...The Indus River Basin: The Continuing Water Disputes Between India and Pakistan Anise Ko August 7, 2014 Professor Beth Bennett Introduction The Indus River was a key factor in the development of the Asian civilization. It originates in the Tibetan plateau and flows through four different countries: Tibet, Afghanistan, India and Pakistan to end in the Arabian Sea. The Indus River catchment area is as follows: sixty percent of the area belongs to Pakistan, about twenty percent belongs to India, five percent belongs to Afghanistan and fifteen per cent belongs to Tibet (Aljazeera, 2011). There are a total of six main tributaries: Sutlej, Ravi and Beas flow through Punjab and the other three rivers of the Indus basin - Indus, Jhelum and Chenab run through the territory of Jammu and Kashmir (Harvard, 2011). Since the partition of the British Indian empire in 1947, Pakistan and India have fought over the province of Punjab and the state of Kashmir, which resulted in a partition of the area between the two countries. The water dispute is also closely related to partition of the Kashmir region, too. The six rivers run through India which controls Jammu and Kashmir, before reaching Pakistan and the part of Jammu and Kashmir governed by Pakistan (Harvard, 2011). The geological allocation described above brought out significant disadvantages to Pakistan in early the1950s as a consequence of the political conflicts between the two countries. The help of the World Bank together with...
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...Water Scenario: Past, Present and Future of Pakistan By: Muhammed Zafir Zia Per capita availability of surface water in Pakistan is gradually dwindling from 5300 cubic meter in 1951 to 1000 cubic meters in 2005 and is projected to hit less than 1000 cubic meters making Pakistan a water short country Of all the major problems, water crisis is the one that lies at the heart of our survival and that of our planet. Experts project that the global water crisis will reach unprecedented levels in the years ahead in many parts of the developing world. The years ahead predict the threat of looming water wars between countries. According to figures published by the United Nations & other international organizations, 1.1bn people are without a sufficient access to water, and 2.4bn people have to live without adequate sanitation. Under current trends, the prognosis is that about 3bn people of a population of 8.5bn will suffer from water shortage by 2025. 83% of them will live in developing countries, mostly in rural areas where even today sometimes only 20% of the populations have access to a sufficient water supply. Fresh drinking water is not only a need of human beings, but equally important for the animals and agriculture throughout the world. This acute water shortage will be responsible in spreading diseases as contaminated water is the sole cause of nearly 80% infectious diseases. Hence the world has to take serious and concrete measures in order to avoid the water...
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...Which technically means that India could stop the flow of water to Pakistan at any time, leaving Pakistan’s agriculture based economy in a chaos. The best way to resolve the conflict and to ensure uninterrupted supply of water is to establish confidence building measures. An example of a successful agreement over the use of water is Indus Water Treaty. At the time of separation, the line of partition was drawn right across the River Indus, which meant that the source of the rivers allocated to Pakistan, belonged to India. This posed a threat to Pakistan that India might, at any time, divert the flow of water leaving Pakistan’s water dependent economy in a serious drought. The Indus water treaty, signed in Karachi on September 19th, 1960, by India’s Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistan’s President Muhammad Ayub Khan, adjudicated by Mr. W.A.B. Illif of the World Bank, defines the allocation of the waters of Indus River between the two countries. It allocates three western rivers; Indus, Jhelum and Chenab to Pakistan, while the three Eastern rivers; Ravi, Beas and Sutlej to India. Most of the conflicts that have risen between Pakistan and India after the Indus Water Treaty were based on the creation of new infrastructure; dams and reservoirs. The countries have been involved in two legal water fights. The first in 2002 Pakistan opted for arbitration over India’s 450-megawatt Baglihar dam and lost the case. Later...
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...NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS THE CHINA-INDIA-PAKISTAN WATER CRISIS: PROSPECTS FOR INTERSTATE CONFLICT by James F. Brennan September 2008 Thesis Co-Advisors: Alice Lyman Miller Feroz Khan Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED September 2008 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE: The China-India-Pakistan Water Crisis: Prospects for 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Interstate Conflict 6. AUTHOR(S) James F. Brennan, Lieutenant, United States Navy 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY...
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...TRANSBOUNDARY WATER MANAGEMENT; ISSUE OF GOVERNANCE LEADING TO A STALEMATE Abstract: In an era of globalization with regional states in Asia growing up to compete against the developed nations, regional powers trying to assert its regional influence over one another is raking up the old issues of control of water. These issues of controls over water had arises from its need to fulfill the growing demand of power shortages and its ambition of supply on upstream and downstream. This paper aims to study the reasons behind the reemergence of this water dispute which had previously had been put through cooperation or arbitration for sharing. Also it will analyze the problem of managing the river transboundary in the South East Asia. INTRODUCTION...
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...World? Not Necessarily, David J. Rothkopf The search for alternatives to oil make the problem of water shortages worse, as suggested in “Is a Green World a Safer World?” There are many consequences of the simultaneous rise and decline of petro-states. In this article the author discusses the possibility that a green world will be a better habitat for humanity. The author is doubtful and looks over the world to find out why. In a series of talking points the author examines a number of issues that will serve to disrupt those dwelling in an environmentally sound world. These include the possibility of green protectionism in the western world, the condition of oil producing countries and the water shortage that already exists and will increase in the future. Article 38-The Last Straw, Stephan Faris Appropriately titled “The Last Straw,” the article reviews water conflicts exacerbated by climate change in general while focusing on Pakistan’s unsustainable dependence on Kashmiri waters – a dependence that only exacerbates the long-standing historical, cultural, and religious animosity between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir territory. Faris reports that a shocking “ninety percent of Pakistan’s agricultural irrigation depends on rivers that originate in Kashmir.” This water comes from three of the six tributaries that India and Pakistan split in their 1960 Indus Waters Treaty. Is the treaty’s continued existence a testament to how future resource shortages will draw normally...
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...relevance to extract politico-economic benefits, while correspondingly constricting contemporary space for Pakistan. Indian sponsored / assisted projects in Afghanistan indicate their character to be more of anti-Pakistan than pro-Afghanistan. Development of road Zaranj-Delaram off sets Afghanistan’s over dependence on Pakistan for transit trade, through offering ground link to Iranian Port Chahbhar. Similarly, Indian offer to build water reservoirs on river Kabul can be termed as extension of her water war against Pakistan. It has implications for Pakistan on its economic, defense and foreign policy fronts. Apropos, carry out a detailed analysis of Indian sponsored / assisted projects directly or indirectly influencing Pakistan and recommend response options to safe guard own vital interests. ABSTRACT History is a witness to the dire, problematic issues that have plagued the sub-continental region since times immemorial. Pakistan needs Afghanistan to be a stable, economic partner as it will benefit from security, energy cooperation, trade growth and water benefits. Afghanistan has not been an easy partner as it still...
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...IET Quiz Introducing the Quiz team Calling the teams Picking the places Introduction Rules 1. Simple Round- +10 for a direct Q and +5 for a question answered on a pass. 10 secs for a direct Q and 5 secs for a question on a pass 2. Flags round- +10 for getting it right & - 5 for getting it wrong. No passing 3. First response heard is taken as the answer 4. Quizmaster decision binding and final Rounds for Semi Finals (two) 1. Kuch bhi chalega round- 2 iterations; simple [total 4Qs+ 4Qs + 2 Res(Audience) Qs] 2. Dhandhe ka funda- 2 iterations; simple [total 4Qs+ 4Qs + 2 Res(Audience) Qs] 3. Ankhon ankhon mein- 1 iterations; Flag [total 4Qs+ 2 Res(Audience) Qs] Rounds for Final 1. Taaja Khabar- 2 iterations; simple [total 4Qs+ 4Qs + 2 Res(Audience) Qs] 2. Soordas- 1 iteration; simple [total 4Qs+ 2 Res(Audience) Qs] 3. ‘Dunia Dekho’- 1 iteration; Flag [total 4Qs+ 2 Res(Audience) Qs] 4. ‘Chehre pe chehra’ round- 1 iterations; Flag [total 4Qs+ 2 Res(Audience) Qs] 5. Golibari- 1 iteration; simple [total 30 Qs] TAZA KHABAR 1. This awards ceremony selected Martin Scorsese’s “The Aviator” for the Best Film award and actress Imelda Staunton for the Best Actress award for her role in “Vera Drake”. Which awards are we talking about? BAFTA* Explanatory Answer The Aviator” soared at the BAFTA (British Academy of Film and Television Arts ) Awards, taking four prizes including best film. Mike Leigh’s “Vera Drake” won...
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...directions come together to form the main river, which ultimately drains into a large water body such as a lake or a sea or an ocean. The area drained by a single river system is called a drainage basin. A closer observation on a map will indicate that any elevated area, such as a mountain or an upland, separates two drainage basins. Such an upland is known as a water divide (Figure 3.1). Sr ea m B 3 T Sr ea m A W at er Di vi de subcontinent. Accordingly, the Indian rivers are divided into two major groups: • the Himalayan rivers; and • the Peninsular rivers. Apart from originating from the two major physiographic regions of India, the Himalayan and the Peninsular rivers are different from each other in many ways. Most of the Himalayan rivers are perennial. It means that they have water throughout the year. These rivers receive water from rain as well as from melted snow from the lofty mountains. The two major Himalayan rivers, the Indus and the Brahmaputra originate from the north of the mountain ranges. They have cut through the mountains making gorges. The Himalayan rivers have long courses from their source to the sea. They perform intensive erosional activity in their upper courses and carry huge loads of silt and sand. In the middle and the lower courses, these rivers form meanders, oxbow lakes, and many other depositional features in their Figure 3.1 : Water Divide The world’s largest drainage basin is of the Nile river in Egypt •...
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...The project of zulfikarabad is a threat! Yes, indeed when we look at the area where it’s going to be built is right on Indus delta. Many sub districts of Thatta are also linked in that particular area. Major concerns which oppose the construction of this mega project are as follows: • Area lies under hazardous environmental and geological risks. Many disasters have already occurred in this region over the last 15years. Cyclone TC-02A (1999), Bhuj Earthquake (2001) and Cyclone Yemyin (2007) are the recent ones. No one would be willing to live in such an area where they are not environmentally safe or protected. • Elimination of mangroves habitat. The entire site comprises of 54,708 ha mangrove vegetation which is almost 7.20% of total land. These are those mangroves which are protects since 1950’s and are about 50% of remaining mangroves in the country. Mangroves are not only for scenic beauty but also helps populated areas from flooding through hurricanes and cyclones. They act as a barrier and resist the water flow and ease the pressure. So elimination of all mangroves would enhance the environmental and geological risks. • Increase in livelihood vulnerabilities is very important aspect as the people living in nearby districts haven’t been informed or asked about the new project. Many of their jobs such as fishing, farming and local trading of fishes would be effected and may result in loss of traditional farmers and herders. When the 70% of population is effected the...
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...PAK-INDIA RELATIONS Section I: Introduction It is axiomatic that Pakistan and India share a turbulent and complex, if also short, history. While the dynamics of the relationship may shift from time to time, numerous existential issues remain in place. Characterised by mistrust, contrasting interests and the oft-quoted ‘missed opportunities’, the bloodshed of 1947 has been replaced by a more diverse set of issues that continue to mar the relationship. Kashmir has come to exemplify the classic case of a territorial dispute between neighbouring countries in the modern world composed of nation States. Extended hostile periods have only been sporadically separated by periods of relative peace – interludes that many hoped would prolong into perpetuity. But failures of State, internal conflicts, deep-rooted differences and perhaps unavoidable circumstances have meant that these spells of tranquillity remain mere specks of light in an otherwise dark corridor, at best offering missed opportunities. In studying the Pakistan-India ties, it is simplistic but also convenient to divide them into phases with regard to important junctures in South Asian history. None of the occasions that gave rise to optimism could ultimately become the watershed they were built up to be. The most recent such case was in 2004; following a prolonged period of military standoff, there began a ‘peace process’ led by President Musharraf and Prime Minister Vajpayee. This phase was significant since it allowed...
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...Indian-Pakistani confrontation from the partition of the British Indian Empire to these days. Over the Kashmir issue DATE: 06/JAN/2013 Introduction to the Indian-Pakistan conflict: Since 1946 the British began dynamically to negotiate a shift of authority, but this did not prove to be an easy affair, for as independence was established in August 1947 it was not to a single unitary state, but to two- India and Pakistan. The detachment of India occurred as Congress and the Muslim League had principally incompatible thoughts about how to represent a single successor state to British rule. Put plainly, The Muslim League preferred a weak political centre and the devolution of power to groups of provinces, which would permit the Muslim-majority areas a superior deal of self-government, while Congress sought the construction of a sturdy centralized state in order to become conscious on its social and economic goal. With neither side enthusiastic to compromise at the country on the brink of chaos. The easiest resolution was partition. The outcome was that the Muslim-majority areas of Baluchistan, Sind, the North-West Frontier, the western half of the Punjab and Eastern half of Bengal were amalgamated into the state of Pakistan underneath the premiership of the leader of the Muslim League. Muhammad Ali Jinnah. In the meantime India gained its independence under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, the leader of the Congress party. In addition, it hastily added to its territorial...
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...Department Water Crisis of Pakistan Submitted to: Mr. Rauf Akhtar Submitted By: Muhammad Rzi Abbas (2006-MCT-38) 5/23/2008 1 LETTER OF AUTHORIZATION I authorize Mr. Muhammad Rzi Abbas to research on “Water Crisis of Pakistan”. Mr. Rauf Akhtar 2 LETTER OF TRANSMITTEL Pakistan is being surrounded by almost all types of problems and difficulties nowadays. Everyone is speaking on different issues Pakistan is facing but I chose the Water Crisis which is a grave threat to Pakistan yet hidden from the eyes of most of the residents of Pakistan. To study this hanging sword I chose to write a report on the topic “Water Crisis of Pakistan”. In this report I have explained the past, present and future problems which Pakistan unfortunately had to face regarding water resources and utilization. Let me assure you that the reader will study this report with interest and will get a complete knowledge about the water sector problems which Pakistan is either facing right now or will have to face in the future. Muhammad Rzi Abbas 3 Table of Contents Letter of Authorization………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………2 Letter of Transmittal…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……3 Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..4 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….6 Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..8 First Portion Chapter 1 Overview of Worldwide Water Crisis…………………………………………………………………………...
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...PROBLEMS Assignment I – CIA 1- 2013 is the International Year of water cooperation. Discuss the socio-political significance of water cooperation in India. INTRODUCTION “Water is a key foundation, whose importance can hardly be overestimated. It is a common denominator of the leading global challenges of our time - energy, food, health, peace and security. Water management can reduce the risk of disasters, such as droughts and floods. With trans boundary river basins and aquifer systems representing almost half the earth's surface, water cooperation is vital for peace.” - Irina Bokova, UNESCO Director-General. The fulfillment of basic human needs, our environment, socio-economic development and poverty reduction are all heavily dependent on water. Good management of water is especially challenging due to some of its unique characteristics: it is unevenly distributed in time and space, the hydrological cycle is highly complex and perturbations have multiple effects. Rapid urbanization, pollution and climate change threaten the resource while demands for water are increasing in order to satisfy the needs of a growing world population, now at over seven billion people, for food production, energy, industrial and domestic uses. Water is a shared resource and its management needs to take into account a wide variety of conflicting interests. This provides opportunities for cooperation among users at all levels. Water, a vital resource unlike any other knows no borders. For instance...
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... 1. India India never invaded any country in her last 10,000 years of history. It is the only society in the world which has never known slavery. India was the richest country on Earth until the time of the British in the early 17th Century Robert Clive’s personal wealth amassed from the blunder of Bengal during 1750’s was estimated at around £401,102 It has been estimated that the total amount of treasure that the British looted from India had already reached £1,000,000,000 (£1Billion) by 1901. Taking into consideration interest rates and inflation this would be worth close to $1,000,000,000,000 ($1Trillion) in real-terms today. 2. Vedic Civilization Indus & Saraswati Civilizations Rise of Jainism and Buddhism Mauryan Period Golden Age of Indian Arts & Sciences Muslim Invasions The Mughal Empire Portuguese Invasion The British East-India Company The British Empire India's Freedom Struggle Independence Modern India 2020 Vision A Brief History of Time 3. India India invented the Number System. Zero was invented by Aryabhatta . The place value system, the decimal system was developed in India in 100 BC. Aryabhatta was the first to explain spherical shape, size ,diameter, rotation and correct speed of Earth in 499 AD. The World's first university was established in Takshila in 700 BC. Students from all over the World studied more than 60 subjects. The University of Nalanda built in the 4th century was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India in the field...
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