...Formal vs. Informal Communication Research finds that 70% of all organizational communication occurs at the grapevine level ( (Bauer, T., & Erdogan, B, 2013). To me “grapevine information” is not 100% valid since it arise from social interaction, it is as fickle, dynamic and varied as people are though it is very useful in supplementing formal channels. Nearly all of the information within the grapevine is undocumented and is thereby open to change and interpretation as it moves through the network. It often travels faster than formal channels. The grapevine is very useful in supplementing formal channels. It provides people with an outlet for their imaginations and apprehensions as well. It also helps satisfy a natural desire to know what is really going on. A communication may be 90% correct in details but that last 10% is often the most important part of the message (Mishra, 2013). Messages from the grapevine are often lacking in all the details so that the message is subject to misinterpretation; while the grapevine generally carries the truth it seldom carries the whole truth. Managers should accept the fact and decide how they can use it to their own benefit since they are inevitable Every organization has a formal communication system. This formal system provides information regarding the organization to the employees through different media. The formal network, made up of memos, reports, staff-meetings, department meetings, conferences, company newsletters...
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...C211 COHORT GLOBAL ECONOMICS FOR MANAGERS Wade C. Roberts, Ph.D. Peng Chapter 2 Understanding Formal Institutions: Politics, Laws, and Economics Wade C. Roberts, Ph.D. Education: Economics Doctorate, University of Utah Expert Fields: Development, Labor, Public, Health, Gender, Forensic Economics Current Research: Microfinance, Poverty & Socioeconomics in Cambodia “The Success and failure of firms around the globe are determined by firms’ ability to understand and take advantage of the different rules of the game”. Understanding Institutions… • What is an institution? • “The humanly devised constraints that structure human interaction” • Douglass North (Nobel Laureate) Understanding Institutions… • Institutional Framework • Formal and informal institutions governing individual/firm behavior. • Supported by three pillars: • Regulatory • Normative • Cognitive Understanding Institutions… • Regulatory Pillar (formal) • Coercive power of governments • Laws, regulations, rules • Normative Pillar (informal) • The values, beliefs and actions of a group (emotions) • Cognitive Pillar (informal) • Internalized values and beliefs that guide behavior • Culture & Ethics (logic) • How do these pillars shape behavior? Understanding Institutions… • What is the KEY ROLE of an institution? • Reduce Uncertainty! • Institutions constrain the range of acceptable actions. • Uncertainty surrounding economic transactions...
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...Phonostylistics as a branch of phonetics; its linkage with other linguistic disciplines. Extralinguistic factors causing phonetic modifications of speech. Definition and overall info. Pronunciation styles The term phonostylistics stands for the phonological processes conditioned by style, i.e. style-sensitive or style-dependent ones. A scale of styles may be set up in a variety of ways, still it is generally encompassed within the extremes of emphatic vs. informal, with formal in between. Emphatic style is well-exemplified by motherese and citation forms, informal styles include casual, colloquial, intimate, while a speech, a lecture, or a job interview are examples of a formal style. For the purposes of clarity, I will refer to a simplified binary distinction between formal vs. informal only. As far as the informal style is concerned, there exists the whole array of terms in the literature used to refer to approximately the same type of speech: fast, rapid, allegro, casual, connected, informal, real, spontaneous, or conversational. With respect to the primary style-differentiating criteria, the term casual seems to be the most adequate or, indeed, the least narrow or vague. The criteria are: tempo of speech and attention paid to speech. The criteria take on different values depending on the situation in which a speech act takes place (topic, aim, relation to the interlocutor, place of a conversation) and on the individual features of the speaker. Most commonly, exactly...
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...Communication Networks: Formal vs. Informal Communication Communication skills are essential for everyone in the business organization whether it is for business executives, sales employees or even labor workers. An example would be how sales representatives of the company are required be eloquent and persuasive speakers in order for them to be able to sell the products or how labor workers in the chemical factory also need to communicate effectively in order to avoid delay in production or conflicts or how business executives are able to convey their visions and delegate tasks to their subordinates. However, to reach optimal effectiveness in communication, simply having leaders or employees with good communication skills are not sufficient for business to succeed as it only accounts for small degree of communication effectiveness. Organization needs to develop effective communication networks for employers and employees to communicate throughout the organization structure. To be more specific, it is how organization improves the communication flow within and across each business departments. Communication networks are categorized into two categories: Formal and Informal Communication Networks. However the question remains whether which types of communication networks are more effective. Formal Communication The best way to describe formal communication networks is what is known as organizational chart. It is simply a system designed by management to dictate how communication...
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...Your Name: JEREMY SANDERS Chapter – Structuring Organizations for Today’s Challenges Instructions: Fill in the blanks and turn into Blackboard as indicated by the instructor. Please use full sentences in your answers and correct grammar. You will be providing definitions in the top portion of the document and answers to learning goals in the bottom portion. Word | Definition | Organizing | A management function that includes designing the structure of the organization and creating conditions and systems in which everyone and everything work together to achieve the organization’s goals and objectives. | Division of Labor | Determining what work needs to be done and then dividing up the tasks among the three of you. | Job specialization | Dividing tasks into smaller jobs. | Departmentalization | The process of setting up individual departments to do specialized tasks. | Organizational structure | Consists of devising a division of labor; setting up teams or departments to do specific task; and assigning responsibility and authority to people. It also includes allocating resources, assigning specific tasks, and establishing procedures for accomplishing the organizational objectives. | Economies of scale | The situation in which companies can reduce their production costs if they can purchase raw materials in bulk; the average cost of goods goes down as production levels increase. | Unity of command | Each worker is to report to one, and only one, boss. | Esprit...
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...and cultural anthropology, political science, strategic management, and organizational behavior. To become a successful manager in today’s organizations, mangers must understand and adjust to organizational concepts, implementation and management of change within organizations, concepts of systems of theory problem solving and decision making. As a manger in my current organization, this course has taught me how to improve my managerial skills through recognizing and understanding the concepts mentioned above. The following is a complete system analysis of my company based on the Six-Box Model. Within the six-box model I will demonstrate how the following factors: (1) Boundaries and Environments; (2) Organizational Structure; (3) Formal and Informal Systems; (4) Reward Systems; (5) Power; (6) Force Field Analysis, (7) Organizational Interventions; and (8) Reactions to Proposed Changes affect a managers management style. Organizational Boundaries and Environments Boundaries in organizations can be defined as “the umbrella under which rules are implemented to shape their purpose and goals.” (Ware, 2005). Boundaries are in place to determine the sphere of influence for the internal activities of an organization and to govern the reactions to external environments (Ware, 2005). In my organization there are written policies which address the boundaries which are internal to the organization. Some of these internal boundaries include policy’s on sick time, vacation...
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...1. How does the meaning of "culture" differ in sociology from it's common everyday meaning? Refined music, art, and literature is referred to as culture in everyday life. People who are well versed in hese topics, are considered to be cultured. However, in sociology, the meaning of culture is more than the object or behavior. Sociologically, the term culture is the sum of inherited customs, beliefs, values and knowledge. 2. Distinguish among each of the following pairs of concepts, informal vs formal, norms vs folkways, and norms vs sanctions. Sociologists classify norms as either formal or informal. A formal norm has been written down and spcifies strict punishment. Mores have a greater significance for the welfare of society, and violations can result in severe punishments, where as folkways are looked at as contempt and are merely frowned on by society. Norms are rules that people follow without thnking about them; sanctions are rewards and penalties that help enforce society's value system. 3. How did Charles Horton Cooley approach the socialization process? In 1902, Charles Horton Cooley coined the phrase " the looking glass self". The term refers to his belief that people shape their identity based on how others percieve them. Basing themselves on the perception of others cofirms their opinion of themselves. The three main components of the looking glass self are, we imagine how we appear to others, we imagine how that appearance is judged and we develop our self through...
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...Formal and Informal Assessments Diane Suzuki Western Governor’s University June 22, 2014 There are several ways to assess students in the c lassroom, these include Formal and Informal assessments. Every teacher needs methods to unders tand whether the students are grasping the concepts they are being taught. To determine this the teacher uses several types of assessments. In some cases, formal assessments are most beneficial in determining understanding and in other cases the teacher can use informal methods in understandi ng the students’ learning. Formal assessments are, according to the website education-portal.com, “are systematic, preplanned methods of testing students that are used to determine how well studen ts have learned the material that is being taught i n the classroom.” (Flanagan, D., Mascolo, J., Hardy-B raz, S., 12/2009, NP), They are standardized tests, essay exams, and final exams. While formal assessm ents show overall achievement in a subject or subjects, informal assessments are used to inform i nstruction, they help the teacher understand where changes in a lesson plan or instructional method mi ght need to occur to help student learning. (Weaver , Brenda, ND, NP) One form of Formal assessment are the standardized achievement tests given to students during the year. These assessments shows the stude nts’ developed skills or knowledge in particular subjects. They can be compared...
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...Culture 1. Introduction to Culture 2. How culture affects managerial approaches 3. Trompenaar’s Cultural Dimensions 4. Geert Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions 5. Cultural challenges when entering a new market 6. Pros and Cons of entering a new market with an adapted/standardized product 7. Characteristics of culture 8. Conclusion 9. Values in Culture 10. Value Similarities and Differences across cultures Introduction to Culture There is no doubt that the international marketing process do face a large set of variables as it take place over different countries and it does act in different environments. One of the most determinant environments to the success of the international marketing process is Culture, which hold the reason for many human acts and behavior. Reaching to that point international marketer should study deeply culture treaties of a country the company is planning to act in. so that special amendments in the organization overall plans and actions is made to act in accordance with the new market variables The role of culture in international business and marketing Culture is a distinctive element of international marketing. While factors besides culture are present, culture could be a key determinant of most overseas relationships. Researchers agree that exchange processes within business networks can only be understood by conducting studies in different countries and cultures. For example, studies...
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...one listens and corresponds with others. Though there are many definitions of the term everyone may have their own general idea what it is to communicate as well as understand what is being communicated to them. In this paper the author will be discussing some major points such as the process of verbal and nonverbal communication, differences between listening and hearing, formal and informal channels of communication associated with criminal justice, barriers in effective communication, and strategies that may be implemented to overcome those barriers. In order for people to communicate effectively there is a process that involves verbal and nonverbal communication. Within this process there are 5 steps that are followed. The first step is transmitting and idea. This is the forming of one or more thoughts. The expression of the idea is an intentional act put forth by the person with the formed idea. The second step is sending the idea through a medium. There are several different ways to send the message and they are as follows: orally, in writing, or by action. Sending a message that is written vs. orally can make a major difference in how it is understood. When sending a message orally the tone of one’s voice can dictate to another how the message should be taken. Thirdly is receiving the message. Receipt of a message is the most critical step in the communication process. If the message is not received then is simply cannot be acted upon. The final step in the...
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...Magazine. It was stating from 1923 at California and it is still so popular in movie, TV program, theme parks, resorts and destination, entertainment, and games. The Walt Disney Company is a diversifies worldwide entertainment company with operations in four major business parts which are studio entertainment, parks and resorts, media networks and consumer products. They have 11 theme parks around the world, cable television network like Disney channel and ESPN. After precisely doing several research and analysis towards the Walt Disney Company, we would like to discuss three major topic regarding about what environmental factors that influenced its management style, what type of organizational structure it is, and how and where might the informal organization be a real asset at Disney? Management style is particularly important during crisis. There are some significant environmental factors constantly affecting the management style of a business, including Disney. Disney has to operate in an extremely complex environment on account of the internationalization of its operations and the strong competition it faces from diverse firms in the entertainment business. These environmental factors are usually unpredictable; therefore the Walt Disney Company must change its management style to align with the environment in order to stay competitive in the complexity of businesses. Some of the environmental factors influenced the management style at Disney are:...
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...Scientific Management (Frederick Taylor) → → → → Example #2: Bureaucracy (Max Weber) → → → → → → • • • • Clear, hierarchical system of authority Division of labor according to specialization Complete, “universal” system of rules re: personnel rights & responsibilities Exhaustive procedures for work performance Selection and promotion based on technical competence Impersonal member relations Status of communication: Viewed as a managerial tool to command and control workers Function: Emphasis on production & maintenance Structure: Formal, hierarchical, & downward Informal, horizontal, & social communication = obstacles that should be squelched II. HUMAN RELATIONS & RESOURCES (1930-1965) Some general assumptions of the Human RELATIONS movement: • • • “A happy worker is a productive worker” (shift from objective work design to social dimensions of work). Organizations should reflect more democratic values and open communication. Informal communication is inevitable and useful to managers (for example, to assess and influence employee satisfaction). Example #1: Managers & (Mis)communication (F. J. Roethlisberger) • • • Management is a verbal activity involving the use (i.e., persuading) and...
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...Name ___________________________ Ms. Brown Date ____________________________ Look at each word, and circle the one that is spelled correctly. 1. spoun spoon spun 2. purlpe perple purple 3. honey hunney huny 4. kool cuul cool 5. country kuntry contrie 6. chinge change cange 7. shark sharc shakr 8. belk belt blet 9. iese eyse eyes 10. cadr card kard Formal vs. informal, formative vs. summative, these are different types of assessment. In the field of education, an assessment refers to “the wide variety of methods that educators use to evaluate, measure, and document the academic readiness, learning progress, and skill acquisition of students from preschool through college and adulthood. It is an integral part of instruction, as it determines whether or not the goals of education are being met. Assessment affects decisions about grades, placement, advancement, instructional needs, curriculum, and, in some cases, funding” (Pellegrino, J. W. (2014). for an educator, an assessment is a way that they are asking the student to show what it is that they are understanding the subject. it also helps them to see if the educational goals and standards are being met. assessments are not being done just because the teacher enjoys it or wants to stress the students. there are characteristics that make the student assessment reliable, as well as motivational factors that assessments have to encourage students...
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...Contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Case description 2 Management style 3 Staff behaviors 3 Communication systems 4 3. Conceptual framework 4 4. Data and Analysis 5 Management style 5 Staff behaviors 7 Communication System 8 5. Managers embarking upon the issues 11 6. Conclusion 11 7. Recommendations 12 8. Personal Experience 12 References 14 Appendix 16 Low vs. high power distance 16 Individualism vs. collectivism 16 Masculinity vs. femininity 16 Long vs. short term orientation 16 1. Introduction Businesses in these times of rapid growth are experiencing globalization and economic development that tends them to expand and grow at international level (Bennis and Nanus, 1985). For the expansion of the business at international level, firms tend to exchange their cultures and during the exchange conflict is natural to arise as the minds of people in different areas differ greatly. Due to the advancement in technology, physical barriers affecting the expansion of the business internationally have been overcome but there exist a number of cultural barriers thereby complicating the cross-cultural management for the managers (Adler and Graham 1989 referring Mishler; 1965, p.517). This study focuses on the cross-cultural management of two companies’ i.e. a Swedish company and its subsidiary in China. The two companies have entirely different cultures and therefore they are facing difficulties in exchanging the cultures (Martinsons &...
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...Finally it will analyse the factors which influence individual behaviour at work. Organisational Structure First of all, an organisational structure refers to how an organisation has Hierarchical subordinates of persons concerned to achieve the same goal. The culture of an organisation can be described as the value, attitudes and beliefs of people within an organisation. The structure and the culture of the organisation reflects the aims and strategies to be accomplished. Formal and Informal organisation In order to have control of an organisation’s performance, an organisation would have some type of deliberate organisational structure. This is called a formal organisation; Structures are clearly organised by dividing departments, level of authority, responsibility and communication line. On the other hand, there are informal organisations. An Informal organisation does not have a specific structure or a planned division of responsibility and this type of organisations can be seen within formal organisations. Geographic Structure A structure with one head office who has the power to control all departments, and several regional or territorial departments where they run the production or service. For example, An airline company would have an head office in a country and departments spread all over the world. These departments whether in country A or country B, will have the same structure such as the finance, human resource and marketing and sales, therefore their...
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