...ABOUT THE AUTHOR FAMILY BACK GROUD AND PROFESSIONAL BACKGROUND Nanda was born on October 10, 1915 in Punjab. He was raised on Manora Island at the entrance to the Port of Karachi. His parents were simple, god fearing people belonging to the Punjab middle class. His father, Mathra Das, came from a village near Gujranwala (today in the Pakistan part of Punjab), about half an hour train jounney from Lahore. His Mother Pooran Devi, came from a nearby village. He was the first-born among their seven children: three boys and four girls. Tharavati, the eldest girl, died young at Manora. Another sister Sita married Onkar Nath Saigal who finally retired from the Western Railway. His brother Gulzari joined the signal branch of the Army and retired as a Lieutenent Colnel and died a bachelor.Yet another sister Shiela, married a Naval Engineering officer, who served to the Indian navy for 35 year and retired as Rear Admiral.Shakunthala or ‘Kunti, his youngest sister also married into the Navy. Her husband Vidya Sagar Laroya,retired in 1989 as a Commadore. From Logistic branch. Kunti died of cancer in 1988. His youngest brother Mohan was a very handsome guy. He wore his Air Force fighter pilot’s uniform, successfully courted and married Pramila. He died tragically in an air crash in Hyderbad on the second anniversary of his marriage. Admiral S.M. Nanda completed primary education at Manora and secondary education at N.J. High school in Karachi. After finishing high school he got a...
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...(but mainly Hindu) India and Muslim Pakistan on August 15 and 14 respectively. The partition causes one of the largest human migrations ever seen, and sparks riots and violence across the region. 1947/48 - The first Indo-Pak war over Kashmir is fought, after armed tribesmen (lashkars) from Pakistan's North West Frontier Province (now called Khyber-Pakthunkhwa) invade the disputed territory in October 1947. The Maharaja, faced with an internal revolt as well an external invasion, requests the assistance of the Indian armed forces, in return for acceding to India. He hands over control of his defence, communications and foreign affairs to the Indian government. Both sides agree that the instrument of accession signed by Maharaja Hari Singh be ratified by a referendum, to be held after hostilities have ceased. Historians on either side of the dispute remain undecided as to whether the Maharaja signed the document after Indian troops had entered Kashmir (i.e. under duress) or if he did so under no direct military pressure. Fighting continues through the second half of 1948, with the regular Pakistani army called upon to protect Pakistan's borders. The war officially ends on January 1, 1949, when the United Nations arranges a ceasefire, with an established ceasefire line, a UN peacekeeping force and a recommendation that the referendum on the accession of Kashmir to India be held as agreed earlier. That referendum has yet to be held. Pakistan controls roughly one-third of the state...
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...nations were born: Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. India was populated by many Hindus, while Pakistan was home to large number of Muslims. At first, the two countries attempted to have diplomatic relations but that changed after the immigration process. After the countries announced their independence and created borders, Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan made their way into India while Muslims in India made their way to Pakistan. Altogether 14 million people ventured to migrate from one country to the other just to be surround by those of a similar religion. The migration quickly turned violent when major riots and mass murders took place along the edges of the border. All of this brutality occurred because people of both countries accused the other of not having proper system to accept new citizens and claimed anybody could walk in to either country, but also because neither Hindus nor Muslims have ever been accepting of either religion. Since this first dispute directly after independence, India and Pakistan have been in 3 major wars (The Indo-Paki wars of 1947,1965 & 1999), one undeclared war and countless military stand-offs many of which regard the Kashmir. The Kashmir is a small piece of land located north of India and North West of Pakistan (see map). Before 1947 many Bollywood movies were filmed in the Kashmir because of the perfect weather and flawless terrain. After 1947 neither India nor Pakistan had rights to the Kashmir but both countries wanted it...
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...a nuclear triad. India's arsenal includes nuclear weapons with a triad of delivery mechanisms. In 2010, India was the world's leading arms importeraccounting for 9% of global imports and ranked among the top ten in arms export. Israel, Russia and the United States are the primary suppliers to India's armed forces. The country’s capital expenditure for defense equipment may reach US$112 billion between 2010 and 2016. Since 1962, the IAF has maintained close military relations with Russia, including cooperative development on programs such as the Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft (FGFA) and the Multirole Transport Aircraft (MTA). As of 2011, the major military operations of the Indian armed forces have included the Indo-Pakistani wars of 1947, 1965 and 1971, the Sino-Indian War, the 1987...
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...After more than fifty years of Independence, India and Pakistan tackle numerous obstinate predicaments that the British marooned for these novel countries to settle. Kashmir lives to be the solitary of the many legacies of their distrust and uncertainty. The origins of the calamity extend to the tragic partition of the two countries in 1947, when the British government departed India after a rule of 250-years characterized by mistreatment and divide and conquer approaches. The British Empire’s divisive strategies, which were intended to generate rifts between Hindus and Muslims in order to attenuate any potential cohesive opposing forces. This began in the early 1900s, when the British started to dread the perceived mounting potency of the Hindu nationalist movement. In order to repress the perils, the British government began to vigorously support the Muslim League, a political party led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah who aimed to signify the subcontinent’s Muslim interests. The British pinned these two groups adjacent to one another, and eventually the Muslim League was compelled to stipulate the creation of a separate state, to be called Pakistan, because they believed that their interests would not be portrayed in a Hindu majority India. The severance of both countries paved a way to their joint antagonism into three wars (of which two were directly over Kashmir), which have affected their alliance till today. On August 15, 1947 the British left the realms of India, leaving behind...
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...also describes the powers within which these institutions have to work and what would be the nature of relationship of the individual with the state. At the time of establishment of Pakistan an Interim constitution was introduced in Pakistan which was a modified version of the India Act 1935.The task of framing the future constitution was assigned to the CA of Pakistan that came into existence on Aug 1947.We will discuss that what were the stages and what were the steps that were taken for framing the constitution of Pakistan. The whole process of constitution making started with the passing of the Objective Resolution. The Objective Resolution which was passed in March 1949 outlined the basic principles and foundations of the constitution. The principles that had to be kept in mind by the constituent assembly of Pakistan while framing the constitution. In a way the Objective Resolution not only identifying the objectives, the goals they wanted to achieve it was also setting out the priorities that had to be pursued. Once the Objective Resolution was passed by the Constituent Assembly then the steps had to be taken for the formulation of the constitution and the 1st step after the passing of the Objective Resolution was to set up the BPC (a committee comprising the members of theca of Pakistan).The strength of the BPC was fixed as 24.But the committee had to co-opt more members if it needed but at least there were 24 members they were Muslims and non-Muslim members and also...
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...of National Assembly Session 9. Mujeeb’s Six Points D. Causes: National Issues 1. Economic Backwardness of E. Pakistan 2. Domination of Hindus 3. Role of Hindu Teachers 4. Urdu – Bengali Controversy 5. Crushing of Democratic Institutions E. Causes: Atrocities in East Pakistan F. Causes: Indian Hostility G. Critical Analysis The Instrument of Surrender Read Time: 12 Minutes Readability Statistics Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level: 12 * Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level Score: Rates text on a U.S. grade-school level. A score of 8.0 means that an eighth grader can understand the document. The Emergence of Bangladesh By Waqas Aleem Mughal October 22, 2002 Histories of nations are often marked with ruthless wounds. Time passes by but its scars never vanish. December 16, 1971 being the darkest day in the history of Pakistan ended with the creation of Bangladesh. It might have been only a diplomatic accident for our politicians but the nation was deeply shocked. It took away our national pride and moral prestige. This tragedy was the ultimate result of irresponsible and immature attitude of our leadership. The deep-rooted prejudice of the Hindus and international intrigues contributed to it. Pakistan no longer remained the...
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...The Kashmir Issue: Some options towards solution By Dr. Misbah Islam As we all know the Kashmir issue has been has been a perennial problem ever since the birth of Pakistan. Kashmir is one of the two most intractable problems that have stymied the world for so long resulting in horrendous loss of life and negative impact on the development of the belligerants. Nature of the Problem: The origins of the Kashmir issue lie in the illegal instrument of accession to India signed on October 26, 1947 by Raja Hari Singh that violated the rights and hopes of 77% Muslim population of Kashmiris to join Pakistan. It has resulted in or associated with at least four major wars: 1948, 1965, 1971 and 1999. Besides loss of liberty for 10 million people it has entailed loss of lives (more than 102,000), in the form of executions, bombardment and disappearances, horrendous tortures, injuries, crimes against women, destruction of property, businesses and the list goes on [Ref 1]. No value can ever be assigned to the psychological losses. So far India has refused visits by Amnesty International to investigate and report impartially. We have also to take into account other costs. The purpose of this exercise is to highlight the seriousness of the issue and to prove Pakistan’s commitment to the cause. The Kashmir issue has involved direct expenditure in terms of resources: military, diplomatic, journalistic and so on. Resources, that could have been better spent for mitigating and solving...
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...Himalayan region that borders India, Pakistan and China * India's side of Kashmir includes Jammu, Kashmir Valley, and Ladakh * Pakistan side of Kashmir includes the areas known as Azad (Free) Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan * The territory under dispute lies in India's Kashmir Valley, separated from Pakistan by the 450-mile Line of Control (border line) * Indian Kashmir is mostly Muslim; Jammu is Hindu * 65% of Kashmir is located in India while the other 35% is in Pakistan WHAT IS KASHMIR? * Kashmir is a Himalayan region that borders India, Pakistan and China * India's side of Kashmir includes Jammu, Kashmir Valley, and Ladakh * Pakistan side of Kashmir includes the areas known as Azad (Free) Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan * The territory under dispute lies in India's Kashmir Valley, separated from Pakistan by the 450-mile Line of Control (border line) * Indian Kashmir is mostly Muslim; Jammu is Hindu * 65% of Kashmir is located in India while the other 35% is in Pakistan HOW IT STARTED * India's Muslim leaders demanded a Muslim homeland as a condition for independence in 1947 * The British surrendered their hold on the Indian subcontinent, giving way to a predominantly Hindu India and a Muslim Pakistan * Kashmir was free to accede to either nation * Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler of the kingdom, initially chose to remain independent but eventually opted to join India after citizens from Pakistan invaded Jammu and Kashmir with...
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...The Bangladesh Liberation War[a] (Bengali: মুক্তিযুদ্ধ Muktijuddho) was a revolutionary independence war in South Asia during 1971 which established the sovereign, independent state of Bangladesh.[13] The war pitted East Pakistan (later joined by India) against West Pakistan, and lasted over a duration of nine months. It witnessed large-scale atrocities, the exodus of 10 million refugees and the displacement of 30 million people.[14] The war broke out on 26 March 1971, when the Pakistani Army launched a military operation called Operation Searchlight against Bengali civilians, students, intelligentsia and armed personnel, who were demanding that the Pakistani military junta accept the results of the 1970 first democratic elections of Pakistan, which were won by an eastern party, or to allow separation between East and West Pakistan. Bengali politicians and army officers announced the declaration of Bangladesh's independence in response to Operation Searchlight. Bengali military, paramilitary and civilians formed the Mukti Bahini (Bengali: মুক্তি বাহিনী "Liberation Army"), which engaged in guerrilla warfare against Pakistani forces. The Pakistan Army, in collusion with religious extremist[15][16] militias (the Razakars, Al-Badr and Al-Shams), engaged in the systematic genocide and atrocities of Bengali civilians, particularly nationalists, intellectuals, youth and religious minorities.[17][18][19][20][21] Neighbouring India provided economic, military and diplomatic support...
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...M.M.Alam’s Health; By Sadia Aslam It is in the air that Air Commodore (Rtd) M.M.Alam’s health is in critical situation. This courageous ex-fighter pilot is admitted in Combined Military Hospital. This sad news has struck me as M.M.Alam is the hero of Pakistan in the war of 1965. He is named as Ace pilot of Pakistan Air Force, because of his tremendous and unbelievable air fights in 1965’s war, when he hit down 5 fighter jets of Indian Air force in only one fly fight. In 1950’s Alam had been the part of Shaheen Air Scouts (SAS) Dhaka which aimed at the preparation of young blood to be served for PAF and make them air-minded at very tender age. There the young scouts did PT and parade at every Friday morning to keep them in accordance with the real training of military officers. After he joined PAF once during training , Alam performed a daredevil inverted flying for a very long time which scared even his own trainers in Air Traffic Control who ordered him to pull back and fly straight. This flying man was awarded with Sitara-i-Jurat as ace pilot by the Govt. of Pakistan. He is the person who born after centuries. He is the role model of youth of Pakistan giving the lesson to channelize their energies in such a way that give height to the name of their homeland as he did. We all are praying to Allah that he gets well soon and to give him some more years of good health....
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...Reasons for partition of East Pakistan: There are various reasons that led to the fall of East Wing of Pakistan 1971. We will look at them one by one right from Quaid’s tenure at the emergence of Pakistan till Yahya’s leadership that led to a tragic mass civil disorder and eventual creation of Bangladesh. Quaid’s Leadership and Independence of Pakistan: The friction between two wings started right from independence of Pakistan 1947 with two wings being separated by a thousand miles without a common border and with Indian Territory in between (Story of Pakistan Press n.d.). As soon as the independence was granted, East Pakistan claimed they formed a majority as they constituted of 55percent of the total population as compared to 45 percent population of the West and therefore the federal capital of the country should be Dhaka and not Karachi (Story of Pakistan Press n.d.). This demand of East Pakistan was turned down by Jinnah and Karachi was made the capital. East Pakistanis were unable to fetch the kind of advantages that West Pakistanis could enjoy as they were far away from the federal capital. Moreover, since Karachi was the capital, it was able to attract all wealthy industrialists, businessmen, administrators and professionals of India (Story of Pakistan Press n.d.) and as a consequence, there was great economic disparity between the two wings. There were better opportunities for the West Pakistanis in all areas. Secondly, the West Pakistan was dependent on the foreign...
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...Contribution to Global War no. Terror after2013): 37-56 37 PAKISTAN’S CONTRIBUTION TO GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR AFTER 9/11 Dr. Hidayat Khan∗ Abstract Pakistan’s contribution to the “War on Terror” far exceeds its strength and size. Pakistan lost more than 35000 lives to save American people from another 9/11 attack. Pakistan’s economic loss amounted to 67 billion US dollars but still the US is not satisfied with Pakistan’s performance and pressurizes it to “Do More.” In this situation what should Pakistan do as a sovereign state? At the same time what is the international community’s responsibility towards Pakistan as a partner in this global war? The United States (US) and North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) have been fighting against the Taliban for the last decade but the war is nowhere near its end. This study is an exploration of the question whether war is the solution or the problem? Key Words: War on Terror, World Response, Pakistan’s Contribution, Operations, Agreements. Background P akistan has always played a constructive role in the United Nations (UN) — it is one of its largest net troop contributors and its active role in the solution of world issues is internationally recognized. It borders three major strategic regions; South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East, and its geographical proximity to Afghanistan has made it an important partner of the United States. Pakistan has played a significant role, both during the Cold War and as a non-NATO...
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...developed over the recent years and it would be wrong to say that such a stereotype is wrongly associated with the country. The biggest problem facing Pakistan is terrorism which has spoiled the country's reputation in the entire world and it would require excessive amounts of effort on behalf of the country to improve its image in the global arena. Terrorism in Pakistan is majorly associated with religious extremism and its incidence has increased since the events of 9/11. Taliban was behind the attacks of 9/11 and its roots extended to Pakistan. Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan is another terrorist group which has been associated with terrorist attacks in the country and is directly linked to Osama bin Laden's Terrorist organization. Taliban's fight was not initially against Pakistan but after 9/11 when former President Pervez Musharraf agreed to form an ally with the U.S against "War on Terror" there was great rage in the Taliban outfit who decided then to launch terrorist attacks in the country in retaliation. Although Pakistan is part of the US alliance they are often accused by US for being a terrorist country which has challenged Pakistan's sovereignty. This has also resulted in internal conflicts in the country with many people raising their voices against the government and demanding Pakistan to leave the US alliance against "War on Terror". The casualties that have resulted from terrorist attacks in the country have increased from 168 in 2003 to more than 4000 per year in...
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...of 13 years. So when a teenage girl undertakes such an incredible task of courage, one that adults cover in fear of doing, the event takes utmost significance. This is exactly what Malala Yousafzai, a huge inspiration to me and so many other girls did. Being only fourteen years old did not matter to Malala Yousafzai. In a short fourteen years she has won fame for fighting for peace, women’s rights and humanity. She won the National Peace award in Pakistan for all her efforts. In 2009- at only the age of 11- she fought Taliban insurgency that tried to take over her village of Swat. She wanted to set up her own political party which would campaign the right of young Pakistani girls to education. This girl- this heroine- was shot by a member of the Taliban, in the head and neck, and was in a critical condition. The Taliban called her work ‘obscenity’. I call it heroism. They tried to silence this girl forever- they tried, and are still trying, to silence the ideas of freedom, rights and equality forever. But they will not win this war, not while human beings like Malala breathe and fight. An army chief called Malala ‘an icon of courage and hope’. She’s more than that, she’s the dawn of a new generation, the leader of a revolution in which humanity and justice rules over the whole world. On her blog she writes about how she couldn’t go to school anymore and how she always was living in fear for she would get caught going there. The Taliban broke many human rights laws. These laws...
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