...The use of the plural self reference rather than the singular, goes to the book's point, that the individual is more important rather than the society. Although Equality 7-2521 follows the rules of society, he questions if what he is doing is right. Equality 7-2521 is a lot smarter and more curious than his brothers yet when he meets the girl on the fields, he soon realizes he's not alone with his thoughts. In Anthem by Ann Rand, the society is more important than the individual. According to the society, the individual is not important, but the whole society together is. “What brought it to pass? What disaster took their reason away from men? What woo lashed them to their knees in shame and submission? The worship of the word ‘We.’” (pg.62)....
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...guided by different attitudes, beliefs, customs, morals and ethical standards. Societies are based upon different traditions, rituals, and religions; and promote different views regarding family, work, social, and personal responsibilities. Hofstede's framework was originally comprised of four dimensions. The first dimension - individualism/collectivism - is widely acknowledged as a defining element of culture. In individualistic societies people are expected to look out after themselves, whereas in collectivist societies there is a greater emphasis on group welfare and loyalty. Individualists value independence and self-expression, and tend to believe that personal goals and interests are more important than group interests. In contrast, collectivists tend to view themselves as members of an extended family or organization, place group interests ahead of individual needs, and value reciprocation of favors and respect for tradition. The second dimension - uncertainty avoidance - represents the extent to which people feel uncomfortable or threatened by ambiguous and uncertain situations, and thus create belief systems and institutions in order to promote conformity. Societies with higher levels of uncertainty avoidance place greater value on security (e.g., financial, social), feel a greater need for consensus and written rules, and are intolerant of deviations from the norm. In contrast, individuals with low uncertainty avoidance rely less on written rules and are more risk tolerant...
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...Catholicism is a broad term for the body of the Catholic faith, its theologies and doctrines, its liturgical, ethical, spiritual, and behavioral characteristics, as well as a religious people as a whole.[1][2] For many the term usually refers to Christians and churches belonging to the Roman Catholic Church in full communion with the Holy See.[3] For others it refers to the churches of the first millennium, including, besides the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Church, and the Assyrian Church of the East.[4][5] And for others again it refers to "adhering to the catholic faith as it has been inherited from the earliest Christians ... seeking to restore the faith and order of the primitive church",[6] as claimed by the Anglican Communion, various Lutheran churches,[6][7][8] and other Reformation and post-Reformation churches.[9][10] The Catholic claim of continuity is based on, among other factors, Apostolic succession, especially in conjunction with adherence to the Nicene Creed.[11] In the sense of indicating historical continuity of faith and practice, the term "catholicism" is at times employed to mark a contrast to Protestantism, which tends to look solely to the Bible as interpreted on the principles of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation as its ultimate standard.[12] It was thus used by the Oxford Movement.[13] This contrast, however, is not so clearcut for Anglican theologians such as Alister McGrath: "Anglicanism is not...
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...Us vs Them: The Obstruction Of Community In many history classrooms at schools there are posters hanging up of kids glaring at each other and on one side it says Us and on the other it says them. Teachers correlated key events in history to show the devastation a mentality of “Us vs Them” would bring. The most common “Us vs Them” situation that teachers would bring up is The Natsis vs The Jews, Hitler divided the people of Germany apart making the Jews seem as threat of the other side. This was the beginning of school teachings that taught kids that the division between two groups is problematic. After just like the famous Maya Angelou once said, we are all more alike than we are unalike. Teachers would ramble on correlating historical conflicts...
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...who focused his work on the psychosocial development of individuals throughout their life. He found interest in social change, cultural diversity and psychological crises through life (Berger, 2008, p. 36). According to his model, Erikson believed that individuals go through eight specific stages of development that help one achieve their ego identity (Hooyman, N. R. & Kiyak, H. A., 2011). In each of these stages, an individual has a major task that is to be accomplished as well as a conflict that requires being resolved. Each of these conflicts is a foundation for the successive stages of this model; therefore, the outcome of the crisis presented infers how the individual will advance to the next stage. Erickson’s concept explained how during development individuals proceed through these various stages as they grow and become more capable of dealing with issues and relate with society overall. The stages of Erikson’s psychosocial model are as follows: Stage I is basic trust vs. mistrust. The goal of this stage is to establish a basic trust of the world via trust of parent(s). Stage II is autonomy vs. shame and doubt. Here the individual is to establish a sense of autonomy and self from the parent and to establish self-control vs. doubt of one’s abilities. Stage III is initiative vs. guilt. Individuals are to establish an initiative within parental limits without feeling guilty about their emotional needs. Industry vs. inferiority is stage IV of Erikson’s model. This stage...
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...Genie Agents of socialization Peer group/family/education/media/religion/work Nature vs Nurture Gender socialization Harlow experiment (findings) Looking glass self Self-identity Anticipatory socialization Resocialization (voluntary/involuntary) Total Institutions Social Interaction Social Structure Status set Roles/Groups Achieved vs Ascribed Status Master Status Role strain vs Role conflict Role exit Social Control (informal/formal) Deviance vs. crime Strain theory Labelling theory Differential Association theory Control theory (elements of social bonds) Conflict theory/differential justice Stigma Social stratification/systems social mobility/types Income vs Wealth Prestige/status inconsistency Absolute vs relative poverty Poverty in Canada/detail Theoretical views of poverty consequences of poverty Review questions 1. ________The lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and learn their culture. 2. ________The persons, groups or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society. 3. ________ The process of learning a new and different set of attitudes and behaviours from those in one’s previous background. 4. _______ A place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period and come under the control of the officials who run the institution. ...
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...Culture 1. Introduction to Culture 2. How culture affects managerial approaches 3. Trompenaar’s Cultural Dimensions 4. Geert Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions 5. Cultural challenges when entering a new market 6. Pros and Cons of entering a new market with an adapted/standardized product 7. Characteristics of culture 8. Conclusion 9. Values in Culture 10. Value Similarities and Differences across cultures Introduction to Culture There is no doubt that the international marketing process do face a large set of variables as it take place over different countries and it does act in different environments. One of the most determinant environments to the success of the international marketing process is Culture, which hold the reason for many human acts and behavior. Reaching to that point international marketer should study deeply culture treaties of a country the company is planning to act in. so that special amendments in the organization overall plans and actions is made to act in accordance with the new market variables The role of culture in international business and marketing Culture is a distinctive element of international marketing. While factors besides culture are present, culture could be a key determinant of most overseas relationships. Researchers agree that exchange processes within business networks can only be understood by conducting studies in different countries and cultures. For example, studies...
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...distance: Society can accept and expect that power is distributed unequally in the organizations and institutions. Power distance has different between large and small. People with large power distance will great acceptance of unequal power, but people with a small power distance want power to be shared equally. Some Asian countries are large power distance and western countries are small power distance. Uncertainty Avoidance: When a society has threat from ambiguous and uncertain situations, they try to through providing a safe job, setting up more formal rules and beveling experts’ assessment to avoid uncertain situations. Using weak or strong to describe uncertainty avoidance. Strong uncertainty avoidance is characterized by intolerance for behaviours and ideas that deviate from the norm. Collectivism vs Individualism: The extent to which people define themselves as autonomous individuals or members of groups. An individualist society is a loose organization of social structure. People just care about themselves and their immediate families. Collectivism societies are characterized by a strict social structure. People have their own group and want to get help from group, at same time members put emphasis on groups and be loyal to group. Femininity vs Masculinity: The distribution of emotional roles between the genders. A masculine society has social values such as competitiveness, assertiveness, self-confident materialism, ambition and power. A feminine society has different...
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...Trompenaars & Hampden-‐Turner – Cultural Dimensions Trompenaars and Charles Hampden-‐Turner have developed a model of culture with seven dimensions. There are five orientations covering the ways in which human beings deal with each other.: 1. Universalism vs. particularism (What is more important, rules or relationships?) Universalism vs. particularism describes how people judge other people’s behavior. The Universalist attaches great importance to the observance of rules. The behavior tends to be abstract. In universalism, rule-‐based, societies there are certain absolutes that apply across the board. They apply regardless of circumstances or particular situations. What is right is always right in every situation and for everybody. A Universalist tries to apply the same rules in all situations. To remain fair a universalist will not make differences between people from the narrow environment, such as family, friends...
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... people from different nations view and solve basic problems. Dimension Large vs. Small Power Distance Characteristics The extent to which members of a society accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed. People in Large Power Distance societies tend to accept a hierarchical order in which everybody has a "place." People in Small Power Distance societies tend to strive for power equalization and demand justification for inequalities. Online Classroom Students in high power distance cultures are taught to honor others because of the positions they hold. In schools, students are generally taught to have a great deal of respect for their teachers. Students may be less inclined to speak up to ask questions for fear of appearing challenging. Students in low power distance cultures may consider people on more equal terms. Students may be more likely to question teachers and challenge them if they do not understand something. Students in an individualistic society may feel more at ease working alone. Students in a collectivist society may feel more at ease working in groups. US Score vs. World Average US: 40 World average: 55 Individualism vs. Collectivism Masculinity vs. Femininity Individualism stands for a preference of a loosely knit social framework in society where individuals are only supposed to take care of themselves and their immediate families...
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...In other words, uncertainty avoidance indicates the preferred amount of structure in a society. It is a preference for strict laws and regulations rather than ambiguity and risk. A country with strong uncertainty avoidance has more rigid rules of behavior. Corresponding laws are stricter and penalties are heavier. On the contrary, countries with weak uncertainty avoidance tend to be uncomfortable with unstructured situations. In such countries, organizations are more flexible and people are more creative. People have more relaxed expectations and never anxious of uncertain...
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...short story written by Guy de Maupassant. In this short story, Guy de Maupassant takes the reader into the mind of a character who brutally encounters his true identity and ultimately faces the disintegration and self-destruction of a coward. The story takes place during the Post- Victorian era in France, a time of prosperity and luxury for the bourgeoisie class. “The Coward” displays the effects society’s standards have on the protagonist life when dealing with a conflict. The round character in this story is Vicomte Gontran-Joseph de Signoles who embodies an individual who has lived his life through society’s perception versus his true self. In comparison, the flat characters pride, George Lamil, and the seconds are exposed throughout the story displaying Signoles fatal flaws. There are also several supporting characters in the story. In “The Coward”, the conflicts that are portrayed are man vs. man, man vs. society, and man vs. himself. In “The Coward”, the author’s central theme is emphasizing the need to look at life with a clear picture of one’s true self in order to overcome challenges and avoid committing the same mistakes. Battles can be lost, but winning the war is the ultimate goal. Settings The location of the short story is France during the years 1837-1850. This was a historical period where the formation of a new middle class, bourgeoisie, came about. The bourgeoisie class was able to achieve both progression, as well as, affluence. Throughout the short story certain...
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...interest group that focuses on ensuring a society in which all individuals have equal rights without discrimination based on race (NAACP.org). The NAACP examines government policies and public agenda that may cause hindrance to the advancement of African Americans. In 1896, in a case between Plessy vs. Ferguson, the United States Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities; this decision was detrimental to our society (http://wwwi.pbs.org/wnet/imcrow/storie_events_plessy.html). In 1954 the NAACP backed the efforts of the case of Brown vs. The Board of Education, which lead to a decision that, “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal” (http://www.watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/early-civilrights/brown.html). The monumental impact of this case is still widely demonstrated today. The government policy of affirmative action is undoubtedly a useful tool in the efforts of the NAACP. In 1971 the NAACP backed the efforts of the case of Griggs vs. Duke Power Company; a decision was made that reflected the policy of fair treatment by affirmative action (lcrm.lib.unc.edu/blog/index.php/2012/03/08/remembering-griigs-v.-duke-power-company/). Today there are some who support the policy of affirmative action, and some who are opposed, and some who feel we needed affirmative action at one time but now are no longer in need of it. In 2009 the plaintiffs of the case of Ricci vs. DeStefano sued the city of New Haven, Connecticut...
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...daily life. When I watch the news I see a lot of Individual vs. Society, and Individual vs Self. I see a lot today about tattoos on television and how more people are more and more tattooed, and if this acceptable I personally am tattooed, so I can identify with the people who talk about this as well. I struggle with myself about the tattoos I have choose to get and where I have choose to get them. I am in a field where I can’t have them where mine are. However, I can also conceal mine with the proper clothing. In society I struggle with acceptance about the tattoos I do have and looking for work with them. I get dirty looks and sometimes you just get rude comments, because a lot of society still has no accepted that everyone is different and will live the way we want to live. For Individual vs nature while watching television there was a show where a man was letting an anaconda eat him alive. He had protective gear and he was protect and it could be stopped at any point. Even though he was attempting this to gain more research on the animal, as the snake started to eat him he had to stop because the snake was so powerful that he could feel his bones getting ready to give in. This to me is a great example about nature. I have camped my whole life however I would never go up to a random snake, because snakes can kill you and if you do not know if it is deadly or not then you are at a disadvantage. When I look at Individual vs Technology I look at how every year we come out with...
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...as human realized the differences or not. Culture is the full range of learned behaviour patterns that are acquired by people as members of a society like in a family. A culture is a complex, interrelated with anything that consists of the knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs, skills, and habits learned from parents and others in a society. Culture is the basis of transparent material of adaptation for humans. The word culture itself comes from the Latin term pronounce as cultura, which is related to cult or worship. In general, the term refers to the feedback of human interaction. Culture is knowledge that acquired that people use to interpret experience and generate social behaviour. This knowledge forms values, creates attitudes, and influences behaviour. Somehow, culture also has the characteristics of being learned, shared, trans-generational, symbolic, patterned, and adaptive. There are also many dimensions of cultural diversity, which is focus on centralized vs. decentralized decision making, safety vs. risk, individual vs. group rewards, informal vs. formal procedures, high vs. low organizational loyalty, cooperation vs. competition, short-term vs. long-term horizons, and stability vs. innovation area in this assignment. This assignment will focus on central and decentralized decision making, individual and group reward, high and low organizational loyalty as well as cooperation and competition in US, German and Japan. Start with Unites...
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