with the members of the VDC and this staff played an important role in obtaining the no objection letters. Alternatives and their evaluation 1. Install an incinerator An incinerator is used to reduce waste. It costs around Rs. 6 crores. But the existing plant is not feasible to be used with incinerator and needs to be changed. 2. Recycling mechanism...
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...ungraded to level 3 and level 4 through this privatization. Level 3 facility’s landfill is prepared with leachate circulation system while the level 4 facility’s landfill is designed with leachate treatment facilities (World Bank, 1999b). In addition, Malaysian government is planning to use the process of incineration so that some profit can be gained from the solid waste incineration. This operation cost about MYR 600 daily and the price for the incinerator itself cost about MYR 2.5 million which consider as a high risk investment. The capability of an incinerator is 5 to 10 tons of solid waste per day (World Bank, 1999b). Malaysian federal government has suggested applying a huge incinerator as an alternative of solid waste disposal in Broga, suburbs of Kuala Lumpur. However, this suggestion is not supported by most of the citizens where environmental chemist analyzed that there might be environmental issue if incineration is carried out. Hence, lots of discussion has brought up to the parliament level and this delayed the incinerator program in...
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...Markquice Carson 11-27-12 Portfolio Report Indu/Agri/Mun Pollution Dr. Buckner There are a bundle of problems in America today involving pollution in every from, and this bring about solutions to solving these problems. There are several technologies to manage waste pollution. These technologies include recycling, incineration, and sanitary landfills. This will strictly discuss the problem, Methods/Technology, and Beneficial aspects of Incineration. Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials. Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems are described as "thermal treatment". Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas, and heat. The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste, and may take the form of solid lumps or particulates carried by the flue gas. The flue gases must be cleaned of gaseous and particulate pollutants before they are dispersed into the atmosphere. In some cases, the heat generated by incineration can be used to generate electric power. There are several types of incineration technologies: Rotary-kiln, Burn Barrels, Fixed grates the typical amount of net energy that can be produced per ton municipal waste is about 2/3 MWh of electricity and 2 MWh of district heating. Thus, incinerating about 600 metric tons (660 short tons) per day of waste will produce about 400 MWh of electrical energy per day (17 MW of electrical...
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...have an impact on air, water and soil quality. Landfills also produce methane which contributes to the greenhouse effect. Incineration does save space compared to landfills but burning the paper waste releases gasses which affect air quality. In today’s society it is generally agreed that the most beneficial and environmentally friendly way to dispose of paper products is to recycle it. For recycling, used paper must go through a process which will sort it, strain the glue and ink from it and finally bleach it so it can be made into new paper. The beginning of the disposal process of paper starts with the consumer disposing of the product in either a trash can or recycling bin. This is where the paper will either travel to landfills, incinerators or recycling facilities. Recycling trucks must collect the contents and transport them to sorting and processing facilities which will recycle the paper to new usable paper. Cities consider themselves environmentally responsible to recycle and dispose of paper and therefore provide garbage and recycling pick up services. This helps create jobs, plus recycling will also prevent cutting down other trees. Profit making companies are also involved since they will save money by using recycled material. Companies which use recycled paper and create recycled paper products have a socially more acceptable image. Educating the public also goes a long way to maximizing the recycling of as much of the used paper products as possible. By recycling...
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...1. ABSTRACT Alternative uses of waste for energy production becomes increasingly interesting both from a waste management perspective - to deal with increasing waste amounts while reducing the amount of waste deposited at landfills and from an energy system perspective to improve the flexibility of the energy system in order to increase the share of renewable energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The object of analysis is waste which is not reused or recycled, but can be used for energy production. Different Waste-to-Energy technologies are analyzed through energy system analysis of the current Danish energy system with 13-14% renewable energy, as well as possible future Danish energy systems with 43% (2025) and 100% renewable energy (2050), respectively. The technologies include combustion, thermal gasification, anaerobic digestion, fermentation, and transesterification technologies producing electricity, heat, or transport fuel. In the USA, according to the US energy recovery council, there are 87 WTE plants producing 2,700 megawatts that results into 17 million of kwh per year which is enough to meet the needs for power for 2 million households. In the EU incineration is more popular. According to the confederation of European Waste to energy plants (CEWEP) the plants in Europe can supply annually about 13 million inhabitants with electricity and 12 million inhabitants with heat. Waste to energy is produced mainly by biological material and thus the energy produced...
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...Introduction Solid waste management is a polite term for garbage management. As long as humans have been living in settled communities, solid waste, or garbage, has been an issue, and modern societies generate far more solid waste than early humans ever did. Daily life in industrialized nations can generate several pounds of solid waste per consumer, not only directly in the home, but indirectly in factories that manufacture goods purchased by consumers. Solid waste management is a system for handling all of this garbage; municipal waste collection is solid waste management, as are recycling programs, dumps, and incinerators. To the great benefit of archeology, early solid waste management consisted of digging pits and throwing garbage into them. This created a record of the kinds of lives that people lived, showing things like what people ate, the materials used to make eating utensils, and other interesting glimpses into historic daily life. When human cities began to be more concentrated, however, solid waste management became a serious issue. Houses that did not have room to bury their garbage would throw it into the streets, making a stroll to the corner store an unpleasant prospect. In response, many cities started to set up municipal garbage collection, in the form of rag and bone men who would buy useful garbage from people and recycle it, or waste collection teams which would dispose of unusable garbage. Waste Management Waste management is the collection, transport...
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...Recycle plastic programs * The plastic pollution Plastic is one of the few new chemical materials which pose environmental problem. Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene is largely used in the manufacture of plastics. Synthetic polymers are easily molded into complex shapes, have high chemical resistance, and are more or less elastic. Some can be formed into fibers or thin transparent films. These properties have made them popular in many durable or disposable goods and for packaging materials. These materials have molecular weight ranging from several thousands to 1,50,000. Excessive molecular size seems to be mainly responsible for the resistance of these chemicals to biodegradation and their persistence in soil environment for a long time. Plastic in the environment is regarded to be more an aesthetic nuisance than a hazard, since the material is biologically quite inert. The plastic industry in the US alone is $ 50 billion per year and is obviously a tempting market for biotechnology goral enterprises. Biotechnological processes are being developed as an alternative to existing route or to get new biodegradable biopolymers . 20% of solid municipal wastes in US is plastic. Non-degradable plastics accumulate at the rate of 25 million tones per year. According to an estimate more than 100 million tones of plastic is produced every year all over the world. In India it is only 2 million tones. In India use of plastic is 2 kg per person per year while in European...
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...Use of M.I.S. Packages in Health Projects in India A Suite of software packages (like to monitor the Prevention of Food Adulteration, software for Medical Certification of Cause of Death (MCCD), Software for Processing Bed Occupancy & Mortality Rate, DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short-term for eradication of TB disease). Medicine Inventory Monitoring System (MIMS), Doctors Leave Accounting System and Family Welfare MIS, Malaria Monitoring Software, Software for National School Health Programme and G2G e-Office packages has been implemented at Civil Surgeons offices under e-health Net Project. This has helped in greater availability of medicines to the patients in govt. health institutes and Doctor’s availability in rural dispensaries. E-Health Net received National Silver Icon Award along with Health Care Foundation at 8th national e-Governance conference. Website of Health department has been launched. Hospitals OPD MIS, Physically Handicapped Certificate Issuing systems introduced. GOI sponsored IDSP (integrated Disease Surveillance Project) initiated at all districts. Intermediate Technologies – IT Power India Pvt. Ltd. (ITPI) is the well known private limited company in the field of renewable energy and environment management consultancy with the object of promoting sustainable development. ITPI has the widest range of expertise in both the above sectors, covering strategic planning as well as functional areas of operations including funding and financial...
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...Dioxin, Furans, & PCB Emission for Residential Trash Burning MOS 5425 Advanced Toxicology Dr. Brooks McPhail October 7, 2014 Dioxin, Furans, & PCB Emission for Residential Trash Burning In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimated in 2006 Americans generated 300 million tons, 12.5 percent burned in incinerators. Countless of the hundreds of thousands of tons are burned in residential backyard burn barrels in rural areas, are never accounted for. To the residential homeowner burning trash has been for centuries the means of disposing refuse in areas that do not have organized garbage collection. As the modern industrial chemical production continues to increase, making products that make everyday life in the modern world more accessible, burning that waste stream at low temperatures products highly toxic compounds releasing not only in the air via smoke but also in ash runoff, and smoke fume condensation on possible food sources. Countless toxicological studies have been conducted on dioxins, furans and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs). That information will be leveraged here to compliment the toxicity and pollutant effects of these chemicals, yet the emphasis is not political, environmental, nor humanitarian. It is about highlighting the non-industrial emissions, choices in some cases, and for others the realization, that these toxic chemicals are a result of disposing product we receive from the modern industrialized world. Dioxins...
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...Environmental pollution is one of the biggest problems the world faces today. It is an issue that troubles us economically, physically and everyday of our lives. The contamination of the environment is also being linked to some of the diseases that are around currently. Yet, most people do not know about this problem. This shows that environmental pollution is becoming an increasingly worse problem that needs to be taken care of as soon as possible, not only for the good of the environment but also for the people that live in it. Many factors are present for why environmental pollution has become such a large issue in the world. However, if the people of the world were to address the issue it would definitely help both the environment and it's people. There are many activities that can be done by both the common citizen to the governments of the world, which could severally improve the world's environmental problem. On the other hand, if the current way the world's environmental problem is being handled continues, catastrophic consequences can follow for the future population. Over the years, environmental pollution has become more of a problem for a number of reasons. "Due to the great increase in the world's population, which is at 6.1 billion, energy use, and the number of vehicles on roads make air pollution a greater threat than ever (Pollution, Environmental). Because of this, "air pollution kills eight thousand people a year due to respiratory related problems (Air...
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...WADING THROUGH THE WASTE: A LOOK INTO THE FAILURE Wading Through the Waste: A look into the failure of American landfills and how plasma gasification can fix it Joshua A. Valdez ITT-Tech Jacksonville, Fl GE117 Chambers Abstract America, a “throw away” society, is facing a tragic consequence of its lifestyle. Even with increased recycling efforts Americans are running out of space to put their trash. With stricter regulations and public policies, the number of landfills has significantly dropped; replaced by what are called “megafills.” Although safer, since the EPA’s introduction of strict regulations in 1988, environmental dangers still exist. That danger, amplified with the high operation costs of landfills, an alternative disposal method is needed. Plasma Gasification provides a cleaner and more efficient way of disposing waste while having the added benefit of producing energy. Wading Through the Waste: A look into the failure of American landfills and how plasma gasification can fix it “Did you know that the average person produces three pounds of trash a day? I would really like to know where it all goes,” a woman asks her therapist in the 1989 movie Sex, Lies, and Videotapes. Since 1989 our trash production has increased to 4.6 pounds per individual, based on a 2007 EPA study. (EPA, 2012) America, a “throw away” society, is facing a tragic consequence of its lifestyle. Even with increased recycling efforts, Americans are running out of space...
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...Carrie by Stephen King “Take off that dress,” Momma said “No.” “Take it off, Carrie. We’ll go down and burn it in the incinerator together, and then pray for forgiveness. We’ll do penance.” Her eyes began to sparkle with the strange, disconnected zeal that came over her at events which she considered to be tests of faith. ‘I’ll stay home from work and you’ll stay home from school. We’ll pray. We’ll ask for a Sign. We’ll get us down on our knees and ask for the Pentecostal Fire.” “No, Momma.” Her mother reached up and pinched her own face. It left a red mark. She looked to Carrie for reaction, saw none, hooked her right hand into claws and ripped it across her own cheek, bringing thin blood. She whined and rocked back “Washed in the Blood of the Lamb,” she whispered. “Many times. Many times he and I—” “Go away, Momma.” She looked up at Carrie, her eyes glowing. There was a terrifying expression of righteous anger graven on her face. “The Lord is not mocked,” she whispered. “Be sure your sin will find you out. Burn it, Carrie! Cast that devil’s red from you and burn it! Burn itl Burn it! Burn it!” The door slammed open by itself. “Go away, Momma.” Momma smiled. Her bloody mouth made the smile grotesque, twisted. Excerpt from Carrie by Stephen King “Take off that dress,” Momma said “No.” “Take it off, Carrie. We’ll go down and burn it in the incinerator together, and then pray for forgiveness. We’ll do penance.” Her eyes began to sparkle with the strange, disconnected...
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