...RESEARCH DESIGN Qualitative, Quantitative. and Mixed Methods Approaches SECOND EDITION John W. Creswell University of Nebraska, Lincoln SAGE Publications International Educational and Professional Publisher Thousand Oaks London New Delhi ~ 6 7 6 3Copyright O 2003 by Sage Publications, Inc. -3 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Cover image copyright O Sheldan CollinsICorbis; used by permission. For information: Sage Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: order@sagepub.com Sage Publications Ltd. 6 Bonhill Street London EC2A 4PU United Kingdom Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd. M-32 Market Greater Kailash I New Delhi 110 048 India Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Creswell, John W. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches I by John W. Creswel1.- 2nd ed. p. cm Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 0-7619-2441-8 (c) - ISBN 0-7619-2442-6 (pbk.) 1. Social sciences-Research-Methodology. 2. Social sciences-Statistical methods. I. Title. H62 .C6963 2002 30W.7'2-dc21 Acquiring Editor: Editorial Assistant: Production Editor: Copy Editor: Typesetter: Cover Designer: ...
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...Research on Contemporary OD Practitioner Tools Donald Austin Gilbreath Brandman University 4/26/2015 Abstract The goal of this paper is to explore the various ways in which to integrate contemporary organization development (OD) practices and interventions within organizational settings. The following literature research review includes a broad overview of the OD contemporary change methodologies, an in-depth perspective of related OD to change, and an applicable example of a specific organization. Keywords: organizational development, contemporary tools, change Organizational Development & Practitioner Tools The topic of organization development (OD) focuses on the effective implementation of change within an organization and is often broken down into two primary change methodologies of either classic or contemporary change intervention. The following article seeks to provide a broad overview of the OD change methodologies, an in-depth perspective in change initiatives of OD consultants and an actual applicable example of these OD practitioner tools used in real life. “Organization development has emerged to allow the voice of all organizational members to be heard and all organizational talent to be captured” (Jackson, 2006, p. 216). The field has many challenges in addressing both the human and the organizational sides of change initiatives in an attempt to get everyone on board in embracing change. Overview When organizations are resistant to necessary...
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...- 134 - CHAPTER 4 Research design and methodology 4.1 Theoretical framework 4.1.1 Introduction Every type of empirical research has implicit, if not explicit, research design. In the most elementary sense, the design is a logical sequence that connects empirical data to a study's initial research questions and ultimately, to its conclusions. In a sense the research design is a blueprint of research, dealing with at least four problems: what questions to study, what data are relevant, what data to collect, and how to analyze the results (Yin, 1994). It is much more than a work plan because the main purpose is to help to avoid the situation in which the evidence does not address the initial research questions. Hence the research design deals with a logical problem and not a logistical problem, and also specifies how the investigator will address the two critical issues of representation and legitimization. Furthermore, a research design describes a flexible set of guidelines that connects theoretical paradigms to strategies of inquiry and methods for collecting empirical material. It situates researchers in the empirical world and connects them to specific sites, persons, groups, institutions, and bodies of relevant interpretive material, including documents and archives. This chapter covers the methods of the study. In the main, it...
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...Analysis of Qualitative Research Designs In a research or evaluation process, the appropriateness of the qualitative designs is essential. This paper analyzes the qualitative design used in Useem’s (2009) article “Big City Superintendent as Powerful CEO: Paul Vallas in Philadelphia.” This article uses the case study qualitative design. Case study is suitable in a research interested in understanding how and why of a certain event (Rowley, 2002). In Useem’s study, the design was used because the study was aiming to understand how the change of using the Superintendent title in district schools to chief executive officers or chancellor affects the school performance. The article problem statement was that the change of the Superintendent title in district schools to chief executive officers or chancellor increased the power of the Superintendent in some big district schools. Increase of power was vital because the Superintendents roles in school were being affected by the emergency of other stakeholders in the education system. The study had a purpose of understanding how the introduction of the No Child Left Behind Act in 2002 has affected the powers of the Superintendent in the management of district schools. To achieve this purpose, the sample for the study was derived from a multiple sources. The sample comprised of different groups that include groups for interview, in-depth interview, observations, documents analysis and analysis of reform meetings on schools. A multiple...
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...The auditor should evaluate the design effectiveness of controls by determining whether the entity's controls, if they are applied as prescribed by persons possessing the necessary authority and competence to perform the control effectively, satisfy the entity's control objectives, and can effectively prevent, or detect and correct misstatements caused by errors or fraud that could result in material misstatements in the financial statements. Procedures performed to evaluate design effectiveness may include a mix of inquiry of appropriate personnel, observation of the entity's operations, and inspection of relevant documentation. Walkthroughs that include these procedures ordinarily are sufficient to evaluate design effectiveness. The auditor should test the operating effectiveness of a control by determining whether the control is operating as designed and whether the person performing the control possesses the necessary authority and competence to perform the control effectively procedures performed test operating effectiveness may include a mix of inquiry of appropriate personnel, observation of the entity’s operations, inspection of relevant documentation, recalculation and re-performance of the control. In addition, the auditor should vary the nature, timing, and extent of testing of controls from year to year to introduce unpredictability into the testing and respond to changes in circumstances. For this reason, each year the auditor might test controls...
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...Contributing Inquiry and Research in Education Danielle A. Hayes Capella University Abstract [The abstract is a summary of every main point in your paper. For this assignment, include a brief description of background information, action research purpose, inquiry design, and reflection.] Table of Contents Introduction ## Background Information ## Purpose ## Inquiry Design ## Reflection ## Conclusion ## Contributing Inquiry and Research in Education Introduction The subject of my wondering would be literacy with an emphasis on reading comprehension. Reading comprehension is the overall goal when it comes to the multiple facets of reading. Students must be able to decode the words on the page as well as comprehend them. Reading comprehension becomes a huge issue for children who are labeled as “struggling readers.” The label of the struggling reader means the student may be having trouble decoding the semantics of any given sentence. The negative label of being a struggling reader highly affects a student’s attitude towards the subject of reading. Once a child has been labeled as such, it becomes difficult for the child to motivate himself or herself to read, especially if there is very little assistance given. The problem I have identified in my classroom/school is that the negative labels that are placed on struggling readers at the elementary school level are highly affecting a students’ attitude towards the subject of reading. Therefore...
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... It does not matter what language the people speak or what they wear. Religion seems to bridge the gap without problem, rapidly spreading from one place to another in a matter of centuries, despite there being a cultural and language barrier. What makes religion so incredibly effective? Why is it that the concept has existed for literally as long as humanity has existed? What is the relationship between religion and culture? Are they two distinct entities, or are they two different manifestations of the same phenomenon? In order to answer these questions, first, a mutual platform must be developed and agreed upon, which will serve as the basis for development and proposal of arguments. First and foremost, this paper is a rational inquiry about the nature of religion, and as such this paper will establish arguments and analyze religion through the lens of rationality and science. This is not a paper about causality. The arguments developed here are built on the foundations of Objectivism, scientific realism, empirical analysis and strict adherence to logic. Furthermore, religion has to be rigorously defined. Such a definition, however, is difficult to establish. Religion, as stated above, is a global phenomenon that is as old, even older still, than written history. And so establishing a general definition for a phenomenon that has such a wide range of variety is challenging. Nonetheless, henceforth, religion shall be defined as any ideology that proposes supernatural causes as...
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...American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research 6 (1): 28-31, 2011 ISSN 1818-6785 © IDOSI Publications, 2011 Inquiry Method and Student Academic Achievement in Biology: Lessons and Policy Implications Jacinta A. Opara European School Science Project, 18140 Granada, Spain Abstract: Three research questions with null hypotheses guided the study with the aid of a quasi experimental research design. These students were randomly assigned to two groups (treatment and control group). Treatment group were those taught biology using the sensitized inquiry teaching method while conventional method (lecture) was used for the control group. (1) Biology Achievement Test (BAT) was developed on the following units in biology, flower pollination, muscle structure and function and seed germination. All these were drawn from anatomy and physiology of flowering plants and animal physiology in the biology textbook of SS1, to measure the initial and terminal academic achievement of the students. (2) Lesson notes were prepared on the above mentioned units using the inquiry teaching method and the conventional method using a pre - test, post - test experimental treatment. Thus, it is the contention of the author that the inquiry approach would enhance students’ achievement in biology, hence the thrust of this study. Key words: Inquiry teaching method Conventional method INTRODUCTION Achievement Biology Gender Location explanations from their observations (evidence) by integrating what they...
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...User Persona Tania is a MS student at Columbia University. He loves spending time with her friends and love learning new programming languages. She worked with a software firm and has working experience on various technologies and tools. She is new to the university and needs social media to catch up with her friends and keep track of ongoing activities at the campus. She joined facebook 6 years back and has 1000+ friends but is in touch with just 5-10% of those friends. She enjoys quick updates from friends about their location and similar stuff, but those posts do not solicit gobs of clicks, likes, or shares. Consequently, she’s not seeing them as much as she wants to. Its irksome for her to have no control over what she sees in her news feed, she is still being trailed by many pages that she no more wants to see or were tagged in some posts that she never wanted to be seen attached to. She accesses facebook mostly via her cell phone and spends around 1-2 hrs daily just to check on updates unlike in the past where she used it to chat and strike conversations with her friends. She has no problem in navigation while going through the news feed, she feels it’s very intuitive and simple, but it’s not what she wants to see. Moreover, she has hard time interpreting the various functionalities provided by the facebook for example, she wanted to crop her profile picture after she mistakenly uploaded it but she couldn’t and has to delete and upload that picture again. She likes to read...
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...Question: Should we continue using publication readership cards? Research Question: What factors has influenced the decline in publication readership cards? Investigative Questions: Are customers using different methods to buy products? How many leads are reader cards producing? How has the use of technology influenced making inquiries? What method of making inquiries is most and least used by buyers? How has response time affected the choice of inquiry method? Measurement Questions: Below are a few suggested sample questions. Ordinal question: Please rank your preferred method of inquiry from 1 to 5. 1 being the least preferred. ____Telephone ____ Email ____ Reader service card ____Fax-on-demand ____Website inquiry form Filter or Contingency question: Have you used a publication reader service inquiry card in the last year? _Yes _ No If yes, how many times have you used your reader inquiry card in the last year? _Once _Twice _Three or more times Cumulative question: Please check each statement you agree with: _ I have used email as a method to making an inquiry _ I have used the automated system to phone in an inquiry _I find web-based inquiry methods most convenient _I find publication reader cards most convenient 2. What ethical issues are relevant to this study? The ethical issues relevant to this study is ensuring that the...
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...CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1.0 Introduction and Background of the Study Innovation have made possible for the operations of the computer easy enough in processing record systems such as, creation of data records, storing, filing and retrieval of data. The San Mateo Municipal College has increased in student`s population and at the same time, the number of works of the registrar and student`s grades to be processed has also increased. One of the responsibilities of the registrar office is to keep the student`s grades data secured for their records and purposes. In order to provide an affordable and accessible tertiary to the youth and residents of the Municipality of San Mateo, they passed and signed Ordinance No. 2004-013 which established the Pamantasan ng Bayan ng San Mateo. PBSM formally opened its doors in 2005 to the first 306 San Mateo College students. Mr. Narciso E. Quesada is the one who founded the Pamantasan ng Bayan ng San Mateo. He is also the first president of PBSM. On June 2, 2011, PBSM was renamed to San Mateo Municipal College through ordinance No. 2011-008. The student population reached a total of 1033 in school year 2012-2013. Mr. Roberto C. San Pedro is the current president of SMMC. In the total of 1033 students, there are 529 first year students on a percentage of 51.21%; 266 second year students on a percentage of 25.75%; 115 third year students on a percentage of 11.13%; and...
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...about the natural world. The scientific body of knowledge includes concepts, principles, facts, laws, and theories about the way the world around us works. Technology includes the technological design process and the body of knowledge related to the study of tools and the effect of technology on society. Science and technology merge in the pursuit of knowledge and solutions to problems that require the application of scientific understanding and product design. Solving technological problems demands scientific knowledge while modern technologies make it possible to discover new scientific knowledge. In a world shaped by science and technology, it is important for students to learn how science and technology connect with the demands of society and the knowledge of all content areas. It is equally important that students are provided with learning experiences that integrate tools, knowledge, and processes of science and technology. The Science and Technology Standards outline the essential understandings of these disciplines. Standard A describes four themes that serve as a broad scaffold for understanding and organizing student understanding of the content and processes of science and technology. Standard B describes the processes of scientific inquiry and technological design. As a...
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...demonstrates competencies Determine similarities and differences among multiple forms of DNP projects/capstones in terms of scope and expected deliverables Examine the issues that surround the DNP project/capstone If it Walks Like a Duck and Talks Like a Duck – Is it a capstone project? An endeavor by any other name: capstone, practice inquiry, scholarly project focused on practice May benefit group, population, or community (NONPF, 2007) Scholarly work that translates (is implemented) evidence into practice – Sustainability (Ahmed, et al., 2013) AACN description of DNP project “Rather than a knowledge-generating research effort, the student in a practice focused program generally carries out a practice applicationoriented “final DNP project,” which is an integral part of the integrative practice experience (AACN, 2006, p.3) Project possibilities (NONPF, 2006) Translate research into practice Quality improvement (care processes, patient outcomes) Implement and evaluate evidence based practice guidelines Analyze policy: Develop, implement, evaluate, or revise policy Design and use databases to retrieve information for decision making, planning, evaluation Conduct financial analyses to compare care models and potential cost savings, etc. Implement and evaluate innovative uses of technology to enhance/evaluate care...
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... body ............................. 2 2. Short excurse: Corporate Architecture ........................................................ 3 3. Analysis ...................................................................................................... 4 3.1 Image of the branch ................................................................................... 4 3.2 HypoVereinsbank Munich .......................................................................... 4 3.3 Deutsche Bank Frankfurt ............................................................................ 6 4. Feng Shui as a design concept ..................................................................... 8 4.1 Definition .................................................................................................... 8 4.2 Five elements of Feng Shui and Bagua ....................................................... 9 4.2 Examples ................................................................................................... 10 Questions...
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... Date: 11/09/2014 08 Fall 08 Fall 1. Auditors should always evaluate the design and test the operating effectiveness of a company’s internal control. The key procedures of the evaluation of design are fulfilled by inquires, observations, and inspections. The same procedures can be used to test the operating effectiveness as well. Re-performance of controls is another method to test the operating effectiveness depending on different situations. Some of the key considerations related to the evaluation of design and the testing of operating effectiveness are summarized as follows: Information technology considerations Auditors should understand a company’s information technology (IT), including the system-generated data and reports, which are required by PCAOB. When assessing a company’s risk of material misstatement, auditors should pay great attention towards both manual and automated controls equipped by the company. Auditors should identify the control activities from the internal IT system performed by management. Just like the case stated, when testing the risk #1 and #2, auditors use the company’s manual or automated IT controls. This obviously requires auditors to obtain enough understandings over ZOU’s IT system. Auditors use the knowledge to identify the preventive and detective controls, which helps to evaluate the design. Information technology general controls (ITGC) are important aspects of a company’s manual or automated controls...
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