...or warning, committed over 300 million Indians to war with an enemy they knew little about. India had a long history of being ruled by Britain since it established a trading post there in the 17th century, and this declaration showed how they were still part of the British Empire. Whilst many rejected fascist ideologies, for the predominately Hindu populace, for whom engagement in violence was in direct contravention of their religion’s teachings, involvement in European war was deeply resented. “Nowhere do these great principles of morality and justice mean more than in India”. This statement, by Viceroy Linlithgow, following his declaration of war, illustrates how imperialistic and short-sighted Britain was to their relationship with India as these ‘principles’ had no place in how India was governed. For nearly 200 years the British Empire had suppressed India into submission, turning it an east-empire trading dock. This shows that even though India had been a huge help in the First World War many British officials still believed in India still being treated similarly to India 200 years ago. For Linlithgow to talk about morality, principles and justice was ironic to say the least. Once their country had been declared at war, Congress stated that it considered the act as an “affront“, “which no self –respecting……People can accept or tolerate.” This signifies how strongly Congress felt about Britain’s authority over the whole Indian...
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...concept of nationalism can be organized into various categories such as liberal, civic, ethnic or cultural, as the definition of nationalism varies. Although civilization has always had a tendency to organize itself around a shared identity, nationalism is generally identified as a modern movement. Emergence and Origins Nationalism came into political focus in the 1990s as a consequence of the emergence of striking nationalist movements such as those in Yugoslavia and Rwanda. The conflict that emerges from differing ethic and cultural communities residing under the same political entity has become one of the most pressing issues of modern politics. The notion that nationalism is a recent phenomenon is part of the modernist perspective, while the primordialist perspective recognizes that nationalism has always been a part of human civilization’s need to organize based on shared origin. State vs. Nation Central to the discussion of the various definitions of nationalism is the difference between the concept of state and the concept of a nation. Because the boundaries of a nation are not drawn by state lines, but rather by various factors that form human identity -- culture, language, religion, common origin and ethnicity -- a nation can be defined as a cultural community. This differs from a state that is simply a political entity. In many circumstances, nations are spread over various states as in the example of the Jews, Kurds and Sioux Indians. Meanings of Nationalism Although...
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...Every country has a degree of self-determination, however, with some countries controlling their own statehood is not good enough. Nationalism is defined as the advocacy for a particular country to be independent. Therefore, nationalist countries naturally want to increase their power out of pride, which in turn has some adverse effects. These countries feel that their country is so great that its influence should be expanded by taking over other countries. The country is then Imperialist. This also sets into place the paradox of Nationalism-Imperialism. The Nationalism- Imperialism paradox essentially shows that Nationalist countries will grow in power until it becomes Imperialist; it will then take over other countries which will eventually...
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...without nationalism? This paper will respond to the argument that a state cannot survive without nationalism. For the purpose of this essay, two elements of nationalism are used. The first element states that nationalism maintains the similarity of culture as the basic social bond in the members of the nation1. The second element states that the state has legitimate rights to sovereign rule of a nation. The factors that result from the three elements of nationalism that contributes to the survival of the state are equality within people in the state in terms of the state being meritocratic and the administrative rights of the state. Nationalism results in two main factors that are essential for the state to survive, mainly, the administrative rights of the state and meritocracy. Hence, the state needs nationalism to survive. A nation, defined by Anthony Smith, is “[a] named population sharing a historic territory, common myths and historical memories [and] a mass public culture, a common economy and common legal rights,”2 For the purpose of this essay, all states will be referred to as modern states with a centralized power held by the state and a legal entity with sovereign rule over its people. This essay argues that nationalism is needed in unifying the nation with a common national identity in terms of linguistic and culture homogeneity, which is needed for the state to exercise its administrative right and practice meritocracy. 1 2 Ernest Gellner. Nationalism. London:...
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...statement that “in SEA, nationalism was principally an ideology of anti-colonial struggle.” Intro Definition Duiker defined nationalism as the result of a gradual process which begins with a primitive awareness of shared destiny and of ethnic or cultural distinctiveness. Only gradually does national consciousness expand into an awareness of the modern concept of nationhood, rooted in the mass of the population. Nationalism takes place in 3 stages: proto, modern and mature. Interpretation This statement implies that the defining nature of SEA nationalism was opposition of colonial rule. Argument Outline It is true that SEA nationalism was a concept of anti-colonial struggle, but there were also other forms mainly traditional, cultural/religious and ethnic/economical and moderate/reformist. They were not anti colonial in nature but rather reactions to colonial policies. SEA society was never homogenous, thus political awareness among the masses came only post WWII after originating from non political forms before 1945. This essay would be covering the early stage of SEA nationalism before WWII. Thesis Thus, it can be seen that there are many variations of nationalism which were not necessary anti colonial in nature due to the unique demographic circumstances of SEA. To say that in SEA, nationalism was principally an ideology of anti-colonial struggle would be a oversimplification and generalization. Expo 1 P: SEA nationalism was a result of traditional...
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...Rabindranath Tagore “There is only one history – the history of man. All national histories aremerely chapters in the larger one.” The book Nationalism is a compilation of three lectures delivered by Rabindranath Tagore. The three lectures published in this book are: Nationalism in Japan, Nationalism in the West and Nationalism in India. This book was written in 1917 about the Nation-State and how the East should adjust to modernization. It is a well thought out and balanced view of society that reads more like poetry than like political philosophy. The just of the book is that the East and America must evolve in a way that is not mechanical but moral and human. Though this book was written in 1917 it is surprisingly applicable to our current situation. I definitely suggest giving this a read. Nationalism is a complex concept to understand. Anderson defines the nation as an “imagined community,” born with the demise of feudalism and the rise of capitalism. For postcolonial critics this definition, however, is not unproblematic since while referring to constructions of nation2 and nationalism with regard to third world countries Anderson underlines their dependency on the European models with the contention that the American and European experiences “were now everywhere modularly imagined.”3 Following Anderson, it is widely believed that “Nationalism is a doctrine invented in Europe at the beginning of the nineteenth century” aNationalism is not a sporadic sentiment that suddenly appears...
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...description of the ‘cunning, Brahmanical, intricate, bureaucratic, file-bound and apply-through-proper-channels’ style of governance. “Right now we’re sipping from a poisoned chalice- a flawed democracy laced with religious facism. Pure arsenic” The raw description and writing by Roy is the blatant truth or at least her version of the truth of the failure of India’s democracy. She sounds the warning bugle of the rise of the so called Hindu nationalism that’s trying to cast Islam as our national enemy. The most important example that she puts forward to support her claims is the massacre of perhaps 2000 muslims in Gujarat in 2002, in which the state government was allegedly complicit. She provides a shocking analysis of the riots of Gujarat and the fact of it being orchestrated by Hindu nationalist stalwart, Mr. Narendra Modi. In three nifty articles, she cuts open all the questioning method the police had used in securing the conviction of Muhammad Afzal Guru, a Kashmiri resident and the mastermind of the 2001 terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament.She describes the conviction to be a result of alleged evidence planting and torturing him to confession. She poses a set of arguments and even proof of police torture that makes us in turn question the version of the story we common...
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...through violence, Slotkin describes North America as an empty, unoccupied wilderness where resources are rich and land is free for the taking, or if not exactly free, the land becomes the rightful spoil of war for those representing the interests of civilization and progress. The symbolic landscape of the frontier narrative is marked by boundaries and by the encounter of opposites; civilization and savagery, man and nature, whites and Indians, good and evil. These encounters are characterized in terms of conflictand violence as the protagonist struggles against the harsh environment, the unknown and potentially hostile Indians, and the savagery of the empty land. As Slotkin argues, European American encounters with the wilderness produced a national mythology steeped in blood and violence. “The first colonist saw in America an opportunity to regenerate their fortunes, their spirits, and the power of their church and nation,” is what took shape in the Puritan captivity narrative, whose very structure required a violence against the wilderness and Indians, who the Puritans understood as embodying the most chaotic and...
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...FINAL PROJECT “ NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY” PREPARED AND SUBMITTED BY HARSHWARDHAN SINGH 10BAL117 SEMESTER - VI SUBMITTED TO MR. Nitesh Chaudhary (ASST.PROF)(POL SCI) NIRMA UNIVERSITY ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-2013 DECLARATION The text report in the project is the outcome of my own efforts and no part of this report has been copied in unauthorized name and further no part has been incorporated without due acknowledgement. HARSHWARDHAN SINGH 10BAL117 SEMESTER VI Acknowledgement As a student of B.A.LL.B. (Hons.) of Institute Of Law Nirma University I had to undergo for a Project Work assigned by Asst. Prof. Nitesh Chaudhary. The project work was done under the guidance of Asst. Prof. Nitesh Chaudhary. I am grateful to him for his guidance and help due to which I was able to understand and complete this project. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr.Harshwardhan Singh Roll No. 10BAL117 has done project on the topic “NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY” for the subject political science as a part of their course. This is his/her original work. Nitesh Chaudhary ...
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...The rise of modern china Student’s Name Name the course Instructor’s name Date Erez Manela immediately after world war one, started writing on international and transnational arena, his writings revolve around 1919 Paris peace conference from the perspective of an outsider. Erez chose not to focus on the subsequent peace process that followed after the war and its impact on the main powers like European powers but rather he focused on the impact of the peace process on the side states like Korea and china. These countries didn’t play a major or rather significant role in the peace process in fact they were largely ignored. Central to his thesis is the Wilsonian message of national self-determination and equality among states. To be well conversant with the encumbrance and openings implanted in China's the excellent place to start is on Jonathan D. Spence's good new book. ''The Search for Modern China,'' a detailed account across centuries from the fall of the Ming dynasty in 1600 up to the point of death of the democracy movement in June 1989, will educate everybody students and public alike of Chinese history. The effect and similar causal sequence of Wilson's discourse from 1918 up to the end of Paris peace conference is what Manela defines as the "Wilsonian Moment. As per Manela, Wilson radical ideals was based on his need and determination for all the nations of the earth to become self-governed and to embrace colonial ideologies. Wilson was directing his message to Europe...
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...Contents General Models Nation Building and Political Development 1 Nation Building and War-fighting in Historical Perspective 4 Post Cold War Approaches to Nation-building: The Case of the United States: 6 Nation Building and War fighting: A Snapshot of the Record 8 Germany and Japan: misleading historical lessons, specious claims: 9 CONCLUSION 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY 11 ASSESS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WAR-FIGHTING AND NATION-BUILDING. Nothing is, and will remain in such short supply in the greater majority of the polities of the world’s ‘countryside’, as a sense of political community; and yet no such crucial term as ‘nation building’ has of recent been subjected to so much trivialisation and casual usage. This essay attempts to lay out what it is that nation building entails, as a background to assessing whatever linkage it may have with war fighting, causally or by coincidence. I outline existing schools of thought on nation building and demonstrate that it bore a clear relationship with war fighting especially in the dusk of the extensive empires of Western Europe. I argue that the United States had a much rosier experience by virtue of its geographical isolation, and of being constituted by an immigrant population, and as such, it may the least qualified actor to enforce nation building however construed. The essay points out the prevailing fallacy of conflating short-term post-conflict reconstruction with protracted nation building and state...
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...International Relations by Karen A Mingst, theory is a set of propositions and concepts that seek to explain phenomena by specifying the relationships among the concepts. So theory of international relation is a set of propositions and concepts that seek to explain international relation phenomena by specifying the relationships among the concepts. Therefore the theory of international relationship is important to analyze political events and their background. For example, behind US attack to Iraq, there were issues of terrorism, Saddam Hussein as an individual, democracy, and weapon. Moreover using the theories of international relationship, individuals can explain why Iraq refused to comply with international demand initially; its strong nationalism, history of being controlled by western colonialist, and its leader’s augmented power by standing up to the west. Aside from analyzing political events and the background why certain events occur, the theory of international relation is important in terms of building...
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...a term coined by V. D. Savarkar, literally translates to Hindu-ness. Savarkar defined it as a coherent pattern of concepts that applied only to Hindus. Hinduism and nationalism simultaneously developed and progressed throughout 19th and 20th century India. Towards the end of the British era, Indians were confused about their national identity and it was this identity crisis that gave birth to the concept of Hindutva. This was also the time during which Indians wanted to stick to their indigenous culture, but continued to do everything ‘English’ to uplift themselves and their status in the society. It was one of the many attempts to define an “Indian” identity. Savarkar, along with others, called for the killing of the Muslims and other minorities, who did not accept this ideology. Hindutva is essentially a political consciousness, which does not embody or promote respect for other faiths. Hindutva is not about religion or faith, but rather about something embedded in the cultural politics of exclusion. It is not about religion or philosophy, as it initially does come across, but more of a violent theocracy. Hindutva is a caricature, an attempted perversion, of Hinduism and hence cannot be equated with the latter. The entire concept of Hindutva, has metamorphosed under the belief that all the ancestors of Indians are Hindus. In this paper, I will show the distinction between a putative Hinduism and Hindutva, critiquing the latter as a fascist ideology that distorts Hinduism....
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...The concept state has been explained or received numerous definitions based on the understanding of some political scholars as well as the definition giving to it by any other academic discipline base on how they understand it. Their definitions seek to distinguish the concept state from nation and how it elaborate on its similarities and differences. According to Max Weber, a state is the organisation that maintains a monopoly of violence over a territory. Also, Dr. Bossman defines the state as a clearly defined area with its own government that exercises authority over its population. Moreover Patrick O’Neil, explains a state as an institution that seek to yield the majority of force within a territory, establishing order and deterring challenges from inside and out. Generally, a state may be defined as a geographically well-defined area with a boundary, territory and a government with power to exercise authority over its members called citizens. On the other hand, the word nation is defined from the Latin word natus which means birth. The word nation can also mean a group that a person is born into and have linkage [ethnos] or ethnicity. According to Thomas Magstadt and Peter Scihotten, the term nation refers to people who share a common value including any or all of following; geographical location, history, racial and ethnic characteristics, religion, language, culture and beliefs and common political ideas. According to Ernest Baker, a nation is a body...
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...Argumentative Research Paper Preventing immigration because of nationalism and racism is a violation of human rights. Immigration has become the topic of many legal and political discussions. Not a very long time ago, approximately 80 years, some countries, because of their nationalist and racist ideologies tried to stop immigration and even implemented racial cleansing, while others defended immigrant rights against the ideas of pure-blood and xenophobic insanity. Actually this case has not closed yet. The majority of governments still refuse to accept immigration as a human right. Standards for immigrants are generally very poor; they do not share the equal rights of the citizens of the country. While some countries have some laws and regulations to solve this problem, generally most nations are not welcoming of immigrants. Preventing immigration because of nationalism and racism is a violation of human rights. Xenophobia is a fear of anything or anyone that is strange or unknown. Many nations’ immigration policies are based upon xenophobia, and this has come to inform policies and attitudes of nationalism. Jeong (2013) defines nationalism “as a feeling of superiority and contempt for foreigners’’ and in his study he describes the effects of national feelings on immigration. Jeong claims there is a connection between restricted immigration and high levels of nationalism. For instance, many US citizens have concerns about whether there will be anyone called “American”...
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