...America's Post-Civil War Growing Pains Dayna L. Wingert Professor Smith HIS 105 January 22, 2012 In 1865, at Appomattox Court House, Virginia General Robert E. Lee surrendered 27,800 Confederate troops to Grant. This eventually brought about the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, that abolished slavery in this country. The Thirteenth Amendment states that “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” (Becker, 1999) This was easily the most significant turning point in the era of Reconstruction. In today's society all races are integrated, this is what creates the American culture. In 2008, all races came together to shatter more than two hundred years of history by electing Barrack Obama, the first African American President of the United States. President Obama put the sentiments of this history making night in to words by stating “Young and old, rich and poor, Democrat and Republican, black, white, Hispanic, Asian, Native American, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled, Americans have sent a message to the world that we have never been just a collection of red states and blue states,” he said. “We have been and always will be the United States of America.” (Johnson, Nove) This is a testament to the end of slavery and the profound impact it has had...
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...British Empire between 1750 and 1850?” Between 1750 and 1850 Britain had revolutionised internally as a dominant industrial figure in Europe. However, although it would be argued that most advances were constitutional, Britain’s foreign relations also enhanced to a certain extent during this period. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Britain had established itself as the first country to industrialise therefore instantly granting it a dominant position in the world economy, this would continue for a further century. During this time it was also advantaged in acquiring the largest empire seen of its time. This therefore suggests that the two developments had a relationship, as without one the other would have been inevitable. The Industrial Revolution and the British Empire are dependent on each other. There would not be an Empire without the Industrial Revolution and vice versa. Although the revolution that occurred was not political, it did however have a number of implications that followed, advantages included its geographical location and nature, expanding empire and worldwide trade network, growing transportation network, rich supply of natural resources, available labour supply and relatively high labour productivity, and expertise in developing technology. Together, these necessary factors set up a suitable foundation on which an industrial revolution could occur. This revolution was an economic one in which there was a transformation from the traditional...
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...HISTORY SUMMARY 1865-19901865-1900In the years following the Civil War the United States was transformed by the enormous growth of industry. Once, the United States was mainly a nation of small farms. By 1900, it was a nation of growing cities, of coal, steel, and of engines and fast communications. Though living standards generally rose, millions of industrial workers lived in crowded, unsanitary slums.In the north, industrial violence was common and occurred on numerous occasions. The most violent confrontation between labor and employers was probably the Great Railway Strike of 1877. The nation had been in the grip of a severe depression for four years. During that time, the railroads had decreased the wages of railway workers by 20 percent. Many trainmen complained that they could not support their families adequately, and there was little that the trainmen could do about the wage decreases. At that time, unions were weak and workers feared going on strike; there were too many unemployed men who might take their jobs. Some workers secretly formed a Trainmen's Union to oppose the railroads. In the last quarter of the century, the textile, metal, and machinery industries equaled the railroads in size. In 1870, the typical iron and steel firm employed fewer than 100 workers. Thirty years later, the force was four times as large. By 1900, more than 1,000 factories had work forces ranging from 500 to 1,000 workers. From 1860 to 1900 some 15 million immigrants from southern and...
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...http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-30971 Pål Nygaard Professional Autonomy versus Corporate Control Abstract: Professionalism and bureaucracy tend to be understood as incompatible systems of work organization, represented by the ideals of collegiality and autonomy versus control and supervision. I present a historical case study from early 20th century Norway examining the potential clash between efforts made toward professionalization and bureaucratization in industry. Based on my findings, I argue that there is neither an inherent conflict between professionalism and bureaucracy nor static national trajectories at the level of professional versus bureaucratic work organization. Keywords: professionalism; bureaucracy; engineers; engineering; history; transnational Pål Nygaard Centre for the Study of Professions, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Scineces Contact: Department of Innovation and Economic Organisation, Handelshøyskolen BI, 0442 Oslo, Norway Pal.Nygaard@ bi.no Page 11 For a long time, theories on professions brought forth the contention of an inherent conflict between professionalism and bureaucracy, contributing to a division between the sociology of professions and organizations. During the past decade, various scholars have contested both the argument of conflict and the fruitfulness of division (Bourgeault, Hirschkorn, & Sainsaulieu, 2011; Muzio & Kirkpatrick, 2011; Evetts, 2010). Recent trends toward organizing the work of professions in large organizations...
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...Abstract: The prohibition of marijuana has been a heated debate for years. This paper will examine the question of whether or not it will be beneficial to the population as a whole, smokers and non-smokers to legalize marijuana. This paper will begin by giving a historical overview of marijuana and how it became illegal. Then, it will attempt to examine and illustrate the many valuable, and beneficial qualities that marijuana has. Relying on the facts found to ultimately come to a conclusion on whether or not legalization would positively effect our country. Introduction Background Information The legalizing of marijuana for both recreational and medical purposes will have significant benefits for smokers and non-smokers, the economy, and the population. Currently any production, sale, distribution, or consumption of the drug marijuana is illegal in forty-eight states in the nation. Legalizing marijuana in this situation would mean executing the same or similar laws as are imposed on to alcohol. “On November 6, 2012, Colorado and Washington became the first states to legalize the sale and possession of cannabis for recreational use since the Marijuana Tax act of 1937 when they passed Colorado Amendment 64 and Washington Initiative 502” (Szalavitz). The few states that have legalized marijuana are instituting practices to integrate the substance into society. To continue, consumption of marijuana would be illegal as well as the purchase of the substance by minors...
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...organization History………………………………………………………7 2. System of IR in Pakistan………………………………………………………………8 2.2 Membership of trade unions……………………………………………………………11 3. Upcoming trends and changing characteristics of workforce in Pakistan………….12 4. Challenges of IR in Pakistan………………………………………………………….16 5. Historical development and phases of growth of trade unions in Pakistan………..18 6. Structure; Political affiliation and problems of trade unions in Pakistan…………..20 7. Structure of Unions in Pakistan………………………………………………………22 8. Table…………………………………………………………………………………….24 9. References……………………………………………………………………………….25 1. Historical Perceptive of Industrial Relation in Pakistan. Current population of Pakistan is 182.1-million approximately; it’s ranked sixth as most populated country of the world (Population Census Organization). Total labor force is 59.21 million in Pakistan ( Index Mundi Pakistan) out of total labor force 49.09 million is employed and rest is unemployed, women has got 20% rate in employed strength , in agriculture sector employs are 44%, in service sector 35%, in industry and manufacturing employs are only 20% Industrial relations are the efforts made for the resolution of the differences between employer and employees, on objectives and values, profitability sharing and social justice. Discipline and authority, freedom and industrial democracy, collective bargaining and co-operations, individual versus group interest. (Lester R. A, 1951). Industrial relation...
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...The 5 most important Sections of Taft–Hartley Act The Labor-Management Relation Act, also called the Taft–Hartley Act, as an amendment to the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) was created in 1947, with the purpose of solving labor disputes during collective bargaining or conflicts between employees and employers that would seriously damage the U.S industrial development. Totally, there are 5 titles and 29 sections in this law. In my opinion, the 5 most important sections of this law are Sec.1, Sec 201, Sec.203, Sec.301, and Sec.303. And the following reasons explain why I think these five sections are the most important comparing to other sections. * Section 1 described the short title of Labor Management Relation Act and declared the policy of this law. The policy is that industrial strife which interferes with the normal flow and the full production of commerce must be avoided and minimized by both sides’ recognition of one another’s legitimates rights in their labor relations with each other. Further, the overall purpose of this law was also stated in this section: “to promote the full flow of commerce, to prescribe the legitimate rights of both employees and employers in their relations affecting commerce, to provide orderly and peaceful procedures for preventing the interference by either with the legitimate rights of the other , to protect the rights of individual employees in their relations with labor organization, to define and proscribe practices on the...
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...Judicial Politics And Behavior YourFirstName YourLastName University title Q.1 Firing or sacking is an informal word for dismissal which is termination of employment by employer against the employees will. Firing is a common term particularly in US and it is also known as as sacked, boned, axed, canned or given walking papers. Being fired as oppesed to qutting the job voluntarily (being laid off), is perceived being the employee’s fault thus considered a sign of failure and disgraceful. Since finding a new or another job is is difficult after firing and especially if the employee had not held the job or the position for a long period (Hugh, 2005). Mostly probationary employees are dismissed when an employer finds better equiped, skilled and experienced employees than the incumbent even though the employee has ot broken either of the rules. Many times firing is viewed as employees are very negative and m ostly with gross misconduct which is a serious action. Firing is done on basis of poor work performance, off job- site conduct, attendance problem and problematic conduct. Attendance problems are employees not turning up for work, tardiness or frequent absenteeism. Work performance problems leads to termination even when one has good attendance at a job. If the employees perfoormance does not satisfy the employers standards, the employee is finally fired. It can be on the basis of incompetence, neglect of maintenance, refusal to perform duties, negligence or...
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...CONSTITUTIONAL LAW — PERSONAL JURISDICTION — N O R TH CAROLINA SUPREME COURT FINDS NO JURISDICTION OVER N EW YORK TRUST. — Skinner v. Preferred Credit, 638 S.E.2d 203 (N.C. 2006), reh'g denied, 643 S.E.2d 591 (N.C. 2007). In early March 2007, the Dow Jones Industrial Average plunged nearly 250 points when missed payments by subprime mortgage holders hit a four-year high. Later that month when the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs held hearings on what analysts were already calling a mortgage market crisis, the issues of subprime lending was firmly thrust into the national spotlight By the time Congress began this effort to protect hard-working Americans from unscrupulous financial actors, however, subprime mortgages offered to borrowers whose flawed credit history prevents them from obtaining prime rates were thriving as alternative lending vehicles. Not surprisingly, this burgeoning market, and the sophisticated finical infrastructure that has grown around it, poses important questions for legislators and courts. Recently, in skinner v. Preferred Credit, the North Carolina Supreme court refused to extend personal jurisdiction to a nonresident trust that held a subprime mortgage on in-state realty, allegedly in violations of the state’s usury statutes. By examining the financial infrastructure that legally insulated the trust but ignoring the trust’s functional reach, the court failed to recognize the trust’s purposeful contracts with North Carolina...
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...In the beginning Nigeria was controlled and influenced by the British through the 19th century; Nigeria finally earned its independence in 1960. Nigeria is the largest most populated country in Africa. After 16 years of military rule Nigeria’s independence came in 1960. Today Nigeria is by far Africa’s leader in economic power. Nigeria earned its independence from Great Britain on the first of October 1960. The constitution of Nigeria was not written until the May 5, 1999 and it was not effective until May 29th, 1999. Nigeria has a Federal Republic government system. Nigeria has mixed legal system made up of English common law and Islamic in 12 northern states and Traditional law. Nigeria’s Administrative divisions are broken up in 36 states and 1 territory. Nigeria has a bicameral legislative branch consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives. The Senate has 109 seats each member holding the seat for four years, and the House of Representatives have 360 seats with each member also hold the seats for four years. Nigeria has the world’s eighth largest population; according to ww.cia.gov Nigeria has approximately 174,507,539 as of July 2013. Nigeria is composed of more than 250 ethnic groups. The most prevalent being Hausa and Fulani making up 29% of the population, followed closely behind by Yoruba 21%. Muslim is by far the most popular Religious choice; Christianity is a close second. Nigeria has an average life expectancy of 52 years; this is boosted mostly by...
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...2010 Consider the significance of the Minimata litigation on Japan’s approach to environmental protection. How the environmental protection has changed. How the cases come to court more. The contemporary enactments. “The Minimata litigation is an example of the failure of law and lawyers in Japan”. Discuss. How did the law and lawyers fail. Discuss the role of the courts in protecting human health and the environment in the light of the Minamata (1973) litigation. What was the role of the courts in protecting human health and environment in Minamata. After that, the cases that ensued, what role do courts play. And what about now. ------------------------------------------------- Introduction Pollution cases and product liability cases, where tortfeasors are major companies and the loss is widespread. The development of technology made atomic energy and various highly hazardous materials available. There are also medical malpractice cases. Despite the social changes, provisions regarding tort liability in the Civil Code have remained unchanged. These provisions, especially the general provision of Article 709 , were made intentionally abstract in order to give sufficient discretion to the courts in their interpretation. This enabled the courts to cope with newly emerging problems such as pollution. Thus,...
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...linguists now refer to as Old English or Anglo-Saxon. “Englisc’ was Old English for English, and it comes from the name of the Angles. “The basic building blocks of an English sentence- the, is, you and- are Anglo-Saxon. It is impossible to write a modern sentence without using a feast of Anglo-Saxon words.”(p.58) The Anglo-Saxons were the first speakers of English, but the English they spoke is very much different from what we speak today and it is unintelligible to modern ears. This is an indication that along English’s journey through the years, there were events that occurred to change the language from what it was then to what it is now. The arrival of Christianity in England,Viking invasions and Alfred the Great, the Norman Conquest, the industrial revolution and rise of the technological society, and the rise of the British Empire and global trade are factors and historical...
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...Sasha Klaeb WMST 101 7 May 2013 Assignment 4: Women and Work Question 1, The Glass Escalator: In “The Glass Escalator,” Christine Williams studies the way men are treated and their experiences when working in female dominated occupations, and finds that there exists a glass escalator for men working in these jobs. First, although Williams acknowledges that the proportion of men and women in the labor force is approaching parity, there still exists significant job segregation relating to gender. Both men and women are relegated to single sex occupations, meaning that they work in jobs that society deems more appropriate for men and women. What Williams does in this paper is different from other studies because rather than focusing on women in male dominated occupations and the barriers they face, she studies the underrepresentation of males in predominantly “female” occupations. She examines four typically female dominated occupations: nursing, librarianship, elementary school teaching and social work, and studies the implications of men working in female occupations. From these studies, she finds that unlike females in male dominated jobs, men do not face any discrimination and are in fact promoted and move up the ladder at a much faster pace than women. As one employee put it, there is a preference for men in these female occupations. Williams found that the more female dominated the job or specialty was, the greater the preference for men. The glass escalator...
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...7000. WHAT IS FACTORY? "Factory “means; * Premises, including the precincts. * Ten or more workers. * Working on any day. * Proceeding twelve months, where a manufacturing process is being carried on. * With or without the aid of power, not include a mine. "Factory “means * Premises, including the precincts. * Ten or more workers. * Working on any day. * Proceeding twelve months, where a manufacturing process is being carried on. * With or without the aid of power, not include a mine. "Industrial establishment" means any___ * Tramway or motor omnibus service; * Dock, wharf or jetty; * Inland steam-vessel; * Mine, quarry or oil-field; * Plantation; * Workshop or other establishment in which articles are produced, adapted or manufactured, with a view to their use, transport or sale; INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENT (cont’) * Establishment of a contractor who, directly or indirectly, employs persons to do any skilled or unskilled, manual or clerical labor for hire or reward in connection with the execution of a contract to which, he is a party, and includes the premises in which, or the site at which, any process connected with such execution is carried on. PLANTATION: * Maintained for the purpose of...
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...campus that nestles in a beautiful residential neighborhood along the Cumberland River, and the downtown Avon Williams campus that sits near the center of Nashville’s business and government district. There are many students that come from all across the country. These students bring many different cultures that make Tennessee State what it is today. In 1909, the Tennessee State General Assembly created three normal schools, including the Agricultural and Industrial Normal School, which would grow to become TSU. The first 247 students began their academic careers on June 19, 1912, and William Jasper Hale served as head of the school. Students, faculty, and staff worked together as a family to keep the institution operating, whether the activity demanded clearing rocks, harvesting crops, or carrying chairs from class to class. The school gained the capacity to grant bachelor’s degrees in 1922, reflecting its new status as a four-year teachers’ college. By 1924, the college became known as the Agricultural and Industrial State Normal College and the first degrees were awarded. In 1927, “Normal” was dropped from the name. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, the college grew in scope and stature under the charge “Enter to learn; go forth to serve.” Tennessee State is now on the move. The first president was Mr. Hale. When President Hale retired in 1943 after more than 30 years of service, one of the institution’s growing roster of impressive alumni, Walter S. Davis, was selected...
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