...To describe the major points of the inequality between nations, I have broken the following points into specific areas of inequality. Income Inequality The need to address inequality has increased since the economic crisis including increasing levels of uncertainty and social decline within the middle class with many societies. The drivers of inequalities are globalization, skill biased technology changes and policy changes. Developing countries that embrace globalization are seeing an increase in personal incomes, extended life expectancy, and improved education systems. Gender Inequality To create new sources of economic growth and utilizing everyone’s skills we would require a breakdown of barriers in gender equality in employment, education and entrepreneurship. “Greater educational attainment has accounted for about half of the economic growth in OECD countries in the past 50 years, in large part thanks to an increase in girls reaching higher levels of education and greater gender equality in the number of years spent in school. Companies with a higher proportion of women in top management do better than others” ("Inequality - OECD," n.d.). A familiar and yet disappoint static states women earn 16% less than men, and female top-earners are paid 21%...
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...Development Index and the Inequality Human Development Index Human development is defined as the process of enlarging people’s freedoms and opportunities and improving their well-being. Human development is about the real freedom ordinary people have to decide who to be, what to do, and how to live. The human development concept was developed by economist Mahbub ul Haq. At the World Bank in the 1970s, and later as minister of finance in his own country, Pakistan, Dr. Haq argued that existing measures of human progress failed to account for the true purpose of development—to improve people’s lives. In particular, he believed that the commonly used measure of Gross Domestic Product failed to adequately measure well-being. Working with Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen and other gifted economists, in 1990 Dr. Haq published the first Human Development Report, which was commissioned by the United Nations Development Programme. The Human Development Index was developed as an alternative to simple money metrics. It is easy-to-understand numerical measures made up of what most people believe are the very basic ingredients of human well-being: health, education, and income. The first Human Development Index was presented in 1990. It has been an annual feature of every Human Development Report since, ranking virtually every country in the world from number one currently Norway, to number 186 Niger. Like all averages, it conceals disparities in human development across the population within the...
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...1) Derived demand is used in economics to describe the demand that is placed on goods or a good or service as a consequence of changes in the price for some other related good or service. It is a demand for some physical or intangible item where a market exists for both related goods and services in question. The derived demand can have a significant impact on the derived good's market price. The concept of derived demand helps to control the demand for labor through one product needing the use of another product. (Tejvan Pettinger, November 28, 2012) 2) The factors that govern the source of labor in a market are buyers and sellers. Most markets we come across individual people such as you and I and groups of people such as families that needs goods and services and the firms which supply goods and services, such as stores. The labor market works in a parallel way, except the roles are reverse. This market, mostly all firms require labor and individuals such as you and I supply their requirement for a wage compensation. By looking for a job, you are participating actively in the market of labor. The labor market works much like other markets. There are buyers and sellers and they both interact with one another to determine a price of an item. In this case, the "good" being bought and sold is labor and the price for that good is the wage compensation mention earlier. That is, in the labor market, employers are willing to buy more hours of labor at lower wages than at a higher...
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...Discussion Question: How do you accurately account for economic inequality in order to better assess living standards across and within countries? Discuss the factors affecting economic inequality and the implications on a local and global scale. Before even getting into the debate of assessing living standards, inequality and its measurement, let us first define income and consumption and how these measures are used to assess living standards in mainstream economics. According to Folbre, income encompasses all resource inflows to the household while resource outflows make up for the consumption variable (Folbre, 2009). In today’s world, living standards are assessed by looking at either of the two measures; however, most people agree that looking at living standards from the consumption angle gives us a better, more accurate feel for disparities. That being said, we recognize that these two measures do not provide a full picture: we look at resource inflows and outflows to and from households; however, we do not take into account what actually happens within the household. In recent years, more and more economists have shifted their attention to those non-market factors that directly impact standard of living among the population. In the following paragraphs, we will first examine how economic inequality is currently measured and the limitations underlying those methods. We will then elaborate on the additional parameters (household production and leisure) and their importance...
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...Should Income Inequality be Considered as a Serious Problem that Affects the Health of Most Individuals? Peng Peng AEIS111 Instructor: Roger Frost August 5,2015 With the rapid development of society, people did not have to worry about rising of income and income’s effects. Poor communities tend to suffer different diseases compared to rich people. The rich people will be associated with obesity while the poor are associated with wide range of diseases such as malnutrition, cholera, waterborne diseases and others (Rowlingson, 2011). In the recent years, all this seems different, and the apprehension has majorly shifted. Considering all this truly income inequality does affect the health of most individuals. Income inequality affects life expectancy, disease prevalence and social problems. On contrary, it is argued out that income inequality the main causative agent for health problems (Richard, 2015). This paper is an argumentative essay on how income inequality affects individual health and also identifies if it is the main causative agent or health problems. Firstly, there have been various studies that determine if indeed inequality affects the health of individuals. Those studies such as Whitehall studies have been able to demonstrate a link that is clear between the economic background and the health of individuals.It found out that people living in areas that are poor will die seven years earlier than the people that are living in areas that are...
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...and other forms of economically beneficial and social relationship between countries. In economy each nation sets policy to manage its resources to maximize the benefits of trade for its people. Government makes policy not only concerning trade with other but also the degree to which the state is involved. Government try to optimize it’s production level and try to increase GDP with maximum utilization of available resources. In other hand when trade increases between nations, the allocation of resources will redistribute among goods and pricing where countries can experience different transitional cycle of trades. There will be gains and losses perceived for some input factors from the redistribution of wealth. Many economists in today’s business world agree that globalization provides benefit to individual economies around the world by making markets more efficient, increasing competition and spreading wealth more equally around the world. However, still many others assume that the costs associated with globalization outweigh the benefits, which has caused many problems. Growing income inequality and widening gap between richer and poorer are major problems seen in today’s world economy. In free international trade, the capital and the technology can flow across political borders. Redistribution of these resources will improve the efficiency of the output and increase the income worldwide. On the contrary, another point is liberal economic globalization widens the...
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...richest 80 billionaires have the finances to solve world hunger, substantially increase the prevention of AIDS and effectively eradicate malaria. Wealth in itself is not evil; however, when humanity places riches above its fellow humans’ lives, it has reached a sinful state. The world has accepted material wealth at the price of what has become a sacrificial morality and love for mankind. The goal of this paper is to prove that global trends of economic inequality are unjustifiable from an economic/social standpoint, Scripture, and the recent position of the Catholic Church. Financial inequality is no new concept to the world. Since the beginnings of civilization there were the rich and there were the poor; many would argue that this is the natural state of society. From the Roman Empire until today, there has been a gap between the two segments. While almost all major religions warn man of the dangers of wealth and support charity, this gap between rich and poor has never been eradicated. Even so, all modernized nations claim a duty to the welfare of all of their citizens, including (if not especially), to...
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...and other forms of economically beneficial and social relationship between countries. In economy each nation sets policy to manage its resources to maximize the benefits of trade for its people. Government makes policy not only concerning trade with other but also the degree to which the state is involved. Government try to optimize it’s production level and try to increase GDP with maximum utilization of available resources. In other hand when trade increases between nations, the allocation of resources will redistribute among goods and pricing where countries can experience different transitional cycle of trades. There will be gains and losses perceived for some input factors from the redistribution of wealth. Many economists in today’s business world agree that globalization provides benefit to individual economies around the world by making markets more efficient, increasing competition and spreading wealth more equally around the world. However, still many others assume that the costs associated with globalization outweigh the benefits, which has caused many problems. Growing income inequality and widening gap between richer and poorer are major problems seen in today’s world economy. In free international trade, the capital and the technology can flow across political borders. Redistribution of these resources will improve the efficiency of the output and increase the income worldwide. On the contrary, another point is liberal economic globalization widens the...
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...THE GLOBALIZATION RORSCHACH TEST: INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION, INEQUALITY AND THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT NANCY BRUNE and GEOFFREY GARRETT* November 2004 Forthcoming in Annual Review of Political Science vol. 8, 2005 In this review essay, we address the three principal questions that have dominated the debate over the distributive effects of globalization. First, how has globalization affected inequality among countries? Second, how has globalization affected inequality within countries? Third, how has globalization affected the ability of national governments to redistribute wealth and risk within countries? We conclude that despite the proliferation of social science research on the consequences of globalization, there is no solid consensus in the relevant literatures on any of these questions. This is because scholars disagree about how to measure globalization and about how to draw causal inferences about its effects. Keywords: globalization, inequality, economic growth, government spending, privatization ___________________________________________________________ * Nancy Brune is a doctoral candidate at Yale University. She can be reached at nbrune@isop.ucla.edu. Geoffrey Garrett is Vice Provost and Dean of the International Institute, Director of the Ronald W. Burkle Center for International Relations, and Professor of Political Science at UCLA. He can be reached at ggarrett@international.ucla.edu. The authors Alexandra Guisinger, David Nickerson and Jason Sorens...
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...October 29, 2014 IS 206GENDER ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT THE IMPACT OF INEQUALITY Box 1: COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON INEQUALITY AND SOCIAL MOBILITY ACROSS OECD AND LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES Presented by Del Mundo, Maria Naida Box 2: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL COHESION, SOCIAL TOLERANCE OF INEQUALITY Presented by Gutierrez, Cherry Lou THE IMPACT OF INEQUALITY ABSTRACT October 29, 2014 There is growing evidence and recognition on the powerful and corrosive effects of inequality on economic growth, poverty, social mobility and political cohesion. This paper finds that the real and potential impacts of inequality in relation to economic growth, poverty, social mobility, social stability and cohesion. KEYWORDS: Inequality, Economic Growth, Poverty, Social Mobility, Political Cohesion, Gender I. INTRODUCTION In relation to the worldwide gender gap, in so far as inequality also exist in political imbalance in the Philippines distinguished through the partisan move of a party, wherein, such intent, policies and term of their advocacy is their ultimate road map and reluctantly to engage in the opponent’s adherence. Colonial mindset, attributable to the Spanish era wherein their colonial stay in the country portrays the strictness and conservative ways in precluding to whom or to which is one’s belief will end up to, and upon the continuance of the American regime, where westernized ways has gotten in the minds of the Filipinos, that every choice of an American decision draws correct conclusion...
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...Global Issues, Role of United Nations and Japan’s International Contributions Contents Introduction 3 History of Overpopulation 3 Industrial Revolution 3 Invention of Birth control 4 Risks of Overpopulation 4 Food 4 Water Shortage 4 Civil Conflict 5 Poverty 5 Case Study 5 Government policies 6 Taxation policy 6 Education Subsidies 6 Government Transfers 6 Effectiveness Of Government Policies 6 Conclusion 7 References 8 Introduction Overpopulation as defined by Dhirubhai Ambani is “where an organism’s numbers exceed the current carrying capacity of its habitat” (Ambani, 2013) There are many causes of overpopulation and overpopulation occurs when the number of organisms is of too great a number compared to the relevant resources and as a result, resources such as the water and essential nutrients they need to survive are inadequate. This can be a result from an increase in births, a decline in mortality rates, an increase in immigration, or an unsustainable biome and depletion of resources. This paper seeks to discuss how overpopulation began as well as the risk it carries. History of Overpopulation Industrial Revolution Prior to the industrial revolution, the world’s population did not change much. This was probably due to the fact that resources were difficult to come by. People were worried their ability to provide for their families would not be adequate. Furthermore, poor nutrition and famines were common. The average life expectancy...
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...Running head: INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN THE UNITED STATES Income Distribution in the United States and the Lorenz Curve 1 Market economies are favored and well-known for generating macroeconomic growth and progress in industrialized nations, such as the United States. Numerous academic studies and economic research have been done not only to measure economic growth, but also to analyze any disparities in income distributions among the general American population. This paper will examine trends and patterns of American wages since the 1970s, focusing on shifts in income distributions to see if these shifts can be interpreted as income inequality across different sectors of our society. Furthermore, this paper will study two important and interlinked methods of measuring income inequality, which are the Lorenz Curve and the Gini Coefficient Index. The Executive Branch of our federal government and the U.S. Congress keep a close eye on income distributions throughout the entire nation. These bodies rely heavily on data collected and analyzed by non-partisan agencies such as the U.S. Census Bureau, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), and academic institutitions that provide data and statistical analysis to assist in economic and budgetary decisions made by elected officials concerning a wide array of policy issues such as taxes, social insurance programs and other issues that impact the overall economy...
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...Globalization and Income Inequality in U.S. Globalization is the process of international integration, which the nation-states culturally, political, and economically interact with each other, creating a global society. Developing countries are modernizing, economies are constantly shifting, and technologies are advancing; however, as fascinating as globalization can be, it has several side effects. One of the key problems that is caused by globalization is income inequality between and within nations. The rich are getting richer and the lower class people are struggling to survive in this world. One example is the United States. Since the 1970s, its income inequality has been worsening, causing several major problems. This paper looks at US income inequality demonstrating the existence of this problem, the importance of addressing it, and the connection between such disparity and globalization, particularly economic and technological globalization. According to the data retrieved from the U.S. Census Bureau (See Appendix 2), it can be proved that income inequality exists. The real family data show that before 1975, all classes shared the prosperity, growing at a similar rate. Starting from 1973, the 95th Percentile (the level separating the 5 percent of the richest from the rest) rose at the same pace and increased approximately 60 percent; however, the growth of both the median (the level separating the half of the richer families from the other half) and the 20th Percentile...
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...University, Durham, NC Abstract Disagreements about the optimal level of wealth inequality underlie policy debates ranging from taxation to welfare. We attempt to insert the desires of ‘‘regular’’ Americans into these debates, by asking a nationally representative online panel to estimate the current distribution of wealth in the United States and to ‘‘build a better America’’ by constructing distributions with their ideal level of inequality. First, respondents dramatically underestimated the current level of wealth inequality. Second, respondents constructed ideal wealth distributions that were far more equitable than even their erroneously low estimates of the actual distribution. Most important from a policy perspective, we observed a surprising level of consensus: All demographic groups—even those not usually associated with wealth redistribution such as Republicans and the wealthy—desired a more equal distribution of wealth than the status quo. Keywords inequality, fairness, justice, political ideology, wealth, income Most scholars agree that wealth inequality in the United States is at historic highs, with some estimates suggesting that the top 1% of Americans hold nearly 50% of the wealth, topping even the levels seen just before the Great Depression in the 1920s (Davies, Sandstrom, Shorrocks, & Wolff, 2009; Keister, 2000; Wolff, 2002). Although it is clear that wealth inequality is high, determining the ideal distribution of wealth in a society has proven...
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...Inequities in Healthcare Health inequities are avoidable inequalities in health between groups of people within countries and between countries. These inequities arise from inequalities within and between societies. Geographic-based inequity There has been inequity in healthcare due to the geographic differences. For example, Costa Rica has demonstrable health spatial inequities with 12-14% of the population living in areas where healthcare is inaccessible. Examples of health inequities between countries: * The infant mortality rate (the risk of a baby dying between birth and one year of age) is 2 per 1000 live births in Iceland and over 120 per 1000 live births in Mozambique. * Women in Afghanistan have a lifetime risk of maternal death of 1 in 11, while a woman in Ireland has a risk of 1 in 17 800. * A child born in Malawi can expect to live for 47 years while a child born in Japan can expect to live 83 years. Income-based inequity Socioeconomic status is both a strong predictor of health, and a key factor underlying health inequities across populations. Examples of income-based inequity are: * In the State of Virginia, a diagnosis of diabetes was reported among 13.7% of the lowest income Virginians, compared to 4.5% of those with the highest income. * In low-income countries, the average life expectancy is 57, while in high-income countries, it is 80. Gender-based inequity * In India, gender is a significant determining factor in health. Gender...
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