...The principle of autonomy is the capacity to have the say-so about your own well-being, “the capacity to act on your decisions freely and independently,” (Bueauchamp & Childress 2008). The principle of autonomy holds that a patient has the right to make his or her own decision regarding treatment — including the right to refuse treatment — without being coerced by medical staff or family members. The principle of autonomy does not guarantee a person the right to do harm to oneself, due to the fact that even though the individual has the rational choice to make decisions in the best interest of his or her well-being, doing something harmful to oneself is not in the interest of the individual's well-being, and this harmful act tends to affect others in a negative fashion. An example of this concept, would be an individual severely lacerating his or her face with a razor, this situation will cause a great deal of money to have to be spent in relation to their medical treatment, even if it is spent by their health insurance company, due to the fact that the premiums of other individuals will go up due to excessive usage of insurance coverage. In addition, family members will also tend to suffer emotionally from an individual's self-mutilating actions. Time, effort, and medical supplies, will be used by healthcare professionals in response to this harmful act as well, so a harmful act to oneself, is also harmful to society at large. It is quite clear that an individual has no right...
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...Chapter 11 Ethical and Social Issues 11.1. Understanding Ethical and Social Issues related to Systems * Ethics: principles of right and wrong that individuals use to make choices to guide their behaviour. IS creates opportunities for intense social change, threatening existing distributions of power, money, rights and obligations. * Internet and digital firm techs make it easier to assemble, integrate and distribute info, unleashing new concerns about appropriate use of customer info, protection of personal privacy and protection of intellectual property * Other issues: establishing accountability, setting standards to safeguard system quality, and preserving values and institutions * 5 moral dimensions of the info age * Info rights and obligations individuals/firms possess in respect to themselves * Privacy – Claim of individuals to be left alone, free from surveillance/interference from other individuals, organizations, or the state; claim to be able to control info about yourself * Privacy in public spaces * Data storage & exchange * Laws & expectations in US Vs. EU & Australia * Protecting traditional intellectual property rights in digital society * Who is held accountable and liable for harm done to info and property rights * System quality: standards of data and system quality to protect individual rights * Quality of life: preservation of values in an info and knowledge based society * 4 technological trends of concern...
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...THE PRINCIPLES OF THE CARE VALUE BASE The seven principles are those which put an individual at the heart of the health and social care provision. These seven principles form the value base. All seven of the principles are all equally important as one another and should form the basis of all relationships with clients and colleagues. The seven principles consist of the following: 1. the promotion of anti-discriminatory practice 2. the promotion and support of dignity, independence and safety 3. respect for, and acknowledge of, personal beliefs and an individual ‘s identity 4. the maintenance of confidentiality 5. protection from abuse and harm 6. the promotion of effective communication and relationships 7. the provision of personalised (individual) care All together the seven principles can be broken down into different concepts: Inclusively: the fact or policy of not excluding members or participants on the grounds of gender, race, class, sexuality, disability, etc Access: The means or opportunity to approach or enter a place Trust: firm belief in the reliability, truth, or ability of someone or something Confidentiality: is a set of rules or a promise that limits access or places restrictions on certain types of information Choice: an act of choosing between two or more possibilities Participation: taking part in an activity Honesty and openness: telling the truth and not hiding things Respect: a feeling of deep admiration for someone...
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...Anti- discriminatory practice promoted in health and social care setting 1: ethical principles: Ethical principles are the principles which provide standards on which it is based on judgments in relation to ethical theories. The four keys of ethical principles are justice, autonomy, beneficence, and non-maleficence. Justice: This principle helps to protect all individuals from getting discriminated and allowing in getting fair treatment no matter what their background-sex, color, race, religion, belief sect. for example. : If a Muslim women enters in the clinics than she must be welcomed and treated by love and respect and not by discriminating her against religion or sex. In a health and social care setting they must raise and promote awareness of discrimination practice to stop covert and overt discrimination based on race, beliefs, religions, color etc. Autonomy: This principle helps every individual in making their own choice which must be respected by everyone. For example In a care home if the client wants a lady carer to feed her and not a men carer then she must be allowed to have that service and not go against her choice .Beneficence: this principle states that if an individual is in danger/ risk than positive action must be taken as soon as possible to help to prevent or improve the situation. For example if a patient meet with an accident on his way home and fractured his hip and in the emergency (ambulance) nurse must provide pain medication as soon as possible...
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...In this assignment I am going to be explaining the concepts of equality, diversity and a client’s individual rights in relation to a health and social care environment. In a health and social care environment, carers and employees are expected to put the client at the centre of the health and social care provision meaning although every person is completely different, they are all entitled to equality, diversity and equal rights. The definition of diversity is ‘the state or quality of being different or varied’ (Collins dictionary). Diversity is used to describe the differences of individuals, it means that all individuals are respected and valued excluding their differences. In a health and social care setting, carers must ensure that an individual’s differences do not affect the way they are treated and cared for. There are so many different aspects of diversity that can appear in an individual. For example race, culture, religion, ethnicity, gender, age, disability, sexual orientation, even their hobbies and interest can make a person diverse. In a health and social care setting such as a hospital, every individual is diverse in their own way whether it be the colour of their skin, their age or their gender. The employees must understand than no person should not be treated any differently because of this. For example an elderly man should not be ignored and given less care than a younger male. It is important that everyone is treated equally not in the sense that they...
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...WHY THE FOLLOWING RIGHTS MUST BE CONSIDERED WHEN SUSPENDING A LEARNER: 1-Just administrative action -The Bill of Rights states that each individual has the right to administrative action that is fair, reasonable and acceptable, and an individual has not been treated fairly in this regard he/she has the right to receive written reasons for this treatment. Suspending a learner must be done in a fair and acceptable manner. 2-Education-This section states that each learner has the right to basic education and suspending a learner may not discriminate and take away this right of the individual in an unfair manner 3-Access to information-The learner has the right to have all the information they need regarding his or her suspension.IT may not be kept from the learner whatever the case. Human dignity-The suspension may not degrade the learner’s human dignity whatsoever. The suspension may not take away the learners right to human dignity. Freedom and security of the person-The suspension may not limit the learner’s freedom unfairly. The learner still has the right to being safe from any harm by anyone. He/ she may not be punished in any unlawful way SECTION B: ACTIVITY24 PAGE 91 IN OWN WORDS MY UNDERSTANDING OF PROFFESIONAL ETHICS IN EDUCATION: Professional ethics in educati0n is the actions and behaviour of educators, these actions and behaviour is based on certain morals. Beliefs and principles. A person with a set of values and norms and principles who is qualified...
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...using examples In order for a vulnerable individual to feel confident and feel as though their needs are being met, a supportive relationship is essential. A supportive relationship is a relation based on empathy and encouragement and involves the care and support from those around them such as, friends, and family and care workers. Supportive relationships can affect an individual’s health and well-being in a positive way and by having the support of others around them can give the individual confidence and make the individual feel better about themselves. It also means that trust is built between the carer and the cared for, and when something goes wrong, the individual feels that they can go and report it someone who is close to them, who can then go on to resolve the situation. For a new care worker this could prove difficult for them to create any kind of relationship with a client or service user, but they would need to consider both the nature of themselves, and the individual they are supporting’s role. Being a vulnerable adult leads them to being susceptible to various forms of abuse and/or neglect, and because of the very nature of what is happening they may have no idea as to how to respond to the abuse – finding it far easier to just let it continue, than fight it off. The vulnerable individual needs to know there is somebody out there who is willing to support them, as not only does this allow for the individual to feel less alone, but it can also help minimise...
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...a Person’s Rights Absolute?” Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people, according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory. And the history of social conflicts can be found in the history of each right and its development. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "rights structure the form of governments, the content of laws, and the shape of morality as it is currently perceived." In logic, this idea can be expressed as: "Person A has a claim that person B do something if and only if B has a duty to A to do that something." Every claim-right entails that some other duty-bearer must do some duty for the claim to be satisfied. This duty can be to act or to refrain from acting. For example, many jurisdictions recognize broad claim rights to things like "life, liberty, and property"; these rights impose an obligation upon others not to assault or restrain a person, or use their property, without the claim-holder's permission. Likewise, in jurisdictions where social welfare services are provided, citizens have legal claim rights to be provided with those services. A liberty right or privilege, in contrast, is simply a freedom or permission for the right-holder to do something, and there are no obligations on other parties to do or not do anything. Though similarly named, positive and negative rights should not be...
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...Rights are not absolute simply because they can come into conflict. My right to life, for example, can come into conflict with your right to life, if I happen to try to kill you. If you resist my attempt to murder you with lethal force, my heirs cannot sue you for violating my right to life. Less dramatically, if you restrain me, I cannot sue you for loss of my right to liberty. Or take free speech: If I shout "fire!" in a crowded theater just for fun there is no fire, my right to free speech is in conflict with the rights of the other patrons to life and peace, since their lives may well be put in danger by the ensuing scramble for the exits. Generally speaking, it's accepted that government can resolve conflict between the rights of individuals, or between the rights of one individual and the rights of the general public. Hence government can put reasonable "time, place and manner" restrictions on free speech, can criminalize free speech ("fighting words") designed solely to instigate criminal violence, can prohibit free assembly when it is for the sole and obvious purpose of organized crime can restrict the publication of facts or assertions that would endanger the lives of others, can search persons and property to prevent or solve crime, or keep public order, and so forth. The general principle is sometimes stated: "your right to swing your fist ends at my nose." The Constitution enumerates the rights of individuals, but it doesn't say a lot of about the limits on those rights...
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...Unit 9 – P1 Values – are beliefs that are shared by cultures or a group of individuals, they are guidelines on how one should lead their life. Business dictionary http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/values.html [30/09/14] Principles – are norms, values and mores that represent an individual or communities they help you know to morals. They also serve as policies and objectives in government. For example, a principle is having concern for the wellbeing of others. Business dictionary http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/principles.html [30/09/14] Socialisation comes in two forms: primary and secondary. Primary socialisation starts at birth and finishes by the time the child reaches school. For instance, learning to crawl, walk and talk are all taken place during this period, we also learn about the norms in society like manners and how to behave in public . This learning only occurs in the family. Secondary socialisation begins after the age of five until death, this only occurs outside of the family. An example of secondary socialisation is learning to drive. As we get older it takes us longer to learn and understand things, and we learn thing through agents of socialisation. We are controlled in ways; this is called agents of socialisation. This comes in four forms: school, family, peer groups and the media. The family is the most important form as it’s from them we learn about our gender roles, language, habits and beliefs. The next most important...
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...many things involved, one of them is the Information rights and obligations, because it is true that the people have many rights and freedom for doing what they want, but it is true also that all of us have the obligations to keep control about ourselves while we are driving and expose others life; and the obligation in this case is not text driving and enforce laws. Just the beep of the message is distracting and people started to think about the recent conversation or message. With the accountability and control the ethical position or the right thing is to pay the harm to individual, collective and property rights, because other people will suffer the consequences and the only way to apply the law and keep a good system quality and the quality of life that everyone deserve. 2. What are the Ethical, social and political issues raised by this case? In this case many states have banned texting while driving so the Ethical, social and political issue have agreed that is the only way to reduce cars accidents, but the problem still and it is to deal with the individual in the ethical, social and political level; which is different for each person and depend on their education, the other thing is there are interest opposed in to do the legislation as usual is with politic. 3. Which of the ethical principles described in the text are useful for decision making about texting while driving? For me the ethical principles described in the text are the pressure to stay connected...
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...The four main principle and value that support service users are: - * Individual rights: - There are altogether nine types of individual rights such as to be treated in a dignified way, to be treated as individuals, to allowed privacy, to be respected. Everyone in the world wants to be treated in right way so, people should treat everybody including service users in the way they wanted to be treated knowing their principles and values and meet their individual rights. * Ethical considerations: - It is the rules that the workers in the health and social care settings should follow. For example honesty the workers should always be honest about everything and never lie to the service users because you have to tell 10 lies to hide the 1 truth and if they found the truth later they will be hurt and might feel uncomfortable to share their feelings next time. There is also a saying called “Honesty is the best policy”. The second one is right to life which means each and every people have right to live their life in their own way in the world. Each and every one is equal. * Worker responsibilities: - The workers responsibilities in the health and social care setting is to make sure that service users individual needs are met. It is always important to follow their needs so the service user feels they are treated equally and fairly. * Confidentially: - Service user information should be kept confidential. No one have any rights to share their information as long...
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...The Morality of Capitalism 500520316 ENT 527 Ryerson University Dr. Jeffrey Overall Friday, January 23, 2015 Capitalism is a social system based on the recognition of individual rights, including property rights, in which all property is privately owned. Through the capitalist system, state and economic affairs are completely separated, leaving the government with a single role to protect individual rights against those who pose a threat against others through physical force. Capitalism is diminishing as government regulations of most countries have increased with the intent to gain more revenue through the involvement of business affairs. Therefore, governments are subsidizing businesses through loans, bailouts and tax credits. Although laws and institutions are vital, capitalism is sustained by the more fundamental role played by basic human spirit of independence, initiative, and innovation conducted through entrepreneurship. Capitalism is the only social system that protects the human means of survival which consists of thinking and applying reason to produce material values or creating innovation. Capitalism is a system of freedom where individuals have a choice in work or business to be involved with and the choice to trade with others freely through mutual agreement. Capitalism creates better products, better production and better distribution processes through its system of competition and innovation, resulting in lower costs and prices. An example demonstrating...
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...corporate moral development is based on the American psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg’s conception of individual moral development (see Unit A3). Kohlberg has described moral development as moving through three main levels. Each level is divided into two stages, so there are six stages in all. Some individuals progress through all the stages, while others get “stuck” at the lower stages. Pre-conventional level (stages 1 and 2). At stage 1, the infant is initially motivated purely externally by fear of punishment, such as a spanking, and at stage 2 by a desire for rewards, such as a piece of candy. Conventional level (stages 3 and 4). Stage 3 is the “good-boy/nice-girl morality,” in which children seek their parents’ or peers’ approval. After this, an individual may move to stage 4, the “law and order stage,” in which great value is placed on following social rules. At this stage people have started to move beyond merely an egoistic motivation to one in which there is real concern for meeting standards for non-selfish reasons. Kohlberg believed that most adults remain at this stage. Post-conventional, autonomous, or principles level (stages 5 and 6). Here, one accepts moral rules not just because they are part of one’s society but because one knows that the rules are right. In stage 5, individuals see morality as a kind of contract between individuals that grounds individual rights, a position which is very close to Hobbes’s picture of morality (discussed in Unit A4). At stage...
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...weaknesses of each lens and able to move fluidly among them to adapt the right tools to each situation to ensure the best outcome. I have the mature ability to use the right tools in a given situation or paralyzed belief that everyone has a valid point. The mature expression of this position has no blind spot. I can see both the strengths and the weaknesses of each lens and to harmonize the four core values of autonomy, equality, rationality, and sensibility. Discernment comes with ethical maturity and provides direction in specific situations. Discernment is the act or process of exhibiting keen insight and good judgment. This is also known by many people around me. I am always told that I have an awesome discernment by many in the religious setting. There are many types of discernment and this type of discernment is spiritual. Two of my core values, which are autonomy and equality, are valued equally. I see that protecting individual rights and the well-being of the community work together in order to achieve the best outcome. The other two are rationality and sensibility and are equally the same. I believe that although there are universal principles, each situation is unique in its own right and not all exceptions can be categorized. The best solution is consistency and flexibility. Depending on what the circumstances require, I can manifest the four classic virtues. I am one that values individual balance and restraint in the desire for pleasure as I seek to satisfy my...
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