...Chapter 1 Refraction of Light 1. Reflection always occurs when a ray hits any surface such that: a. The incident [SI] ray and the reflected ray [IR) lie on the same side with respect to the surface. b. The incident ray [SI] and the reflected ray [IR) lie on opposite sides with respect to the Normal (NI). c. The angle of incidence (i) is always equal to the angle of reflection (r). R R N N Reflected ray Reflected ray Normal (Perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence I) Normal (Perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence I) i i r r S S I I Surface Surface Incident ray Incident ray Source of light Source of light 2. Refraction occurs when light traverses from one transparent medium into another transparent medium hence the surface separating the two media should also be transparent. d. When refraction occurs: i. The incident ray [SI] and the refracted ray [IS’) lie on opposite sides with respect to the surface. ii. The incident ray [SI] and the refracted ray [IS’) lie on opposite sides with respect to the Normal (NI). iii. The angle of incidence (i) is either greater or smaller than the angle of refraction (i’) except when the incident ray is perpendicular to the surface where i = i’. Normal (Perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence I) Normal (Perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence I) Transparent Medium 1: Where the incident...
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...water. The law of reflection states that Θi = Θr (the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection). Transmitted light is subject to Snell’s law, which holds that n1sinΘ1 = n2sinΘ2, where n is the medium’s distinct index of refraction. Using a tabletop setting, a beam of light was first directed towards a mirror at three distinct angles (small, medium, and large). Diagrams were drawn and the angles of incidence and reflection were calculated from measured αi and αr (the angles between the rays of light and the mirror surface). To investigate Snell’s law, a beam of light was directed at a plexiglass prism at three distinct angles (small, medium, and large). Diagrams were constructed and the measured angles α1, α2, α3, and α4 were used to calculate Θ1, Θ2, Θ3, and Θ4. Using these values and the accepted index of refraction for air (n = 1.00), experimental indices for plexiglass were calculated from Snell’s law (n1sinΘ1 = n2sinΘ2). To further investigate Snell’s law using another medium, a beam of light was passed through a container of water. A diagram was drawn and Θ1, Θ2, Θ3, and Θ4 were calculated from measured angles α1, α2, α3, and α4. Using these Θ values and the accepted index of refraction for air, an experimental index of refraction for water was calculated from Snell’s law. The following angles were measured (α) and calculated (Θ) to investigate the law of reflection: Angle of Incidence αi Θi αr Θr Small 85.1° 4.9° 84.0° 6.0° Medium 77...
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...Experiment 9: Reflection, Refraction, and Total Internal Reflection Purpose: The purpose of this experiment was to study the laws of reflection, refraction and total internal reflection, to measure the focal length of mirrors with convex and concave mirrors, and to measure the index of refraction of water. Theory: In this experiment, we learned that the angle of incidence θi is the angle that the incident ray makes in regards to the normal one. Also, the angle of reflection θr is the angle that the reflected ray produces from the normal one. Also, we discussed how the law of reflection is used to explain the behavior of the incident and reflected rays. According to Snell’s law, we observed that the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal line to the surface, all lie in the same plane and θi=θr. During the experiment we analyzed, the light striking the interface between two transparent materials and part of the light was reflected. The angle of the reflection equaled to the angle of incidence. The rest was passed along the interface and the ray entered that entered the second material was refracted. When light travels from medium #1, with a refractive index being n1, into the medium #2, with refractive index n2, the equation sinθ1= n2sinθ2. Lastly, we did a test that shows that when a light passes from a medium of large refractive index into one of small refractive index, the refracted ray it produces bends away from the normal because of...
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...* Lab Report: Reflection and Refraction Name: Sample Data and Answers DATA PROCEDURE A: Bouncing Light off a Flat Mirror FLAT MIRROR Angle of Incidence | Angle of Reflection | 24° | 23° | 45° | 45° | 63° | 63° | DATA PROCEDURE B: Bouncing Light off a Concave Mirror CONCAVE MIRROR Angle of Incidence | Angle of Reflection | 18° | 18.5° | 45° | 45° | 64° | 66° | DATA PROCEDURE C: Bouncing Light off a Convex Mirror CONVEX MIRROR Angle of Incidence | Angle of Reflection | 33° | 32° | 45° | 44° | 62° | 60° | DATA PROCEDURE D: The Bending of Light by Refraction REFRACTION: Calculated Index of Refraction, 1.33 INTERFACE 1 — From air into acrylic | INTERFACE 2 — From acrylic into air | Incident angle(in air) | Refracted angle(in acrylic) | Incident angle(in acrylic) | Refracted angle(in air) | 21° | 14° | 16° | 21° | 45° | 32° | 32° | 41° | 63° | 40° | 41° | 63° | PROCEDURE D: REFRACTION – Plot of versus from DataStudio, with the Linear Fit. DATA PROCEDURE E: Observing Dispersion DISPERSION At the Dispersion Interface(Light traveling from acrylic into air.) | Index of Refraction of Acrylic | Incident angle | Refracted angle(in air) | | | RED light | BLUE light | For RED light | For BLUE light | 20° | 26.3° | 27.9° | 1.30 | 1.37 | QUESTIONS PROCEDURES A, B, C: Bouncing Light off Mirrors * 1. According to the Law of Reflection, the incident angle and the reflection angle must be...
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...Investigating Snell’s Law Research Question: The effect that the angle of incidence of white light has on the angle of refraction from one transparent medium to another. Introduction: Snell’s law state: When light passes from one transparent medium to another the rays of light refract (bend). Snell’s law (Law of Refraction) states that: n*=sinⅈsinr=n2n1=V1V2 for the purpose of this experiment we will be proving that: sinⅈsinr=n2n1 or n1sinⅈ=n2sinr where n1 and i are the index of refraction and angle with the normal to the surface for the incident ray, respectively, and n2 and r are for the refracted ray. Aim: The aim of this investigation is to prove determine the relative refractive index of perspects. Hypothesis: Sin i / Sin r will produce a constant ratio – the refractive index for perspects Variables: Independent Variable: Sine of the angle of incidence (Sin i) Dependent Variable: Sine of the angle of refraction (Sin r)\ Controlled Variables: The light source was kept constant, the same block of perspects was used. Uncontrolled Variables: Not relevant Apparatus: * Ruler, Protractor, Incandescent Light Source Procedure: Given on the assignment sheet (Investigating Refraction: Snell’s Law) Results: Raw Data | Processed Data | Trial # | Angle of Incidence (°) | Angle of Refraction (°) | Sin i | Sin r | Sin i/Sin r | 1 | 53 | 33 | 0.798 | 0.546 | 1.462 | 2 | 41 | 27 | 0.656 | 0.454 | 1.445 | 3 | 31 | 21 | 0.515 | 0.358 | 1.439 | ...
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...Purpose: The purpose of the experiment is to study the laws of reflection, refraction, and total internal reflection; to measure the focal lengths of the mirrors with convex and concave surfaces; and to measure the index of refraction of water. Theory: If a ray of light is incident on a flat surface: the angle of incidence a is the angle that the incident ray makes with respect to the normal, which is a line drawn perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence. The angle of reflection r is the angle that the reflected ray makes with the normal. The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface all lie in the same plane, called the place of incidence, and the angle of reflection r equals the angle of incidence a – the Law of Reflection describes the behavior of the incident and reflected rays: a = r When light strikes the interface between two transparent materials, such as air and water, the light generally divides into two parts. Part of the light is reflected, with the angle of reflection equaling the angle of incidence. The remainder is transmitted across the interface. If the incident ray does not strike the interface at normal incidence, the transmitted ray has a different direction than the incident ray. The ray that enters the second material is said to be refracted. When light travels from a material with refractive index a into a material with refractive index b, the refracted ray, the incident ray, and the normal to the interface between...
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...Magdurulang, Emmanuel Lim. June 12, 2013 PHY11-2/B2 Prof. Kristine Gecain Homework # 4: Refraction of Light Magdurulang, Emmanuel Lim. June 12, 2013 PHY11-2/B2 Prof. Kristine Gecain Homework # 4: Refraction of Light Diffuse reflection Light rays that are reflected from a surface and broken up and scattered into different directions. Specular reflection Reflection (as of light by a mirror) at a surface having irregularities small as compared with the wavelength of the incident radiation Index of refraction The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a medium under consideration Snell’s Law It gives the relationship between angles of incidence and refraction for a wave impinging on an interface between two media with different indices of refraction. The law follows from the boundary condition that a wave be continuous across a boundary, which requires that the phase of the wave be constant on any given plane. Refracted wave During refraction velocity and wavelength of waves change however, frequency of waves stay constant. Dispersion Visible light is actually made up of different colors. Each color bends by a different amount when refracted by glass. Optics Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. Lens A lens is an optical device...
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...Chapter 15: Refraction and Lenses Refraction of Light If water waves in a ripple tank travel from water with a depth of 1 cm into a shallow area with a depth of .3 cm, the water will slow down. In a ripple tank the depth can be changed by placing a sheet of plexiglass or glass in the water. In the picture to the right the area to the left is deeper water and the the the right is shollow. The picture shows that when the water travels into a shallow area and slows down, the wavelength will shorten. We learned in the last chapter that when waves travel into a new medium the frequency remains the same so if the wavespeed decreases, the wavelength must decrease. If the wavefronts cross a boundary at an angle and slow down we get a bending of the front. This bending of the path of the waves as they pass from one medium to another is called refraction. It occurs because the leading edge of the front slows down while the front in the faster medium keeps its original speed. If the path of the wave front changes, the path of a ray will also change. Here bending occurs when the ray crossing the boundary is not perpendicular to the boundary. Physicists have invented a concept called the index of refraction (symbol is n) to indicate how much the speed is changed when working with light waves. The equation is: The index of refraction is a ratio, so it has no units. Some times the term index of refraction is called optical density. A material with a higher...
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...Module 3 The Nature and Properties of Light What this module is about Most of the things that you know you have learned about through your eyes. You can only see if there is light. Light makes you see shapes and colors. Light also helps you identify objects both near and far. But what is light? In this module you will learn about the nature and properties of light in the following lessons: Lesson 1 – Lesson 2 – Lesson 3 – Lesson 4 – The Nature of Light Reflection and Mirrors Refraction and Lenses Colors, Interference and Polarization What you are expected to learn After studying the lessons in this module, you are expected to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. state the different theories about the nature of light; demonstrate reflection properties of light using mirrors; describe the image formed by mirrors; show the refraction properties of light using lenses; give applications of total internal reflection; describe the image formed by lenses; enumerate the colors that make up white light; explain what causes colors of object; and cite applications of diffractions, interference and polarization of light. How to learn from this module Here is a simple guide for you in going about the module. 1. Read and follow the instructions very carefully. 2. Take the pretest (20-item multiple-choice test) to determine how much you know about the lessons in the module. 3. Check your answers against the correct answers provided at the last page of the module. 4. Be very honest in taking the test...
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...light travels at 300,000,000 ms-1 in a vacuum , vaccum is a space or area with no matter or that is empty. Light rays travels in straight lines or is parallel Light travels in waves Light can also travel through empty space Refraction - Refraction refers to the bending of light when it travels from the medium to another. Also allowing it to change speed and to change direction when traveling from an optically dense medium to an optically less dense medium. Medium is an object or substance when light is passing through and example of a medium is , Air , Glass, water , vacuum and plastic. This could relate to the lense of a telescope. The Refraction index of a medium shows how dense the medium is. A higher refractive index means the more refraction or light bends more or light slows down more. Also the symbol Refraction index is “n”. This also determines how much the wave or ray bends towards or away from the normal. To calculate the mathematical relationship between refractive index and the angles of the light is worked out from “Snells law” The formula for “Snells law” is n1sintheta=n2sintheta2 . When light travels through one medium density to another it changes speed and changes direction, so either slows down or speeds up, this is known as refraction. When light passes through glass it disperses. When wavelengths are further apart the faster they travel , the closer they are the slower they travel. An example of this is when rays enter a glass a water from the air , when...
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...stimulate neural responses and enable the ability to see. The human eye is an adjustable lens system consisting out of two focussing elements and a light receptor sysytem. In this term paper, we will focus on the physics of sight. We will use our understanding of refraction and image formation to understand the means by which the human eye produces images of distant and nearby objects. Additionally, we will investigate some of the common vision problems that plague humans and the customary solutions to those problems. Each part of the eye plays a distinct part in enabling humans to see. In the body of my term paper, we will know the important parts of our eye. And how they are related with each other. We will also know the relation of the human eye with the camera. II. Body There are imporant parts of the eye, if they will be damaged, your eyesight will not function. The eye is essentially an opaque eyeball filled with a water-like fluid. These are the parts that can be located in our eyes: the cornea, the iris and pupil, the lens, the retina, the fovea centralis, and the optic nerve. In the front of the eyeball is a transparent opening known as the cornea. The cornea is a thin membrane that has an index of refraction of approximately 1.38. The cornea has the dual purpose of protecting the eye and refracting light as it enters the eye. The radius of the cornea is 7.5 mm. this is close to the typical diameter of the eyeball which is 25 mm. Focussing are reduced, main focussing...
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...../ Refraction is the bending of a wave front as the wave front passes between two substances in which the speed of the wave differs ../ The angle of refraction 8r is the angle between the refracted ray and normal line ../ Refraction occurs when light's velocity changes ../ When light moves from one medium to another, part of it is reflected and part is refracted; the frequency of the light does not change during refraction ../ When the light ray moves from air into glass, the refracted ray is bent toward the normal; when the light ray moves from glass to air is bent away from the normal ../ The index of refraction is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a given transparent medium; indices of refraction are in the reference table ../ If the light moves from medium 1 to medium 2., Snell's law determines the angle of refraction 82: nlsin81 = n2sin82 ../ A lens is a transparent object that refracts light rays such that they converge or diverge to create and image ../ When rays of light pass through a converging lens (thicker at the middle), they are bent inward; when they pass through a diverging lens (thicker at the edge), they are bent outward ../ Farsightedness can be corrected with converging lenses; nearsightedness can be corrected with diverging lenses ../ The total internal reflection is the complete reflection that takes place within a substance when the angle of incidence of light striking the surface boundary is greater than the critical...
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...Final examination Theory 1. Explain the dispersion of light by a transparent dielectric material. The phenomen of dispersion is connected to the fact that the refractive index is dependent on the wavelength. Due to dispersion, the light waves from a complex radiation are bent by different angles as they enter a dispersive medium and they may be visualized separately. The index of refraction of a transparent dielectric medium is defined as the ratio of the speed of an electromagnetic wave in empty space to its speed in the medium. . It is a measure of the slowing factor for light traveling in that medium The refractive index can be expressed as a function of the electric and magnetic properties of the medium . For most of the materials that are transparent to visible light and . Hence the magnetic properties have a small effect on the light propagation. When an electromagnetic wave is incident on a medium, it electrically polarizes the molecules. This changes the value of which in its turn, determines the index of refraction. The process is wavelength dependent: different wavelengths will induce different polarizations of the molecules and, as a result, and will be different. So, the index of refraction changes with wavelength: The phenomenon described above is known as the dispersion of light. Equation is the dispersion relation. For most of the materials, decreases with the wavelength (see figure1). This phenomenon is known as normal dispersion...
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...Optics Materials: * Optics bench * Optics kit, including a lens/mirror mount * Convex lens of known focal length * Concave mirror of known focal length * Light source/candle * Screen * Meter stick/metric ruler * Two polarized films * Prism * Laser pointer * Protractor * Graph paper * Electromagnetic spectrum chart Materials for Exploring Further: * Plane mirror * Ripple tank, with sheet of plastic or glass that fits on part of the bottom of the tank, and objects that can be used as boundaries to obstruct the pathway of waves * Wave-motion rope * Tuning-fork kit * Stroboscope * Resonance-tube kit In this lab, you will investigate the relationship between the focal lengths of a mirror and lens and the type of image that is generated. Procedure Part 1: Image from a Lens 1. Place the light source, convex lens, and screen on the optics bench as shown in figure 1. Start with the light source at a distance greater than 2ƒ from the lens. Figure 1 2. Measure the height of the light source, or "object" (ho), and record it in data table 1. Also measure and record the distance between the lens and the light source (do) in the data table. Using the lens equation and the given focal length, calculate the distance from the lens to the image (di) and the height of the image (hi): and . Record your calculations in the...
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...with local surface normal Parabolic mirrors have exact focus used in telescopes, backyard satellite dishes, etc. also forms virtual image Concave Mirrors Curves inward May be real or virtual image For a real object between f and the mirror, a virtual image is formed behind the mirror. The image is upright and larger than the object. Convex Mirrors Curves outward Reduces images Virtual images Use: Rear view mirrors, store security… Refraction Light also goes through some things glass, water, eyeball, air The presence of material slows light’s progress interactions with electrical properties of atoms The “light slowing factor” is called the index of refraction glass has n = 1.52, meaning that light travels about 1.5 times slower in glass than in vacuum water has n = 1.33 air has n = 1.00028 vacuum is n = 1.00000 (speed of light at full capacity) Refraction at a plane surface Light bends at interface between refractive indices bends more the larger the difference in refractive index Convex Lenses Thicker in the center than...
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