...Capital Structure in cement industry of Pakistan 2 Impact of interest rate on stock market 3 A study based on the effects of interest rate (KIBOR) on share price 4 Market Interest rate and commercial bank profitability in Pakistan 5 Determinants of Corporate dividend payout policy 6 Effects of Free Cash flow on profitability of firms 7 Determinant of dividend payout ratio: A study of Pakistani fertilizer sector 8 Fundamentals and stock returns in Pakistan 9 Effects of mergers and acquisition in banking sector of Pakistan 10 Impact of Privatization of banks on profitability 11 Can risk aversion indicators anticipate financial crises? 12 Cash flow and capital spending relationship: evidence from automobile sector 13 Impact of Privatization on profitability and efficiency of banks in Pakistan 14 To study the relationship between price earning ratio and return on investment 15 A test of price earning ratio to predict future growths 16 Factors affect on the dividend payout ratio (sugar industry) 17 Impact of macro-economic variables on stock sector of Pakistan 18 Relationship between Cash flow and investment spending in textile industry 19 Impact of taxation on firm’s dividend payout/ratio 20 Share price volatility explicatedmeasured by fundamentals 21 Stock price and economic variables ( Interest rate, inflation and GDP) 22 Determinants of P/E Ratio 23 Impact of capital structure on profitability 24 Impact of interest rate changes on bank’s profitability 25...
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...A Study of Impact of RBI policy rates on inflation *Prof. Pallavi Ingale Introduction The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the Indian central bank. The RBI’s most important goal is to maintain monetary stability - moderate and stable inflation in India. The RBI uses monetary policy to maintain price stability and an adequate flow of credit. Rates which the Indian central bank uses for this are the bank rate, repo rate, reverse repo rate and the cash reserve ratio. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) raised repo and reverse repo rates 13 times in previous year. RBI also deregulated savings bank deposit rate with immediate effect. This step was taken to arrest rising inflation in Asia's third largest economy. But this RBI's decision to hike short-term lending and borrowing rates could lead to higher interest rates and impact the growth momentum of the economy. An Indian company has postponed expansion plans and review future profitability projections after the Reserve Bank of India raised key interest rates. The central bank also revised the GDP growth rate for FY11-12 to 7.6% from the earlier 8%, while the projection of WPI inflation has been kept unchanged at 7% for March 2012. Reserve Bank of India (RBI) The Reserve Bank of India was inaugurated as on April 1 1935. Originally, the Reserve Bank was constituted as a shareholders’ bank based on the model leading foreign central banks on that time. The bank ‘s fully paid share capital was Rs. 5 Crores divided into shares of Rs. 100 each...
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...Analyzing the impact of FDI on Inflation of the NAFTA Countries using Fixed Effects Model and Random Effect Model Objective of this study is to examine the impact of foreign direct investment on the inflation of the NAFTA countries (United States, Canada and Mexico). To conduct the analysis we have developed a panel data set consisting of FDI and inflation data of all three countries from 1988 to 2014. One important aspect of this analysis is test the notion that unobservable factors that might simultaneously affect the left hand side and right hand side of the regression are time-invariant. To test this, we need to use Fixed Effects (F-E) model and Random Effects (R-E) model. We used STATA for necessary analysis. Results are presented below: Simple OLS regression (see Table-1) tells us that for NAFTA countries, FDI and inflation is negatively correlated and statistically significant. The estimated coefficient of -.0000251 indicates that for 1 dollar increase in FDI, inflation is expected to decrease by .0000251%, ceteris paribus. The data set has been estimated by both 1) least squares dummy variable (LSDV) estimator. 2) Fixed effects estimator. The LSDV (see Table-2) fits the data better than does the pooled OLS. The F statistic increased from 5.05 to 10.21 (p<0000); SSE (sum of squares due to error or residual) decreased from .633356331 to .482044733; and R2 increased from 0.0601 to 0.2846. Due to the dummies included, this model loses two degrees of freedom (from 79...
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...Topic name Impact of inflation on economic growth NAME: ZARGAM ABBAS Registration: MCM 143001 INTRODUCTION: The major purpose of this study is to examine the impect of inflation on economic on economy growth relationship in the economy of pakistan and to analyze the impact of inflation of gdp growth Pakistan; the unemployment was 3.14 percent in the year 1973; it increased to 3.7 percent in the year 1980, then it started declining and became 2.55 percent in the year 1989. After the year 1989; the unemployment started increasing and it reached to its highest level 8.64 percent in the year 2003he inflation rate changed each year and followed both upward and downward trend. It could be seen from the figure no. 2 for a case of Pakistan Objective: The major objective of the present study is to analyze the impact of inflation on gdp growth in pakistan. It is to evaluate the gdp growth performance and to assess the historical trends of the inflation in pakistan To determine and examine the feasible threshold level of inflation for gdp growth It is needed to exploir if the inflation in the time series caused to reduse the growth of the economy or not Literature Review Wajid and kalim (2007) the impact to test unit root problem and in order to find out the long run relationship among unemployment; inflation, economic growth, trade openness and urban population as share of total population the findings of the study sheds light on the impact of urban population as...
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...Inflation – Impacts On The Economic Growth Of Nigeria By DoubleGist | Published: June 5, 2013 Inflation – Impacts On The Economic Growth Of Nigeria Inflation – Impacts On The Economic Growth Of Nigeria A macroeconomics problem facing Nigeria, and the most disturbing, is the problem of inflation. As a result of its growing rate, Nigerian government is concerned about its impacts on her economic growth. To place an order for the Complete Project Material, pay N5,000 to GTBank (Guaranty Trust Bank) Account Name – Chudi-Oji Chukwuka Account No – 0044157183 Then text the name of the Project topic, email address and your names to 08060565721. Many authors have written on Impacts of inflation on Nigerian economy, but the authors have different views because inflation analysis, nevertheless, one thing common is that all the authors agree that inflation has Impact on Nigerian economic growth. Samuelson (1973), defines inflation as “a general rising prices for breeds, cars, haircut, rising wages, rent etc. Onwukwe (2003), on his side defines inflation as “a significant and sustained rise in the general price level or a declining value of the monetary units. The problem created by the rising prices of goods and services has become two difficult for government to solve. During inflationary period, fixed amounts of money buy less quantity of goods and services. The real value of money is drastically reduced i.e the purchasing power of consumers are reduced. The Impact of rapid...
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...Introduction During recent decades, inflation targeting has become one of the most significant developments in both the theory and the practice of monetary policy. An increasing number of central banks around the world have adopted this strategy as the basic framework governing their respective monetary policies (Friedman, 2004). As this trend has become hot, however, problems arises. A question worth discussing derives from those problems is that how to evaluate the monetary policy conducted by an inflation-targeting central bank. There is a view that the evaluation should not base on simply comparing the actual values for inflation with the inflation target. The reasons for this opinion is quite obvious: first, no central bank has complete control over inflation; second, in practice all central banks also care about stabilising economic activity. In the following sections of this essay, we will first consider the central bank’s responses to a temporary demand shock in detail, and then the case of an inflation shock. A conclusion will be given at the end. A temporary demand shock Assume that there are no productivity or inflation shocks (at=ut=0), and a demand gt shock with persistence µ < 1 takes place at time 0. The natural real interest rate is given by rtn=r+φ-1gt. Substitute MPR into IS curve with the information above, and then use the method of undetermined coefficients, we can have: xt=bggt bg>0 πt-π=cggt cg>0 With the two coefficients...
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...relationship between inflation and growth has remained a controversial one in both theory and empirical findings. Over the past couple of years, a lot of economists have claimed that an increase in economic growth leads to an increase in inflation and that decreased growth reduces inflation. There are several theories to explain the nature and existence of the inflation-economic growth with the theories suggesting that variety of possible conclusions. These include: Classical, Keynesian, Neo-Keynesian, Monetarist, Neo-classical and Endogenous growth theories. Studies have shown that inflation and its variability have significant real costs to the economy with several of the studies indicating that a 10% inflation rate can cause up to 3% loss in the GNP thus many governments have adopted inflation targeting as a dominant economic policy framework. While all the studies agree with Bruno and Easterly conclusion that inflation threshold will occur somewhere below 20% they differ significantly on the specific threshold rates. Most of the studies reviewed conclude that there is indeed a significant negative relationship between inflation and economic growth at high inflation rates in the long run. However, while many sophisticated techniques have been applied in an attempt to explain the relationship between inflation and economic growth; many key questions still remain unresolved. Introduction: The objective of this paper is to study the relationship between inflation and economic growth...
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...(Roll – 232) | GROUP ASSIGNMENT CORRELATION BETWEEN GROWTH AND INFLATION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INDIA & CHINA One of the most fundamental and central macroeconomic policy objectives of the governments, central bankers and economists has been to sustain high growth rate with low inflation. The influences of other macroeconomic variables like aggregate demand, unemployment and investment and that of factors like human and natural capital and technology on economic growth are well-established. But when it comes to the inter-relationship between inflation and economic growth, there are divergences in opinion, more so because of lack of any linearity in the two variables. Introduction Theoretically, it is argued that when growth is caused by rising aggregate demand at low level of unemployment, it would lead to inflationary tendencies. This is because when demand aggregate outstrips the available supply, the disequilibrium would push the prices up. Low and declining unemployment level means wages would also rise and thus price rise caused by demand pull will also bring in the cost push factors to sustain the inflationary conditions. Inflationary tendencies can be thwarted when the aggregate demand pulls are matched by increased productivity and investment. But in the times of inflationary expectations, the investment slackens as the future prospects of earnings deteriorate and thus the inflation continues to spiral. Short- run Philips Curve do give a fair explanation...
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...Summarization of the article The article I would like to discuss about is “The dollars and sense of inflation” for the Straits Times newspaper written by economics correspondent Aaron Low. In the article, the author discusses about the inflation report in Singapore which came with two indicators. The first was a breakdown of how inflation had affected the various income groups. According to the Department of Statistics (DOS), the top 20 percent of income earners face with a 5.7 per cent inflation rate due to the rising costs of private transport and property rental while the bottom 20 per cent saw prices rise by only 4.7 per cent. Another new indicator by DOS excluded the costs of housing rents. DOS reasoned that since 87.2 per cent of Singaporeans own their own housing, the new indicator was complied “as an additional indicator to track households’ actual expenditures. In this indicator, the inflation rate for the lowest 20 per cent was just 2.2 per cent less than half the rate that the top 20 per cent experienced. The writer mentioned that inflation is just half of the equation calculating the impact of rising prices on the welfare of people and how fast incomes have raised equally matters. The writer argues that the lower income groups may have been hit with lower inflation but their incomes also rise by less than what the top percent enjoys. The writer mentioned that another reason not to worry too much about a rise in the consumer price index is that a large part of...
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...WHAT IS INFLATION Inflation is best defined as a sustained increase in the general price level leading to a fall in the purchasing power or value of money MAIN CAUSES OF INFLATION * Demand-pull inflation: Demand-pull inflation is likely when there is full employment of resources and aggregate demand is increasing at a time when SRAS is inelastic. * Cost-push inflation: Cost-push inflation occurs when firms respond to rising costs, by increasing prices to protect their profit margins. There are many reasons why costs might rise: 1. Component cost- This might be because of a rise in world commodity prices such as oil, copper and agricultural products used in food processing 2. Rising labor costs-caused by wage increases, which are greater than improvements in productivity. Wage 3. Higher indirect taxes imposed by the government –A rise in the specific duty on alcohol and cigarettes, an increase in fuel duties or a rise in the standard rate of Value Added Tax. In the case of food rice demand and cost both are playing role. Inflation is an inevitable part of any economy. It is not always a bad thing though and it is necessary in a healthy economy. All in all, inflation keeps our economy going and the world turning, even if portrayed as a villain. HOW INCREASE IN FOOD PRICE IMPACT ON INFLATION The food price hike has accelerated the general inflation rate in the country. If the food price level rises at an existing rate of 1.31 percent per month and if adequate...
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...is Inflation? Simple meaning of inflation, the present value of the currency is going low. What leads to Inflation? Mismatch of demand and supply leads to Inflation, where the purchasing power goes down in Inflation. Inflation is a rise in the general price level of goods and services. Inflation is not the rise of prices, but the excess money printing and expansion of the money supply(Huge example is Zimbabwe, where the inflation is around in thousands). For example, earlier let say a product can be bought at Rs.10, but now the same product cost you Rs.50. An increase of 400%, If you ask any one why this happened, the answer will be simple the cost of production has gone up so the end value. The reason is right, but the perspective is wrong, the price has not gone up but the value of the money has went down. Now a question may arise, what is relation between demand, supply, cost going up? People has excess of money holding with them, which forces them to spend it, by which the demand is going up for the respective product but the supply is same/constant, simple rule applies here, demand is high, supply not reaching demand, price is high. Now you may ask, why do one spend when the rates are already high? The Answer is simple, ask your mother. She says, the prices may go even more up tomorrow, so let me buy and store the stock today itself. What are the types of inflation? Inflation are of two types majorly, Cost Push Inflation and Demand Pull Inflation. In...
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...and is primarily concerned with sizable investments in long-term assets, with long term life. The growing internationalization of business brings stiff competition which requires a proper evaluation and weight age on investment appraisal issues viz. differing project life cycle, impact of inflation, analysis and allowance for risk. Therefore financial managers must consider these issues carefully when making capital budgeting decisions. Inflation is one of the important parameters that govern the financial issues on capital budgeting decisions. Managers evaluate the estimated future returns of competing investment alternatives. Some of the alternatives considered may involve more risk than others. For example, one alternative may fairly assure future cash flows, whereas another may have a chance of yielding higher cash flows but may also result in lower returns. It is because, apart from other things, inflation plays a vital role on capital budgeting decisions and is a common fact of life all over the world. Inflation is a common problem faced by every finance manager which complicates the practical investment decision making than others. Most of the managers are concerned about the effects of inflation on the...
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...shock. Because of the drop in output after the partly accommodative policy, inflation rises by less than the supply shock. The inflation rate will be permanently higher, but by less than the supply shock. 2. The expectation of a higher interest rate is already built into all longer term rates (see expectations theory). If the CB surprises bond traders by keeping rates constant, then longerterm rates will have to reflect lower interest rates and will therefore fall. So keeping the rate constant will result in lower longer-term rates because of the surprise effect. 3. a. An adverse supply shock does not shift the AE curve. With constant real interest rates, aggregate expenditures are unchanged after the supply shock. Output is constant and remains at potential, but the inflation rate will permanently rise in response to the shift in the Phillips curve. Because of the supply shock, actual inflation will exceed expected inflation in 2020. People revise their expectations to the higher observed inflation rate. The Phillips curve will have permanently shifted, resulting in higher inflation at the potential output level. The AE/PC model with time lags reacts to the supply shock in the same way as an economy without time lags. Let’s assume that the central bank did not anticipate the supply shock and that the supply shock occurs in 2020 only. Given those assumptions, the central bank cannot prevent inflation from rising temporarily in an economy with time lags. Even if the central...
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...Problem Statement Rising rate of inflation in Pakistan in last decade, factors that impact this rise in inflation. The factors are monetary i.e. money supply, exchange rate and real GDP and other factors are banking and non-banking borrowings. Research attempts to give solutions for problem that how, why, and when these factors affect the rate of inflation. Research is aimed to identify reasons due to which inflation is rising in Pakistan and give solution for this problem. Review of Literature Inflation & Importance The general movement of a country's overall price level is of primary concern to all and more so if the movement is upward. The problem of inflation has virtually become a major concern for all economies - over the last few decades, Inflation has been accelerating at an alarming rate in most of developing countries. (Mohammed Sabihuddin Butt and Haroon Jamal: A MONETARIST APPROACH TO INFLATION FOR PAKISTAN: Pakistan Economic and Social Review Vol.X XVI No.2 (Winter1988) pp 69-87) Inflation adversely affects the overall growth, the financial sector development and the vulnerable poor segment of the population. There is clear consensus that even moderate levels of inflation damage real growth. Inflation decreases the real income and also induces uncertainty. Considering such adverse impacts of inflation on the economy, there is a consensus among the worlds' leading central banks that the price stability is the prime objective of monetary policy and...
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...The Indian Rupee Crisis Economics Essay-1 In this paper we are going to examine the cause and the impact of rupee depreciation on the Indian economy. Since last few months Indian rupee came under great stress as overseas investors are paring their exposure to Asia’s third-largest economy amid international uncertainty and mounting worries over the domestic economy. In 2009 – 2010 the exchange rate was hovering around the 43 – 45 rupees per US Dollar level. And now it is around 55 – 56 levels, the main reasons to examine are increase in import bill, higher inflation, fiscal mismanagement and all resulting in higher cost of borrowing. The rupee has lost more than 15% of its value this year, making it one of the worst performing currencies in Asia. This paper reviews the probable reasons for this depreciation of the rupee and the outlook for the same. It also reflects on the policy options to help prevent the depreciation of the Rupee. This paper will firstly discuss about the economy of currency to give an overview of the problem and the factors related to it. Afterwards it will be examining the causes of the Indian rupee depreciation with respect to the Indian economy and the global economy. And after that it will analyse the impact of the same on trade and business. Finally, recommending the policy actions in response of the falling currency. II. LITERATURE REVIEW: These papers include the work which have been used as a basis or reference for formulating the policies regarding...
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