...5% until a deceleration during the period post 1965. The next decline in economic performance was due to oil shocks and currency devaluation prior to New Economic Policy of 1991. Apart from this the economic performance was affected by crises such as the Asian Financial Crisis and the global financial crisis of 2008. During the period of 1965-66, the economic performance deteriorated and there was a huge trade deficit. Subsequently there was currency devaluation to the extent of 56.75%. This was due to reasons like the war with Pakistan and China and the drought that hit the country. The first oil shock in 1973 resulted in a decline in economic performance but was absorbed by buoyant exports. The second oil shock of 1979 was more severe and the government has to resort to heavy borrowing. This was further aggravated by the Gulf war in 1990-91. Despite the recovery in 2009-2010 and 2010-11, the economic performance on the country deteriorated in 2011-12 due to adverse external environmental factors and low domestic investment. In addition to observing the trend in national income, it is also necessary to look at the structural shift of the economy over the years. The Indian economy has shifted from an agrarian economy with a decline from 57% in 1950-51 to 40% in 1980‐81 to 24 per cent in 1995‐96. During 2009-10, it was 16%. The industry sector has remained fairly stable at around 25% since 1987. With respect to services, four services, namely trade, transport, banking and communication...
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...brave sailor in search of succor. The tides of change brought the valiant enlightened sails of Europe to the shores of India and thus came too ushered in the setting of the eastern sun and zenith of Imperialistic Europe. Unlike, the incursions of old the enlightened Europeansfiercely subscribed to the dogmatic philosophies of the Doctrine of Discovery and Terra Nullis to regard these lands as mere fields of raw material designed to fuel the industry of Europe; while, its indigenous lost to the light of ‘The Faith’ ought to be mere tools in this grand economical experiment - colonialism.The Zamindari and Ryotwari systems of British Indian Administration clearly testate and elucidate these assertions. Introduced through the looking glass of colonial economic solvency and efficient revenue collection these systems not only wrought out primordial agrarian institutions of old; like the Gramika, gopa, sabha, samiti or panchayat, but also, decimated, the largely until then, self – reliant and self - determinant villages of India. The most lucid extol of the socio – economic instability, severe injustices and sectorial malaise of the systems is apparentin the minutes of the Court of Directors of the East India Company, dated 15January 1819; wherein it is observed: “... it is impossible for us not to remark that consequences most injurious to the rights and interests of individuals have arisen from describing those with whom the permanent settlement was concluded as the actual proprietors...
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...This compromise not only prevented, but also created conflicts that played a crucial role in American history. In contrast, there are several reasons the Louisiana Purchase was abysmal for the U.S. These include disruption of the Indians, destruction of natural resources, and economic crisis. With Jeffersons agrarian beliefs on westward republic expansion, he believed he had created an opportunity for the removal of Native Americans (Revolutionary).Yet, Jefferson was “[A] great advocate of assimilating Native Americans into the mainstream society,” so the Indian Removal policy was created (Perdue). Jefferson’s proposed amendment did not allow Indians’ occupancy of their lands not ownership (Perdue). When beginning exploration of the territory countless new natural resources were discovered, one of these being gold. The discovery of gold brought 20,000 people to California in only a year, “[T]he vast number of gold seekers turned the Platte Valley into a wasteland for tribes” (Findling and Thackeray 9). In addition to disrupting natural resources, white pioneers transmitted diseases to the Indians, killing thousands (Findling and Thackeray 9-10). Lastly, the annexation of the territory ultimately led to economic stress for the U.S. To increase agrarian expansion, “Congress in 1862 passed the Homestead Act, which gave 160 acreas of land to anyone who would pay a $10 registration fee and pledged to live on the land and cultivate part of it for five years” (Findling and Thackeray...
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...Denudation chronology; Channel morphology; Erosion surfaces; Slope development ;Appl ied Geomorphology: Geohydrology, economic geology and environment ii) Climatology : Temperature and pressure belts of the world; Heat budget of the earth; Atmospheric circulation; atmospheric stability and instability. Planetary and local winds; Monsoons and jet streams; Air masses and fronto genesis, Temperate and tropical cyclones; Types and distribution of precipitation; Weather and Climate; Koppen’s, Thornthwaite’s and Trewartha’s classification of world climates; Hydrological cycle; Global climatic change and role and response of man in climatic changes, Applied climatology and Urban climate. iii) Oceanography : Bottom topography of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans; Temperature and salinity of the oceans; Heat and salt budgets, Ocean deposits; Waves, currents and tides; Marine resources: biotic, mineral and energy resources; Coral reefs, coral bleaching; sealevel changes; law of the sea and marine pollution. iv) Biogeography : : Genesis of soils; Classification and distribution of soils; Soil profile; Soil erosion, Degradation and conservation; Factors influencing world distribution of plants and animals; Problems of deforestation and conservation measures; Social forestry; agro-forestry; Wild life; Major gene pool centres. v) Environmental Geography : Principle of ecology; Human ecological adaptations; Influence of...
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...34 RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION International Indexed & Refferred Research Journal, October 2012, ISSN 0975-3486, RNI- RAJBAL 2009/30097: VoL IV *ISSUE- 37 Research Paper—History October,2012 Introduction : The formative structure of the Mughal Empire was completely like military pattern and fidelity to the Mughal emperors acted as the main base of this formative structure the virtual pillar of the Mughal Empire was Mansabdari system. Like the I.C.S. in the English regime the Mansabdari system in the Mughal reign was the main power of autocratic government. The very word 'Mansab' means rankand so from this viewpoint 'Mansabdari system' is 'a holder of a rank in the imperial service'. The Mansabdari system was not hereditary and the emperor himself according to his own will power could appoint any person judging on the person's efficiency to the post of Mansab. So long as it was intact there was no cause for being anxious about its existence. Defects of Mansabdari System : Firstly, in the formative structure of the Mughal Empire the Mansabdari system acted as a military machine. But as all the administrative sections were added with the central arrangement the efficiency of Mansabdari system was to a great extent. The bureaucratic complexity and procrastination weakened this system. Moreover, success of this system depended mostly on the efficiency and skill of the Empire himself. And, therefore during the reign of the debilitated Mughal emperors...
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...progress from an agrarian economy to an industrialised nation. Gradually, the spirit of risk taking came to the forefront nurtured by the favourable policies of the Government. Initial years saw the advent of large scale industrialization entrepreneurs like Aditya Vikram Birla who started Grasim Industries just 10 days after independence, Dhirubhai Ambani who catapulted his business into a large conglomerate Reliance Industries, K.C. Mahindra and J.C. Mahindra who saw the rise of Mahindra and...
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...------------------------------------------------- Poverty in India Poverty is widespread in India, with the nation estimated to have a third of the world's poor. According to a 2005 World Bank estimate, 26.1% of the total Indian population falls below the international poverty line of US$ 1.25 a day (PPP, in nominal terms 21.6 a day in urban areas and 14.3 in rural areas).[1] A recent report by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative states that 8 Indian states have more poor than 26 poorest African nations combined which totals to more than 410 million poor in the poorest African countries.[2][3] According to a new UN Millennium Development Goals Report, as many as 320 million people in India and China are expected to come out of extreme poverty in the next four years, while India's poverty rate is projected to drop to 22% in 2015.[4] The report also indicates that in Southern Asia, however, only India, where the poverty rate is projected to fall from 51% in 1990 to about 22% in 2015, is on track to cut poverty in half by the 2015 target date.[4] The 2011 Global Hunger Index (GHI) Report ranked India 45th, amongst leading countries with hunger situation. It also places India amongst the three countries where the GHI between 1996 and 2011 went up from 22.9 to 23.7, while 78 out of the 81 developing countries studied, including Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Kenya, Nigeria, Myanmar, Uganda, Zimbabwe and Malawi, succeeded in improving hunger condition.[5] ...
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...Economic Reforms in Asia: The Indian Case Study The Asian economy has seen a rapid rise over the past decade with countries such as China, India and South Korea making major headways. China, being the leader of the group, has been largely tipped by many economists to overtake the US as the world’s superpower by 2025. Asian GDP Performance (1997-2005) Source: http://www.treasury.gov.au The success of these nations came on the back of major economic reforms which transformed these sleeping giants into what it is today. China went through a major economic reform in 1979 and soon thereafter success followed. India, followed the same path, but much later than China, and it was not until the turn on the 1990s that India went on the path of economic liberalisation. This paper will focus on the economic reforms that took place in India and its impact on the country in terms of trade and macroeconomics growth and the birth of new economy. A section of this paper will also be comparing the growth of India in comparison to its Chinese counterparts as well as discuss reasoning behind critics who believe liberalisation was not the main contributor to the growth India is achieving today. Pre-Reform Period Post independence, India saw the need to move from an agrarian economy to an industrial one and as such building its competency in crucial sectors of the economy was important. The role of government therefore included economic management...
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...Arianne Cerize A. Aman The Meaning of Development: Brazil and Costa Rica Economic development is the presumed solution to absolute poverty and to many of the world's other most pressing problems. But what is development, and how do we know it when we see it? The term, development, has been used in several ways. Traditionally, it was equated with growth of per capita income. Since the 1970s, other indicators of development have become widely used by development scholars and development agencies such as the World Bank. The meeting of basic needs (or, equivalently, reduction in absolute poverty), the creation of modern employment opportunities, and the achievement of a less unequal distribution of income and farmland have all become important criteria in determining the level of development. Traditional measures of growth, especially in developing countries, may be misleading in that they fail to account for the environmental destruction that often accompanies spurts in temporary and unsustainable economic growth; and economists are devising measures of the national capital stock that includes environmental wealth. The United Nations has placed both educational attainment and health standards on equal footings with per capita income as development criteria, in the widely followed United Nations Development Program human development index (HDI). Some leading development scholars, such as Amartya Sen, Denis Goulet, and Dudley Seers, have gone further. They argue that more intangible...
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...nation in the world symbolically signified that truly India matters. Besides, it also showed that Obama is fully committed to strengthening the relationship between the two nations. Furthermore, it sent a clear signal to India’s neighbors that the United States view India as of significance in creating a stable Asian order. In fact, the language used by the president in making this endorsement went beyond that used in making a similar endorsement of Japan’s candidacy. As such, the United States sent a clearly message that India is, indeed, a special friend. Narendra Modi’s campaign successfully connected aspirations of the youth and the middle class. This resulted in a massive vote of confidence, choosing Modi as the prime minister. Thus, the Indian electorate showed that that they are keen on adopting change agendas, a less regulated market and a central role of the private sector. This has...
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...When Chief Justice John Marshall (a Federalist) ruled that the christians missionaries who lived on the Cherokee nation had a right to its territory, Jackson reportedly stated, "Justice Marshall has made his decision now let him enforce it." Jackson claimed that the "common man" ordered the indians removal. The move was actually fueled by Jackson's dislike for Marshall and his feeling that the executive branch superseded the Court. Jackson vetoed the Maysville Road project in Kentucky, claiming that the Constitution mandated internal improvements in intra-state areas be the responsibility of local government. He declined to mention that the road ran through the home district of his archrival, Whig and former opponent in the election of 1824, Henry Clay. In truth, Jacksonian Democracy did not protect individual rights, as evidenced by the mistreatment of blacks, Indians, and immigrants. Most Jacksonians were slaveholders, and until Jackson's individual pride was damaged by the nullification crisis of 1828, Jackson was an advocate of slavery. The Cherokees were brutally mistreated by Jackson's removal policy as shown in Document G. Irish immigrants were often the victims of big city riots in the East, which Andrew Jackson did nothing to prevent. These injustices were hidden from international visitors like Harriet Martineau, who was in “awe” of the intellectual ability, and civility...
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...Aamna Mallick ERP: 09189 International Relations -Position Paper Pakistan India relations - positive Pakistan and India are the two inextricably linked neighbors that are engaged in a stagnated relationship since the last 68 years. The hostile attitude of the two religious entities living in the united South Asia left a grave impression on each other’s minds. The events of the past have shaped the sentiments of today. The narrative of the general public stands that India is our enemy. A survey by Pew Research Center (based in Washington) reveals rising concern among Pakistanis about a threat to their country from India. We see contempt and hatred for the Indians in the general masses. Pakistanis believe that Pakistan and India can in no way...
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...Plight of Indian Farmers with Respect to current Credit Facilities Plight of the Indian Farmer India is an agrarian country and around 60% of its people directly or indirectly depend upon agriculture. Agriculture in India is often attributed as gambling with monsoons because of its almost exclusive dependency on precipitation from monsoons. The failure of these monsoons can lead to a series of droughts, lack of better prices, and exploitation of the farmers by middlemen, all of which have led to a series of suicides committed by farmers across India. Things have always been bleak for the Indian farmer. Here the term ‘farmer’ is used to describe the agriculturists with very small land holdings or no land ownership at all. The policies of the government and the often-lackadaisical attitude of the bureaucracy are responsible for the sorry plight of the farmer. Even the so-called ‘Green Revolution’ was successful only in patches. Not many small farmers could reap the benefits of the technology that required large tracts of land and lot of money. The policy makers ignored the need for creating infrastructural facilities like irrigation and storage and not to mention the transport facilities. Some of the main causes of the farmers’ mass suicide is due to absence of adequate social support infrastructure at the level of the village and district, uncertainty of agricultural enterprise in India, indebtedness of farmers, rising costs of cultivation, plummeting prices of farm commodities...
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...Poverty in India is widespread, with the nation estimated to have a third of the world's poor. In 2010, the World Bank reported that 32.7% of the total Indian people fall below the international poverty line of US$ 1.25 per day (PPP) while 68.7% live on less than US$ 2 per day.[1] According to 2010 data from the United Nations Development Programme, an estimated 29.8% of Indians live below the country's national poverty line.[2] A 2010 report by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) states that 8 Indian states have more poor people than 26 poorest African nations combined which totals to more than 410 million poor in the poorest African countries.[3][4] A 2013 UN report stated that a third of the worlds poorest people live in India.[5] According to a 2011 poverty Development Goals Report, as many as 320 million people in India and China are expected to come out of extreme poverty in the next four years, while India's poverty rate is projected to drop to 22% in 2015.[6] The report also indicates that in Southern Asia, however, only India, where the poverty rate is projected to fall from 51% in 1990 to about 22% in 2015, is on track to cut poverty by half by the 2015 target date.[6] However, this decline in poverty is debatable given the fact that there are question marks on methodology of evaluating poverty. Indian journalist Ravi S Jha writes in the Guardian[7] on the need of measuring poverty by segregating India's poor in different groups. The areas in which...
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...Politics in West Bengal 4 IV. ANALYSIS 5 a. Issues 5 b. Interests 7 c. Institutions 8 d. Information 8 V. RECOMMENDATIONS 9 a. Better Government Involvement 9 b. More Effective Branding 9 c. Tata Nano Coalition Prospects 10 d. Develop Grassroots-level communications 10 e. Create True Stakeholders 11 VI. CONCLUSION 11 VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY 11 VIII. APPENDICES 12 I. INTRODUCTION This paper analyzes the case of India-based Tata Motors and the controversial introduction of the Nano, Tata’s revolutionary inexpensive car. The case represents a study of the non-market forces that influence the decisions made by managers of big firms with an Indian national and global perspective. The paper is divided into 2 parts: The first part (sections II – III) is an overview of this particular case study, and the second part (sections IV – V), presents detailed analyses and recommendations for Tata to become successful in future investments. In addition, a bibliography and some appendices are included to illustrate the content of this study and provide further background on Tata’s Nano. II. CASE SUMMARY In early 2006, Tata Motors announced its intentions to revolutionize the automobile industry through a centralized manufacturing plant. This plant was conceived in order to manufacture the much awaited “1 lakh Rupee car”[1], the world’s cheapest car. The launch of the Nano would not...
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