...THE BASICS: AN INSTRUMENTAL PEDAGOGY PARADIGM SHIFT by Jaime Santucci “Musician Con Fuoco” May 2012 Copyright © 2012 Jaime Santucci MusicianConFuoco.com. All Rights Reserved. Santucci 2 Introduction This paper proposes a new approach, or a new paradigm if you will, to instrumental instruction that combines the foundational principles of language, singing, and psychophysics (awareness of physiology and psychology). I argue that instrumental pedagogy and methodology should necessarily introduce, or in some cases reintroduce, the basic skills in question, using disciplines at every level of instruction. Below, I introduce the skills in question. Those same skills are often the offending skills when taken as parts instead of a whole and when ill-instructed. I introduce the skills using flute pedagogy as a demonstrative example, and discuss why their combined and concurrent application can develop instrumental students more holistically. I see deficiency in current instrumental instruction methods because they seem opposite to the human experience. We are all exposed to language and singing from birth, and on some level we gain awareness of physiology and psychology. Yet the fact that our early lives combine these experience naturally seems lost on traditional instrumental pedagogy. Linguistics, vocal, and pyschophysical instruction usually are taught as completely separate entities. A new, more holistic paradigm would result from changing the instrumental instructional methodology...
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...Learning and Cognition Paper Introduction In today’s society the source of learning may come from several outlets, such as the television, the internet, or a magazine. Believe it or not we all learn something every day, whether we know it or not. Although most of us learn from our own experiences and some of us learned from watching other people's experiences as well. Since birth we all have been able to do things naturally and perform certain actions on our own, meaning we exhibit a great deal of behaviors. Though in the paradigm of learning, in the jurisdiction of psychology, is best described as, “Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior or in behavioral potentiality that results from experience and cannot be attributed to temporary body states such as those induced by illness, fatigue, or drugs” (Olson and Hergenhahn, 2009). Nevertheless, a whole understanding of the contrivance of learning, as it relates to psychology in todays society is mostly established on the sympathetic of the unambiguous role that behavior plays in learning today. Learning and Behavior When a person is learning a new activity they are progressing information by using existing knowledge in which they learn throughout their life. Learning is the ability to progress new information by altering existing, values, behaviors, preferences, skills, knowledge, and includes producing different categories of information (Cherry, 2009). According to Gregory A. Kimble “learning as a relatively...
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...Motivation 1 Motivation and Its Role in Language Acquisition Robert A. Cote SLAT 596Y Dr. Linda Waugh December 15, 2004 Motivation 2 “Motivation represents one of the most appealing, yet complex, variables used to explain individual differences in language learning” (MacIntyre et al. 2001, p. 462). These words succinctly describe the multifaceted issue that researchers, classroom instructors and language learners themselves have faced since Gardner and Lambert brought to light the complexities of motivation via their studies in the late 1950’s. The number of factors involved in motivating persons to acquire a foreign language has increased tremendously during the past four decades and attempting to address all of these components in one paper is impractical. The author will therefore attempt to present a limited overview of motivation, supporting research from both inside and outside of the classroom and views challenging its validity. Prior to exploring motivation and its function in language acquisition, one must first understand the term in its general sense. MacIntyre et al. defined motivation as “an attribute of the individual describing the psychological qualities underlying behavior with respect to a particular task” (2001, p. 463). This goal-directed behavior shows itself through distinct actions of the motivated individual. Dörnyei described this explicitly when he wrote the following: The motivated individual expends effort, is persistent...
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... 4 2.0 Definitions and Explanatory Concept 3.2 Conceptual Knowledge 5 3.3 Procedural Knowledge 5 3.4 Understanding Relational 6 3.0 Teaching and Learning Topics “Time” 4.5 Approaches,strategies and resources used 8 4.6 Proposed teaching and learning activities 10 4.7 Important of understanding Relational in Learning and teaching 12 4.0 Teaching and Learning Topics “Money” 5.8 Approaches,strategies and resources used 13 5.9 Proposed teaching and learning activities 16 5.10 Important of understanding Relational in Learning and teaching 18 5.0 Conclusion 19References 20 | Topic 1 ► EFFECTIVE...
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...marketing students Jie Liu Department of Business and Management Studies, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK Abstract Purpose – The aim of this paper is to assess the motives, expectations and preparedness of postgraduate marketing students, and discuss possible implications for postgraduate marketing education in the UK. Design/methodology/approach – The research uses primary data collected from postgraduate marketing students at four British universities. Factor analysis is used to evaluate the convergent validity of the survey questionnaire and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient to examine the internal consistency and reliability of the variables composing the major scales. Findings – The results indicate that postgraduate marketing education today faces a culturally diverse student body coupled with a notable lack of relevant work experience. Students are found to have relatively low perception of their preparedness for postgraduate study and high expectations for support and practical experience in marketing. Research limitations/implications – The sample used is relatively small although the high response rate achieved would help add validity to the study. Further research should examine the ways in which students draw on their prior-learning experience to make sense of their learning process. Practical implications – This study should be of interest to postgraduate marketing programme and module leaders. It suggests that a realignment of curriculum...
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...As an exercise for this module, prepare a short (2- to 3-page) reflective paper about your experiences in this class, in which you address each of the following items: 1. Describe how you improved your knowledge, skills, abilities, and yourself in this session through this course. 2. Evaluate the work you did during the session for the class and explain ways you could have improved your performance. 3. Identify topics that you did not understand or successfully implement, and suggest how to improve the course material on those topics. 4. Think of ways you might measure the future effects of what you have learned in this course or your future progress/improvement. 5. State whether you achieved the Course Outcomes (listed on the Module 6 Home page and course Syllabus page). Reflective Essay This class provided important learnings for me and there will be application in my current role as a trainer and marketing leader in the months ahead. As I reviewed the learning outcomes for this class, I believe I increased and improved my understanding of marketing, especially in understanding consumer behavior and the importance of the STP process. Understanding segmentation and conducting research to identify the market in demographics, psychographics and customer behavior helps us to better understand current customers, non-users and describe ideal customers for the future. Targeting helps us to estimate the size and lifetime customer value of segments. Lastly understanding positioning...
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...widely recognized as a learning medium, an educational tool, and a means of expressiveness of creativity. Modern education emphasizes the importance of using learning methods that will effectively teach children having a variety of learning needs. The old “one size fits all” education system is rapidly being overcome by a more flexible and welcoming system that caters to each child’s individual learning needs. Elementary education is the first level of learning children are exposed to so it is imperative that their foundation is concrete and long lasting. Contrary to rote memorization techniques of the past, modern teaching techniques let children learn at their own pace. In some cultures inclusion of music as a learning element from an early age is not an alien concept at all, e.g. in ancient Indian, Chinese, and even African American cultures. It has been a part of everyday cultural and religious learning for young children. In his paper “The History and Development of Multicultural Music Education as Evidenced in the Music Educators Journal, 1967-1992”, Terese M. Volk sheds light on how music educators were initially encouraged to adopt a multicultural music perspective and include all kinds of music in their curriculum. The paper describes in detail the struggle for American teachers to implement multiculturalism in their classrooms and their eagerness to attain good results with it. The primary reasons educators are eager to include music as a learning tool is because the...
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...Learning and Cognition Paper Salma El Gharabawy PSY 390 University of Phoenix Everyday, people tend to learn something new in their lives; whether through watching other people or through their own experiences, people learn. We all “know” things, and naturally perform a lot of actions, meaning we exhibit in a lot of behaviors. Ever stop to think where all of this came from? Some are innate, while others are only acquired actively; therefore, any knowledge or behavior that we have now and were NOT born with, was one way or the other, “learned”. Learning is an integral part of all living things’ lives; some certain behaviors we are born with, innate (genetically predisposed at birth or maybe even during conception) such as certain reflexes and some specific species behaviors; while others are only gained through learning. Learning, in the field of psychology has been best described as “ . . . .a relatively permanent change in behavior or in behavioral potentiality that results from experience and cannot be attributed to temporary body states such as those induced by illness, fatigue, or drugs” (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2005). That said, in order to get a complete understanding of the mechanism of learning, in regards to the psychology field, it is really important for a person to first understand the specific role that is played by behavior, in learning, the different types of learning as well as the relationship between the two; learning and cognition. Needless to say...
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...This paper will attempt to address the following four types of leadership styles: Transformational, charismatic, transactional, and instrumental. Transformational and charismatic are similar in many ways, these leadership styles are more people oriented. Transactional and instrumental are similar in many ways, these leadership styles are more task oriented. Transformational and charismatic leaders must be careful to keep their focus people oriented or they may be subject to fall in to narcissism. Transactional and instrumental leaders must not be so task focus that they become autocratic and lose their followers. Transactional Leadership is defined as leadership that occurs when one person takes the initiative in making contact with others for the purpose of an exchange of valued things (Burns, Wern 1995) However, further research into this type of leadership according to Bass (1981) transactional leadership is based on the hypothesis that followers are motivated through a system of rewards and punishment.' While transactional leadership is based on a quid pro quo (something for something) relationship, transformational leadership is need based. Kark & Shamir (n.d., p.69) found that transactional leaders address the self –interest concerns of followers by exchanging rewards or recognitions for cooperation and compliance behaviors consistent with task requirements. In the current economy, it is easy to state that both transformation and transactional leadership are widely...
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...Brazil, English for Specific Purposes was developed based on the need immediate linguistic knowledge for reading and understanding technical and academic texts – a purpose that remains until today. Indeed, several publications focus on the instrumental approach across different fields of knowledge, taking as its basis not only reading and its strategic competences but the learning of language structures that might contribute to an efficient reading process. On digital distance learning, the instrumental approach to ESP is yet predominant which can be explained by the novelty of the modality in the country in the sense that time to adjust to the possibilities virtual learning environments provide us with is still required. That is the context of our teaching for the Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia Educação in their distance learning program. Our paper aims at discussing the relevance of reading and reading strategies according to students’ own opinions and the theoretical considerations of KLEIMAN (2013), SOLÉ (1998) on reading as a process; JUNIOR (1999), LEFFA (1996), CHAVES (2006), on ESP and reading. Keywords: distance learning; English language; reading strategies. ESP: history, features and Brazil Learning English as a second or foreign language has become a world-wide necessity. Whether living in a country that speaks English as their official language such as The Unites States or India, or that uses it for international communication such as...
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...Three Learning Perspectives. Cognitive- is a mental processes which includes the attention memory which produced. Language, learning, reasoning, problem solving and decision making. Cognitive is a different approaches from previous psychological. Accepts when you use scientific and rejects introspection. As a method of investigation. Not symbol approaches like Freudian psychology. Acknowledge the internal mental states, unlike behaviorist psychology. Early years critics said that empiricism of cognitive combined with acceptance mental states was contradictory. Cognition is a processing of information applying and changing preferences. It could be natural or artificial and conscious and unconscious. When you look at cognitive learning you have to understand how it works and how the children will learn from it. When you have students that need to understand who they work in groups and understanding things. When you look things over you need to make sure that students understand the lesson and how to do it. Cognitive Lesson Plan Content that is addressed in this lesson is about outer space. This lesson will teach the children how they can travel in any direction using basic locomotors skills with the understanding of space. Question: Which is easier to control in a group. How much space is need in a group to provide movement? Concepts and skills students master, During this time children will know about personal space and personal space in general. Evidence outcomes: ...
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...Socialization Paper Diana Medley PSY/211 July 13, 2015 Donna Allgood Socialization Paper The factors that contribute to one’s attitude, Affects- emotions, Behaviors-actions, Cognitions- thoughts, the ABC’s of attitude (Carter & Seifert, 2016, Chapter 16). When our emotions, actions and thoughts are not working together it can be difficult. Finding out more about our behavior will help us learn more about our attitude. The self-perception theory says that we are not fully aware of our attitudes. Most of the time with infer our attitudes based on our behavior. It is the opposite in fact, our behavior affects our attitude. We can change our behavior and the result will be a change in attitude. Conformity is changing your thoughts or behavior with those of another (Carter & Seifert, 2016, Chapter 16). When a person conforms they change what they like or do not like, what they believe, etc., in order to fit in with a person or group. Social pressures and norms can be blamed for conformity. Obedience is a behavioral response to orders given from someone in a place of authority (Carter & Seifert, 2016, Chapter 16). Many dog owners take their dogs to obedience school where the dogs are taught to obey their owners, that is the first example of obedience that I could think of at first, then I told my daughter to go and pick her toys up, and she did, and then I realized we use obedience on a daily basis. Prejudice affect us in our everyday life. Prejudice leads to...
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...Phobias and Addiction Eugene McDaniel PSY/300 May 22, 2012 Deandriea Bass Abstract * This paper explore how phobias can be developed through classical conditioning this can be thought of as a reaction that is learned through the pairing of stimuli. How addictions can be developed through operant conditioning. Operant conditioning, also called instrumental conditioning, is a method for modifying behavior an operant which utilizes contingencies between a discriminative stimulus, an operant response, a reinforce to change the probability of a response occurring again in that situation. This paper also Distinguishes between classical and operant conditioning. One of the major differences involves the types of behaviors that are conditioned. While classical conditioning is centered on involuntary, automatic behaviors, operant conditioning is focused on voluntary behaviors. * While these two conditioning techniques share some similarities, it is important to understand the differences between them. What extinction means and how it is achieved in both classical and operant conditioning. * * Phobias and Addictions Phobias are an irrational and excessive fear of an object or situation. In most cases, the phobia involves a sense of endangerment or a fear of harm. For example, those suffering from agoraphobia fear being trapped in an inescapable place. Addiction has long been understood to mean an uncontrollable habit of using alcohol or other drugs. Because of the physical...
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...Learning Experience Paper Learning experience Learning experience discussed in this paper will focus on how someone can learn how not become addicted to drugs. The discussion will also identify what could be learned from the time an individual started using drugs to the time they were no longer a drug user. There will be a discussion of the description of how someone’s learning could have occurred through classical conditioning, identify the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response. The operant conditioning, a description of the behavior, the consequences, and reinforcements will also explain. The discussion will address how the learning could have occurred cognitive social learning. Identifying the Learning Experience Let’s say a person has been a casual drug user, his lifestyle has been very carefree. Through his carefree lifestyle he is introduced to a new method of using drugs. The instant the drug is introduced becomes addicted. He experiences an overwhelming desire to have more to obtain the same sensation. He experiences a loss of control over his life. This loss of control is heightened when the drug cannot be obtained when his body desires it. The drug and its use becomes a part of his life much the same as taking a breath. Classical conditioning, Unconditioned Stimulus and Response, Conditioned Stimulus and Response Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes a...
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...Greece. Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this article is to establish a strategic management framework that supports the integration of corporate social responsibility principles and stakeholder approaches into mainstream business strategy. Design/methodology/approach – A top-down and bottom-up approach was used to develop the proposed framework. The top-down approach focused on analyzing the main strategic management theories including social responsibility movements to identify complementary concepts and create a relevant topology. The bottom-up approach was based on empirical research on the views of business companies on corporate social responsibility, a review of best practices and case studies mainly in Greece. Findings – The paper describes a stakeholder-oriented integrative strategic management framework linking the main strategic management theories across value, responsiveness and responsibility dimensions. A mathematical model is presented describing the synergistic development of advantage-creating knowledge and advantage-creating stakeholder relations in accordance with the criteria of the resource-based theory. Research limitations/implications – The proposed management framework is based on the results of research projects and is not fully developed and tested. The approach will be refined, exploiting results from ongoing research including further empirical research and testing in business...
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