...THE FRENCH REVOLUTION The French Revolution, which erupted in 1789 marked a turning point inthe history of human struggle for freedom and equality. It put an end tothe age of feudalism and ushered in a new order of society. An outline of this revolution will explain to you the kind of turmoil that occurred inEurope. This revolution brought about far reaching changes in not onlyFrench society but in societies throughout Europe. Even countries in othercontinents such as, India, were influenced by the ideas generated duringthis revolution. Ideas like liberty, fraternity and equality, which now form a part of the preamble to the Constitution of India, owe their origin to theFrench Revolution. It changed the political structure of European societyand replaced the age of feudalism by heralding the arrival of democracy.There were many significant themes, which arose due to the impact of thisRevolution, which have been the focus of interest of the early sociologists.These significant themes included the transformation of property, the socialdisorder, caused by the change in the political structure and its impact onthe economic structure. A new class of power holders emerged - thebourgeoisie. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The Industrial Revolution began around 1760 A.D. in England. It broughtabout great changes in the social and economic life of the people first inEngland, then in the other countries of Europe and later in other continents.In Europe, especially England...
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...The eighteenth century is best known for the being the birth of the enlightenment movement. Deemed the age of reason due to the scientific revolution that occurred, a shift from the mystic to scientific fact occurred. Despite this shift in beliefs, mysticism was still present due to the methods that were used to spread scientific discovery also allowed for the spread of mystic ideologies. According to Sir Micheal Drummett, a British philosopher, mystics objects such a Tarot cards, thrived during the eighteenth century into the early nineteenth century. Tarot cards were able to be incredibly popular during this time because of the social climate of the long eighteenth century. In order to understand why Tarot was popular during the long eighteenth century, one must look a...
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...Invention of Photography Photography, a nineteenth century scientific invention, has like many other technical innovations of the era “dramatically altered mankind’s perception and experience of the world, “an effect that continues to this day.” The invention of photographs defines the beginning of the modern era due to the effects it had on new systems of representation including graphic design and advertising. The photograph evolved and “it was this fertile and receptive soil” of the nineteenth century which saw its serious development. From the birth of lithography to the development of chromolithography, and the new systems of representation in graphic design and advertising on billboards, posters, and in magazines, its invention next to the printed word, is still the “widest form of communication” since the beginnings of the modern era. The ability and need to create and reproduce photographs ourselves has created a virtual reality that has Become an inescapable part of our modern era. The invention of photography as we know it in the modern world today is one which not one person can solely be praised for as many generations have been involved in its perfection. The concept behind photography is the “camera obscure” Latin for “dark chamber”, and was a room or box with a small opening or lens in one side which was known to the ancient world as early as Aristotle and Leonardo da Vinci in the fourth century B.C. As scientific discoveries grew over thousands of years,...
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...study an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors which are influenced by the actual, imagines, or implied presence of others. As seen from this definition there is a direct link between social science and the individual psychology. Social psychology cannot be seen as a linear phenomenon. This is because social psychology has been derived from a combination of influences. The development of social psychology can be discussed in two different ways. Firstly, social psychology is argued to be found upon political movements and social philosophies in the United Stated of America. Secondly, it can be argued that social psychology has developed in response to social and political needs. There have been debates regarding whether social psychology should be dealt as a natural science or not. The ideology of natural science is very important as it affects the way the social psychologist deals with the situations. For example, if there are specific scientific objectives then the study can be laboratory based and use experimental procedures in order to gain knowledge. Psychologists who use this positivistic method are classified as experimental social psychologists. On the other hand, critical-social psychologists have competed with the experimental-social psychologists. The strength of the critical-social psychologists is that they’ve used a range of different methods in research, and have not limited to scientific knowledge. This includes both qualitative and quantitative methods...
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...Industrial Revolution in America after the Civil War, concentrating on the major industries and their leaders. LO 2 Explain why the late 1800s in America have sometimes been called the “Age of Innovation.” LO 3 Describe how America’s regional and local markets merged into one truly national market, and how this influenced the consumer demand for products and services. 9781133438212, HIST2, Volume 2, Kevin M. Schultz - © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. No distribution allowed without express authorization “ The world that had consisted of small farms, artisans’ workshops, and small factories transformed into a full-scale industrial society. ” The Art Archive / Culver Pictures As the process of ensuring political, economic, and social rights of African Americans waned during the 1870s, most Americans turned their attenNo invention had more lasting impact than the incandestion to another transformacent light bulb. tion brought on by the Civil Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree War: the Industrial Revolution. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 During the half-century between 1865 and 1915, the United States evolved from a relative economic backwater to become the most powerful economy in the world. Industrialization played a key role in the nation’s advances, and both the Civil War and a core group of innovative, aggressive, farsighted, and opportunistic entrepreneurs were the main stimulants of growth. They embodied the optimism and inventiveness of the late nineteenth century...
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...History of Psychology Psychology is known as the scientific study of mental and behavioral processes. We can trace psychology back to a time when philosophy was the main school of thought. Humans have always been intrigued by the mind and how it works. What a lot of people do not realize is that psychology evolved from ideas of the early philosophers into a science all of its own. I will start by going over the early philosophers that constituted the beginning of psychology. I will also examine the Western philosophers who largely contributed to the formation of psychology as a formal discipline. Finally, I will explore how psychology developed into a “true” science in the 19th century. When we look back at where psychology began at, we must first look at Greek philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle (470-320 B. C.). They were the first to start questioning the mind and its processes. Socrates influenced science as a whole by creating hypotheses and then eliminating those which were not possible. One of psychology’s main processes is asking questions to learn. Plato, who was a student of Socrates, outlined three aspects of the psyche which were: reason, feeling and appetite. He also wrote about the biformity of the psyche and the connection between mind and body (Hergenhahn, 2009). Plato’s ideas were a lot like those of Freud’s notions about the id, ego and superego. Aristotle, who studied under Plato, wrote De Anima, which is considered to be the first book on...
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...（1） In 1945, just after World War II, the alliance between the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union ended. An intense rivalry between communist and non-communist nations led to the Cold War. It's called the Cold War because it never led to armed or "hot" conflict. At the end of World War II, at the Yalta Conference, Germany was divided into four occupied zones controlled by Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States. Berlin was also divided into four sections. Lack of a mutual agreement on German re-unification was a important background of the Cold War. And on March 5, 1946, Winston Churchill, gave his "iron curtain" speech while at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri, which marked the start of the Cold War. The cold war did not end until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. During this period, the United States and the USSR confronted each other in politics, economy, ideology, and so on. And they nearly divided this world into two camps, socialist camp and capitalist camp, what made the conflict on ideology especially sharp. Every incident in the world could not happened without reasons, and the original cause may happened quite long ago. So there are long term causes and short causes of the Cold War. One of the short term causes is that the US President had a personal dislike of the Soviet leader Josef Stalin. At the Potsdam Conference starting in late July 1945, serious differences emerged over the future development of Germany and...
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...Part C Section Two: Structure and Written Expression 1. The role of the ear is acoustic disturbances into neural signals suitable for transmission to the brain. A) to code B) so that coded (C) coded (D) it coding 2. The imagist movement in poetry arose during the second decade of the twentieth century against romanticism, A) when a revolt B) as a revolt C) a revolt was D) that a revolt 3. Virtually species have biological clocks that regulate their metabolism over a 24-hour period. A) all there are B) all C) all are D) they all 4. According to United States criminal law, insanity may relieve a person from the usual legal consequences A) what his or her acts have B) of his or her acts are C) of his or her acts D) what of his or her acts 5. In addition to a place where business deals are made, a stock exchange collects statistics, publishes price quotations, and sets rules and standards for trading. A) being B) it is C) that which D) where is 6. The first inhabitants of the territories Canada came across the Bering Strait and along the edge of the Arctic ice. A) make up that now B) make up now that (C) that make up now (D) that now make up 7. need for new schools following the Second World War that provided the sustained thrust for the architectural program in Columbus, Indiana. A) Since the B) To be the C) The D) It was the 8. The soybean contains vitamins, essential minerals...
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...TExES I Texas Examinations of Educator Standards Preparation Manual 133 History 8–12 Copyright © 2006 by the Texas Education Agency (TEA). All rights reserved. The Texas Education Agency logo and TEA are registered trademarks of the Texas Education Agency. Texas Examinations of Educator Standards, TExES, and the TExES logo are trademarks of the Texas Education Agency. This publication has been produced for the Texas Education Agency (TEA) by ETS. ETS is under contract to the Texas Education Agency to administer the Texas Examinations of Educator Standards (TExES) program and the Certification of Educators in Texas (ExCET) program. The TExES program and the Examination for the Certification of Educators in Texas (ExCET) program are administered under the authority of the Texas Education Agency; regulations and standards governing the program are subject to change at the discretion of the Texas Education Agency. The Texas Education Agency and ETS do not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, or disability in the administration of the testing program or the provision of related services. PREFACE The State Board for Educator Certification (SBEC) has developed new standards for Texas educators that delineate what the beginning educator should know and be able to do. These standards, which are based on the state-required curriculum for students—the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS)—form the basis for new Texas Examinations...
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...Frederick Taylor is often called the” father of scientific management” .Taylor believed that any organizations should study tasks and develop precise procedures. The classical scientific management branch arose because of the need to increase productivity and efficiency. Henry gantt, an associate of Taylor’s, developed the Gantt chart. This was a bar graph that measured, planned and finished work along each stage of the production. This was based on time instead of volume, weight or quantity. This visual display chart is an extensively used control and planning tool and has been utilised since its development in early nineteenth century. “Taylor’s scientific management principles and practices have had a profound impact on management ,industrial engineering and ,to a lesser extent ,industrial psychology .Many of Taylor’s foundational principles will continue to be valuable for centuries to come” (Taneja et al .2011) The central thesis of the paper ‘The Ideas of Frederick W. Taylor: An Evaluation’ refers to the idea of scientific management, also known as ‘Taylorism’. This theory can be defined as “an approach that involves using scientific methods to define the “one best way” for a job to be done” (management 6th edition,p46)...
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...fighting for independence. "Brazil's nineteenth-century experience, not only retained a monarchical form of government while every other independent country in Latin America became republic, but declared independence while keeping the Portuguese royal family on the throne." (Levine, xiv) Though Brazil was an exception because there was no war of independence but there was chaotic mess. One important leader who helped create the monarchy and guided the first emperors of Brazil went by the name of Jose Bonifacio de Andrada e Silva. Before he was considered one of the founding fathers in Brazil he was, “a Brazilian-born statesman and natural scientist” (Encyclopedia of World Biography) Bonifacio was in a well position in society because he went to school in São Paulo, Brazil then received his higher education in Portugal in the University of Coimbra. Jose Bonifacio graduated and obtained a degree in philosophy and law. He was very prominent in science and governmental issues. Soon after he graduated from the university, Bonifacio was involved in a scientific mission involving, “mining, mineralogy, and chemistry in Paris and mining in Saxony.” (Encyclopedia) He was well known in Portuguese government because, “The survey took 10 years and gained him a reputation as a natural scientist of note.” (Encyclopedia of World Biography) Through his good reputations, Bonifacio immediately began being appointed by the government though it would not involve scientific issues. He would contribute and...
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...be done, so many accepted principles that might be challenged, that without some guidance from our preconceptions one could do nothing at all. It is just that philosophical principles have not generally provided us with the right preconceptions. In our hunt for the final theory, physicists are more like hounds than hawks; we have become good at sniffing around on the ground for traces of the beauty we expect in the laws of nature, but we do not seem to be able to see the path to the truth from the heights of philosophy. Physicists do of course carry around with them a working philosophy. For most of us, it is a rough-and-ready realism, a belief in the objective reality of the ingredients of our scientific theories. But this has been learned through the experience of scientific research and rarely from the teachings of philosophers. This is not to deny all value to philosophy, much of which has nothing to do with science....
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...guidelines to help us analyze, deconstruct, interpret and evaluate different literary works. Literary critics have borrowed concepts from other disciplines, like linguistics, psychology, and anthropology, to analyze imaginative literature more perceptively. Mass media critics, such as newspaper reviewers, usually spend their time evaluating works—telling us which books are worth reading, which movies not to bother seeing. We usually see literary criticism in a book review or critical essay; however, nowadays the Internet has made all forms of criticism readily available in everything from personal blogs to social media. In this discussion, we will take a look at the different Perspectives and Techniques in Literary Criticism and how they influenced literary works. CLASSICISM Classicism is a specific genre of philosophy, expressing itself in literature, architecture, art, and music.Classicism both as an art style and as the first theory of art was defined by the ancient Greeks, emulated by the Romans, and then continued to appear in various...
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...Karl Marx was influenced to establish his theory on alienation by his observations of the social, economic and political developments of the industrial revolution during the middle to late nineteenth century. His assertion was that newly founded industrial processes’, which were much different from imperial and feudal societies, isolated workers from their labor under the confines of the capitalism system. Because of the industrial revolution, many workers had to endure low wages, long hours and a substandard working environment under the exacting observation of profit driven owners. Alienation from Marx can be summarized into four different aspects: 1) the alienation of the worker from the product of his labor; 2) the alienation of the worker in the process of production; 3) the alienation of the worker from his creative self; and 4) the alienation of the worker from society (Hodsen & Sullivan, 2007). The worker no longer carries any connection to the product that they produce. Work is carried out in a monotonous and routine process where the worker is focused on a specialization of labor and they have little to no control over the disposition of the product. When a product is produced, he does not own it and only provides tangible goods for the capitalist to sell and make a profit. Products are not a conceived out of desire but rather as a means to an existence and consequently becomes a slave to the object. For Marx, the monotonous redundancy of this labor is highly...
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...during and after the end of the hundred years of Rana Oligarchy in 1950, 1990 and 2006. These movements did not only change the political power, but also substantively affected the structure of the prevalent Nepalese society. Hereupon, ethnic, Dalit, women and Madesh movement with the demand of identity and inclusion have been reaching their peak in these recent years. We can analyze all these movements of Nepal under the important and essential theory of New Social Movement. The Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) fought twelve years People's war under the doctrine developed by Mao Tse-tung of China, but raised many issues highly influenced by the New Social Movement such as ethnic, gender, Dalit and Madesh related to the identity and human rights, not based on socialism or communism. The article 'New Social Movements: of the Early Nineteenth Century' written by Craig Calhoun is important to make our perception on the various social movements of Nepal. It is new concept in the sociological theory which was developed after only 1968, different than old social movements like the Marxism, socialism and labour movement of the past. Most of the contemporary social movements are emerged outside the mainstream political system, political parties and formal institutional life and inspired by the non-hierarchical, participatory form of democracy, human rights, social justice, environmental preservation and peace. It is true that only Marxism could not analyze the broad peripheries of the...
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