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Integrals

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Formulario de integrales c 2001-2005 Salvador Blasco Llopis
Este formulario puede ser copiado y distribuido libremente bajo la licencia Creative Commons Atribuci´n 2.1 Espa˜a. o n
S´ptima revisi´n: Febrero e o Sexta revisi´n: Julio o Quinta revisi´n: Mayo o Cuarta revisi´n: Mayo o Tercera revisi´n: Marzo o 2005 2003 2002 2001 2001

1.
1.1.
1.1.1.

Integrales indefinidas
Funciones racionales e irracionales
Contienen ax + b

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 1.1.2.

(ax + b)n dx =

1 (ax + b)n+1 + C, a(n + 1)

n=1

dx 1 = ln |ax + b| + C ax + b a dx 1 x +C = ln x(ax + b) a ax + b 1 1 dx =− · +C 2 (1 + x) 1+ x 1 2 1 1 xdx =− · − · +C (1 + bx)3 2b (1 + bx)2 2b 1 + bx Contienen √ ax + b

(6)

(7)

√ 2(3bx − 2a)(a + bx)3/2 +C x a + bxdx = 15b2 √ x 2(bx − 2a) a + bx √ dx = +C 3b2 a + bx

1

(8)

dx = x a + bx √ √

 1  √ ln a

(9) 1.1.3.

√ a + bx dx = 2 a + bx + a x

√ √ √a+bx−√a + C, a+bx+ a  √2 arctan a+bx + C, −a −a

a>0 a0

xdx 1 =√ +C 2 )3/2 2 ± a2 ±a x x0

dx 1 1 a+x x + C = arctanh = ln a2 − x2 2a a−x a a (a2 dx x = √ +C 2 )3/2 2 a2 − x2 −x a √ x2 ± a 2 1 x a2 ± x2 + a2 ln x + a2 ± x2 + C = 2 √ 1 a2 2 2 (+) 2 x√a + x + 2 arcsenhx + C 2 1 x a2 − x2 + a arccoshx + C (−) 2 2 1 2 (x ± a2 )3/2 + C 3

Contienen

(15)

x2 ± a2 dx

= =

(16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21)

x x3 √

x2 ± a2 dx =

1 2 x2 + a2 dx = ( x2 − a2 )(a2 + x2 )3/2 + C 5 5 x2 − a2 − a · arc cos a +C |x|

x2 − a 2 dx = x

√ √

dx x = a · arcsenh + C a x2 + a 2 x2 dx = ln x + − a2

x2 − a2 + C = arccosh (a > 0)

x + C, a

(a > 0)

1 a dx = arc cos + C, 2 − a2 a |x| x x √ 2

(22) (23) (24) (25) 1.1.6.

dx √ = 2 x2 ± a 2 x

√ x2 ± a 2 +C a2 x

xdx = x2 ± a 2 + C x2 ± a 2 √ (a2 + x2 )3/2 x2 ± a 2 dx = +C 4 x 3a2 x3 √ x2 x dx = 2 − a2 2 x √ x2 − a 2 − a2 x arccosh + C 2 a

Contienen

a2 ± x2 1 x 2 a2 x arc sen + C, 2 a

(26) (27) (28) (29) x x2

a2 − x2 dx =

a2 − x2 −

(a > 0)

1 a2 ± x2 dx = ± (a2 ± x2 )3/2 + C 3 a2 − x2 dx = a>0

(30) (31) (32) (33) (34) (35) 1.1.7.

x a2 x (2x2 − a2 ) a2 − x2 + arc sen + C, 8 8 a √ √ a2 ± x2 a + a2 ± x2 dx = a2 ± x2 − a ln +C x x √ − a2 − x2 dx √ = +C a2 x x2 a 2 − x 2 dx x = arc sen + C, a > 0 2 a −x √ dx 1 a + a2 − x2 √ +C = − ln a x x a2 − x2 √ a2 √ √ √ x dx = ± a2 ± x2 a2 a2 a 2 ± x2 + C a 2 ± x2 x a2 arc sen + C, 2 a a>0 a>0

dx = ln x + + x2

x2 x dx = ± 2 2 ±x

a2 + x2 + C = arcsenh

x + C, a

Contienen ax2 + bx + c  √ 2ax+b− b2 −4ac  √ 21  b −4ac ln 2ax+b+√b2 −4ac =    √ 2 dx = b2 −4ac arctanh √2ax+b + C, b2 > 4ac b2 −4ac = ax2 + bx + c  √ 2 b2 < 4ac  4ac−b2 arctan √2ax+b 2 + C,  4ac−b   2 b2 = 4ac − 2ax+b + C, 3

(36)

(37)

x 1 b dx = ln ax2 + bx + c − ax2 + bx + c 2a 2a

dx +C ax2 + bx + c

(38)

(ax2

x · dx bx + 2c = 2 + n + bx + c) (b − 4ac)(n − 1)(ax2 + bx + c)n−1 b(2n − 3) dx + 2 , n = 0, 1, 2 + bx + c)n−1 (b − 4ac)(n − 1) (ax

b2 < 4ac

(39)

2ax + b dx = + (ax2 + bx + c)n −(b2 − 4ac)(n − 1)(ax2 + bx + c)n−1 2a(2n − 3) dx + , n = 0, 1, b2 < 4ac −(b2 − 4ac)(n − 1) (ax2 + bx + c)n−1 Contienen √ ax2 + bx + c

1.1.8.

(40) ax2 + bx + cdx = (41) 2ax + b 4a ax2 + bx + c + 4ac − b2 8a √ ax2 dx + bx + c

a 0 + a 1 x + . . . + a n xn √ dx ax2 + bx + c √

Ver §3.5, p´g. 11: m´todo alem´n a e a

(42)

ax2

(43)

(44)

1.2.
1.2.1.

Funciones trigonom´tricas e
Contienen sen ax

√ x dx ax2 + bx + c b √ √ − dx = 2 + bx + c 2 + bx + c a 2a ax ax  √ √ 2  −1 ln 2 c ax +bx+c+bx+2c + C, c > 0 √ dx x c √ = bx+2c 2 + bx + c  √1 arc sen √ 2 x ax + C, c 0;  √a arcsenh √4ac−b2 + C,  1 √ ln |2ax + b| + C, ∆ = 0, a > 0; , ∆ = b2 − 4ac  a1  √ arc sen √2ax+b + C, ∆ > 0, a < 0; − −a b2 −4ac

(45) (46)

1 ax dx +C = ln tan sen ax a 2 sen2 axdx = 1 ax − cos ax · sen ax x sen 2ax · +C = − +C 2 a 2 4a

4

(47) (48) (49) (50) (51) 1.2.2.

senn axdx = −

senn−1 ax · cos ax n − 1 + a·n n

senn−2 axdx,

n = 0, −1; a 2 = b2

sen ax sen bxdx = −

1 n xn sen axdx = − xn cos ax + a a


1 cos(a + b)x 1 cos(a − b)x − + C, 2 a+b 2 a−b xn−1 cos axdx

(ax)2ν−1 sen ax dx = x (2ν − 1) · (2ν − 1)! ν=0 ax dx 1 = tan 1 ± sen ax a 2 Contienen cos ax π +C 4

(52) (53) (54) (55) (56) (57) (58) 1.2.3.

cos2 axdx =

1 ax + cos ax · sen ax · +C 2 a +C

dx 1 ax π = ln tan − cos ax a 2 4


cos ax (ax)2ν dx = ln |ax| + (−1)ν +C x (2ν) · (2ν)! ν=1 cosn axdx = cosn−1 ax · sen ax n − 1 + a·n n cosn−2 axdx+C, n = 0, −1;

cos ax cos bxdx = − xn cos axdx =

1 n n x sen ax − a a

1 sen(a − b)x 1 sen(a + b)x + + C, 2 a−b 2 a+b xn−1 sen axdx + C,

a 2 = b2 n = −1

1 ax dx = ± tan +C 1 ± cos ax a 2 Contienen tan ax o cot ax

(59) (60) (61) (62) (63)

1 tan axdx = − ln cos ax + C a tan2 xdx = tan x − x + C tann axdx = cot axdx = tann−1 ax − a(n − 1) tann−2 axdx, n = 1, 0;

1 ln sen ax + C a cotn−1 ax − a(n − 1) cotn−2 axdx + C, n = 1, 0;

cotn axdx = −

5

1.2.4.

Contienen sec ax o csc ax

(64) (65) (66) (67) (68) 1.2.5.

sec axdx =

1 ax ax ax ax ln cos − ln cos + sen − sen a 2 2 2 2 1 tan ax + C a

+C

sec2 axdx = secn xdx =

1 csc2 axdx = − cot ax + C a cscn axdx = −

1 tan ax · secn−2 ax 1 n − 2 1 n−2 ax · dx + C, + a n−1 a n − 1 sec

n = 1;

1 cot ax · cscn−2 1 n − 2 + · a n−1 a n−1

cscn−2 ax·dx+C,

n = 1;

Varias funciones

(69) (70) (71) 1.2.6.

sec x · tan ax · dx = sec x + C csc x · cot x · dx = − csc x + C cosm x · senn x · dx = cosm−1 x·senn+1 x m+n cosm+1 x·senn−1 x m+n

+ +

m−1 m+n n−1 m+n

cosm−2 x · senn x · dx cosm x · senn−2 x · dx

funciones trigonom´tricas inversas e

(72) (73) (74) (75) (76)

x x arc sen dx = x · arc sen + a a x x arc cos dx = x · arc cos − a a

a2 − x2 + C, a2 − x2 + C,

a > 0; a > 0; + C, a > 0;

x x 1 x2 arctan dx = x · arctan − a ln 1 + 2 a a a a

x 1 x a arccot dx = x · arccot + ln(a2 + x2 ) + C a a a 2 x · arc cos xdx = x · arc cos x + arc sen x + C

6

1.3.

Funciones exponenciales y/o logar´ ıtmicas xn eax n − a a

(77) (78) (79) (80) (81) (82) (83)

xn eax dx =

xn−1 eax dx

eax sen bx · dx = eax cos bx · dx =

eax (a sen bx − b cos bx) +C a2 + b 2 eax (b sen bx + a cos bx) +C a2 + b 2

x ln(a + benx ) dx = − +C a + benx a an loga xdx = x loga x − x ln xdx = x + C, ln a ∀a > 0;

2x2 ln x − x2 +C 4 ln ax 1 − +C n + 1 (n + 1)2

xn ln ax · dx = xn+1

(84) xn (ln ax)m dx = (85) (86) (87) (88) (89) (90) xn+1 m (ln ax)m − n+1 n+1 x > 0; xn (ln ax)m−1 dx, n, m = −1, x > 0;

ln axdx = x ln ax − x + C,


eax (ax)i dx = ln |x| + +C x i · i! i=1 eax ln x · dx = 1 1 ax e ln |x| − a a


eax dx + C x x > 0;

dx lni x = ln | ln x| + + C, ln x i · i! i=1 dx = ln | ln x| + C, x ln x x > 0;

1 lnn x dx = lnn+1 x, x x+1

n = −1, x > 0;

7

1.4.

Funciones hiperb´licas o
1 cosh ax + C a 1 1 senh 2x − x + C 4 2 1 senh ax + C a 1 1 senh 2x + x + C 4 2 1 ln | cosh ax| + C a 1 ln | senh ax| + C a

(91) (92) (93) (94) (95) (96) (97) (98) (99) (100) (101) 1.4.1.

senh axdx = senh2 xdx = cosh axdx = cosh2 xdx = tanh axdx = coth axdx =

sechxdx = arctan(senh x) + C sech2 xdx = tanh x + C cschxdx = ln tanh 1 cosh x + 1 x +C = − ln 2 2 cosh x − 1

senh x · tanh x · dx = −sechx + C cschx · coth x · dx = −cschx + C funciones hiperb´licas inversas o

(102)

x x arcsenh dx = x arcsenh − a a x arccosh dx = a

a2 + x2 + C,

a>0 arccosh x > 0, a > 0; a arccosh x < 0, a > 0; a

(103) (104) (105) (106) (107)

√ x arccosh x − x2 − a2 + C, a √ x arccosh x + x2 − a2 + C, a

x 1 x arctanh dx = x arctanh + a ln(a2 − x2 ) + C a a 2 x 1 x arccoth dx = x arccoth + a ln(x2 − a2 ) + C a a 2 x x arcsenh dx = x arcsech − a arc sen a a 1− x2 +C a2

x x x2 arcsech dx = x arccsch + a arccosh 1 + 2 + C a a a

8

2.
(108)

Integrales definidas
∞ 0 ∞ 0

xn e−qx dx =

n! q n+1

,

n > −1, q > 0;

(109)

xm e−ax dx = = =

2

Γ[(m + 1)/2] , a>0 2a(m+1)/2 n! , Si m impar : m = 2n + 1 2an+1 1 · 3 · . . . · (2n − 1) π , Si m par : m = 2n 2n+1 a2n+1 e−a +
2

(110)
0

x2 e−ax dx = −

2

2a

1 4

√ π erf( a) a3

(111)
∞ t

xn e−ax dx =
∞ 0
2

n!e−at an+1

1 + at +
∞ 0

a 2 t2 a n tn +...+ 2! n!
2

,

n = 0, 1, . . . , a > 0;

(112) (113)
0

xn e−ax dx = e−ax dx =
2 2

n−1 2a π a

xn−2 e−ax dx

∞ ∞ 0 x

1 2 1 2a

(114) (115)
0

xe−ax dx =

x

dx 1 = ln 1−x 1−x

(116)
0 x

x dx = (1 − x)2 1−x

(117)
0 x

dx 1 = ln(1 + x) 1+ x 1 1+ x dx = (1 + ) ln − x 1−x 1−x

(118)
0 x

(119)
0 x

(120)
0 x

(1 + x)2 dx = 2 (1 + ) ln(1 − x) + (1 − x)2

(1 − )x 1 1+ x dx = − ln 2 (1 − x) 1−x 1−x

2

x+

(121)
0 x

1 ΘB − x dx = ln , (1 − x)(ΘB − x) ΘB − 1 ΘB (1 − x) −2 2 dx = + , ax2 + bx + c 2ax + b b b2 = 4ac

(1 + )2 x 1−x ΘB = 1

(122)
0

(123) 9

x 0

1 dx = ln ax2 + bx + c a(p − q) x 0

q x−p · p x−q

,

b2 > 4ac; p, q son las ra´ ıces;

(124)

a + bx bx ag − bc dx = + ln(c + gx) c + gx g g2

3.
3.1.

M´todos de integraci´n e o
Integraci´n por partes: o

u · dv = u · v −

v · du

3.2.

Integraci´n por sustituci´n: o o

si x = g(t) es un funci´n que admite derivada cont´ o ınua no nula y funci´n o inversa t = h(x) y F (t) es una primitiva de f (g(t))g (t) se tiene que: f (x)dx = F (h(x)) + C

3.3.

Integraci´n de funciones racionales: o

F (x) Queremos hallar Q(x) dx siendo F (x) y Q(x) polinomios de coeficientes reales. Si el grado de F es mayor que el de Q se hace la divisi´n para obtener o F (x) R(x) dx = C(x)dx + Q(x) dx. La primera integral es inmediata. Para la Q(x) segunda se admite que Q(x) se puede descomponer de la siguiente manera: Q(x) = a0 (x − a)p . . . (x − a)q [(x − c)2 + d2 ]r . . . [(x − e)2 + f 2 ]s y es unica. En ´ tal caso, el integrando del segundo t´rmino se puede descomponer como sigue: e Ap Bq R(x) A1 A2 B1 B2 Q(x) = (x−a)p + (x−a)p−1 + . . . + x−a + . . . + (x−b)q + (x−b)q−1 + . . . + x−b + H1 x+K Hs x+Ks Mr x+Nr + . . . + (x−c)2 +d2 + . . . + ((x−e)2 +f12 )s + . . . + (x−e)2 +f 2 . Todas las constantes se obtienen identificando coeficientes. Al resolver los sumando se obtienen integrales del siguiente tipo: M1 x+N1 ((x−c)2 +d2 )r−1

1. 2. 3. 4.

dx x−a

= ln |x − a| + C =
1 (1−p)(x−a)p−1

dx (x−a)p

+C
M c+N d

M x+N (x−c)2 +d2 dx M x+N [(x−c)2 +d2 ]r dx

=

M 2

ln |(x − c)2 + d2 | +

arctan x−c + C d y Jr = dx [(x−c)2 +d2 ]r dx

⇒ Llamemos Ir = operando se obtiene Ir = Jr =
M 2(1−r)

M x+N [(x−c)2 +d2 ]r dx

·

1 ((x−c)2 +d2 )r−1

+ (M c + N ) · Jr −
1 d2 2(1−r) Jr

1 d2 Jr−1

+

x−c d2 2(1−r)((x−c)2 +d2 )r−1

−1

10

3.4.

M´todo de Hermite e

Si Q(x) = (x − a)m . . . (x − b)n · (x − c)2 + d2 . . . (x − e)2 + f 2 entonces R(x) U (x) dx = p−1 q−1 + Q(x) (x − a)m−1 . . . (x − b)n−1 . . . [(x − c)2 + d2 ] . . . [(x − e)2 + f 2 ] dx Cx + D Ex + F dx +... +L + dx + . . . + dx K x−a x−b (x − c)2 + d2 (x − e)2 + f 2 donde U (x) es un polinomio de un grado menos que su denominador. Todas las constantes se determinan derivando la expresi´n e identificando coeficientes. o

3.5.

Integraci´n de funciones irracionales algebraicas o
Integrales del tipo m1 n1 ms ns

R x,

ax + b cx + d

,...,

ax + b cx + d

dx | a, b, c, d ∈ R; ni , mi ∈ Z; ni = 0

y c y d no se anulan simult´neamente. Se transforma en integral racional a mediante el cambio ax+b = tm siendo m el m´ ınimo com´n m´ltiplo de las u u cx+d ni . √ Integrales del tipo R x, ax2 + bx + c dx se consideran los siguientes casos: √ √ 1. a > 0 → ax2 + bx + c = ± a · x + t √ √ 2. c < 0 → ax2 + bx + c = ± c + x · t √ 3. a, c < 0 → ax2 + bx + c = t · (x − α) siendo α una de las raices del polinomio. √ P M´todo Alem´n: √ax2 (x) dx = Q(x) · ax2 + bx + c + K √ax2dx e a +bx+c +bx+c Donde gradQ(x) = grad(P (x)) − 1 y K es una constante. Los coeficientes se obtienen derivando la expresi´n e identificando t´rminos. o e Series bin´micas: xm (a + bxn )p dx | a, b ∈ R; m, n, p ∈ Q. Estas inteo grales se convierten en racionales en los siguientes casos con los cambios indicados. 1. p ∈ Z → x = tq donde q es el m.c.m. de los denominadores n y m. 2. 3. m+1 n m+1 n

+p∈ Z→

∈ Z → a + bxn = tq siendo q el denominador de p. a+bxn xn

= tq siendo q el denominador de p.

En cualquier otro caso se puede expresar como funci´n elemental. o

3.6.

Integraci´n de funciones trascendentes o

Si R(u) es una funci´n racional y u = f (x) es una funci´n que admite funci´n o o o inversa con derivada racional, entonces la integral de R(f (x)) se reduce a una integral racional mediante el cambio f (x) = t .

11

3.7.

Integraci´n de funciones trigonom´tricas o e
Integraci´n de R(sen x, cos x)dx: en general se hace el cambio tan x = t o 2 2 2dt 2t con lo que sen x = 1+t2 , cos x = 1−t2 , dx = 1+t2 . En elgunos casos se 1+t pueden intentar otros cambios: 1. Si R(sen x, cos x) = −R(sen x, − cos x) se hace el cambio sen x = t

3. Si R(sen x, cos x) = R(− sen x, − cos x) se hace el cambio tan x = t Integrales del tipo Im,n = formas: 1. Im,n = 2. Im,n = 3. Im,n = senm xn ·x·dx se puede reducir de las siguientes + + n−1 m+1 Im+2,n−2 , n−1 m+n Im,n−2 ,

2. Si R(sen x, cos x) = −R(− sen x, cos x) se hace el cambio cos x = t

senm+1 x·cosn−1 x m+1 sen m+1 x·cos m+n

n−1

m = −1 m+n=0 m = −1 m+n=0 n = −1 m = −1

x

m−1 x·cosn+1 x − sen m+1 m−1

+ + +

m−1 n+1 Im+2,n+2 , m−1 m+n Im−2,n , m+n−2 n+1 Im,n+2 ,

4. Im,n = − sen 5. Im,n = − sen 6. Im,n = sen x·cosn+1 x m+n x·cos n+1 n+1 m+1

x

m+1

x·cos m+1

n+1

x

+

m+n−2 m+1 Im+2,n+2 ,

4.
4.1.

Ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias
Ecuaciones diferenciales lineales y + p(x)y = q(x) =⇒ y = e−
R (x)dx

q(x)e t R

p(x)dx

+C

τ y + y = p(t) =⇒ y = e−t/τ

1 τ

p(t)et/τ dt + y0
0

5.
5.1.

Soluci´n num´rica de ecuaciones diferenciales o e
M´todo de Runge-Kutta de cuarto orden e
1 y = f (x, y) → yi+1 = yi + (k1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4)h 6 k1 = f (xi , yi ) k2 = f (xi + h/2, yi + k1 h/2) k3 = f (xi + h/2, yi + k2 h/2) k4 = f (xi + h, yi + k3 h)

12

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