...Marxist considers education as an important part of the superstructure of society; along with the other institution i.e. Family, Media, Religion etc. It serves the needs of the economic base, which contains everything to do with the production of society. Marxists believe that education performs two main functions in a capitalist society: Reproduces the inequalities and social relations of production of capitalist society, It serves to legitimate there inequalities through meritocracy. Althusser (neo-marxist) believes that the main function of education is the transmission of common values. He argues that education is an ideological state apparatus (ISA). And that its main function is to maintain, legitimize and reproduce, generation to generation of class inequality, along with the fact that education reproduces the conditions for capitalisms to flourish without having to use force. Althusser believes this is done through the hidden curriculum: ensuring that working class children are encouraged to perform working class, capitalists, jobs. Bowles and Gintis argue that education serves to reproduce directly the capitalist relations of production, the hierarchy of workers from the boss down,. Bowles and Gintis’s correspondence theory suggests that what goes on in school corresponds directly to the world of work. The higher up the system the individual progresses, the more personal freedom they have to control their own educational or working experiences, and more responsibility...
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...Engels believed that “civilization moves in a vicious circle in which it is constantlky reproducing but is never able to overcome”(293). Engels believed that a capitalist is verys similar to all the previous rulingclasses. The capitalists removed profit value from the labouring class.Engels talks about historical materialism in society and the contradiction of the capitalist era. the development of human society has moved through a series of stages, from hunting and gathering, through pastoralism and cultivation, to commercial society.[5] Friedrich Engels wrote: "I use 'historical materialism' to designate the view of the course of history, which seeks the ultimate causes and the great moving power of all important historic events in the economic development of society, in the changes in the modes of production and exchange, with the consequent division of society into distinct classes and the struggles of these classes."[6] According to Marxist theorists, history develops in accordance with the following observations: Social progress is driven by progress in the material, productive forces a society has at its disposal (technology, labour, capital goods, etc.) Humans are inevitably involved in production relations (roughly speaking, economic relationships or institutions), which constitute our most decisive social relations. Production relations progress, with a degree of inevitability, following and corresponding to the development of the productive forces...
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...Base on these two brand, the significant factor in the use value from Karl Marx (Theories of Surplus Value, Marx, 1972) and sign value from Jean Baudrillard ( For a critique of the political economy of the sign, Baudrillard, 1981) have clearly be shown. As Rolex is an expensive brand within the watches market, to the upper class , they can afford the price set by Rolex, purchasing this item won’t affect their daily livelihood. In fact, even watches are one of the daily necessity in terms of time checking, different brand’s watches are able to provide same basic information about time, however, Ice Watch , the brand in low price range but provide the same basic function of a watch, have a totally different effect on the influence of social role to the society.Lower class people have no enough economic capital to buy Rolex , but for them , they just need a timepiece , to notice the time ,so for them , they need a watch, the Use Value, the basic ability of an object to meet a human need (Theories of Surplus Value, Marx, 1972) . Upper class people is wealthy and enjoy the identity given by the goods they are using , to show that they have good taste, so they are not focusing on the function of a watches, they are focusing on the name and price of the product, the Sign Value, the value of the object goes beyong function, the object acts as a sign of the owners status, taste and identity. ( For a critique of the political economy of the sign, Baudrillard,...
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...The views of the Division of Labour through the eyes of three of the most influential philosophers The productive activity, especially for the sake of economic gain. The definition of labour has been constant over time, yet many have argued to what extent labour is divided. For some the division of labour represent doing what we are naturally inclined to do, to others it represents specialization in certain tasks and yet to others labour is most productive when decisions are left in the hands of the worker . There are many distinct definitions of the division of labour, yet the most famous are found in the teachings of Plato, Karl Marx and Adam Smith. The division of labour for Plato stems from the natural capacity of human beings. Plato believes people are naturally suited for specific jobs, it is not through the acquired skill that they chose what they will do in life. He states “…we must infer that all things are produced more plentiful and easily and of a better quality when one man does one thing which is natural to him and does it at the right time and leaves other things”(McNulty, 1975). Simply stating this indicates that one should not gravitate towards another job, as the result would be all but optimal for society. He states that division of labour is formed due to the diversity of human talent (McNulty, 1975). Simply put, not everyone is made out to be a basket weaver, blacksmith or baker, yet when society calls upon its members to meet its demand people while...
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...From Capital Vol 1 In chapter four Marx says that the starting point of capital is through commodies. Marx states “from the exchange of various use-values, and consider only the economic forms produced by this process of circulation, we find its final result to be money” (329). Marx explains his idea with two kinds of circulation which are C-M-C and M-C-M. C-M-C stans for commodities transformed into money. In senario the money that is obtained from the commodity s used to get another commodity. This is in terms as an exchange like if a person where to sell a shirt for $20 dollars, and then use that money to buy bread. M-C-M stands for buying in order to sell meaning that a commodity turns into money. The difference is that the end money has “surplus value (332)”. Marxis states that the final M in M-C-M' is “M'= M+Δ= the orignal sum advanced, plus increment”(332). M-C-M represent modern capitalism because the end result is money. Meaning in the end of M-C-M we exchange money for money. There is a constant cycle but the the beginning point is money, therefore in reality the M-C-M is the general formula for capital. Aristole says states that there is an opposition between this cycle. He calls the conflict between this cycle Oeconomic to Chrematistic. As stated by Aristole Oeconomic is “True wealth consist as such values in use; for the quantity of possessions of this kind, capable of making life pleasant, is not unlimited”(333). The opposition is Chrematistic where it...
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...Karl Marx was a Germen sociologist, historian, and economist. His basic ideas, know as Marxism form the foundation of Socialist and Communist, an economic and government system characterized by citizens holding all property and goods in common movements throughout the world. Karl Marx was born on May 5, 1818 in Trier, where he received a classical education. Karl attended the Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasium in Trier for five years, graduating in 1835 at age of seventeen. Karl became very skillful in French and Latin, both of which he learned to read and write fluently. In October 1835, Marx enrolled in Bonn University in Bonn, Germany, where he attended courses primarily in laws, as it was his father’s desire that he become a lawyer. Marxian economics refers to economic theories on the functioning of capitalism based on the works of Karl Marx. His writing inspired generations of economic thinkers, and in his name entire societies were transformed. First of all, Karl Marx’s labor theory of value asserts that the value of an object is solely a result of the labor expended to produce it. According to this theory, the more labor or labor time that goes into an object, the more it is worth. For example, if a hat usually takes twice as long to produce as a pair of sock, then hats are twice as valuable as socks. In the long run, the competitive price of hats will be twice the price of socks. The labor theory of value states that the value of a commodity is determined by...
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...Capitalism acts to constrain the forces of production. The notion of free and competitive market penalizes inefficiency and redistributes the surplus to the more efficient enterprises. Adam Smith’s idea of invisible hand promotes rivalries. Therefore the majority of petty owners is pushed out of the market and forced to sell labor power. The surplus value is derived from exploiting these workers. The rate of exploitation is surplus value divided by the labor value. Laborers produce a use value but get paid only for their labor value. The left-over surplus value becomes profit for the capitalist. This wealth can be use for investment, mechanization, research development, management and etc. Industrial enterprises spend money on capital and labor to produce a product. Rate of profit is calculated from surplus value divided by capital and labor cost. Therefore the rate has an inverse relationship with labor and capital cost. As they fall, rate of profit rise. The average cost is total spent divided by output. By mechanizing, it allows companies to produce more resulting in cheaper price per unit For example, say three companies produce the same amount of goods using identical labor and capital cost structure. When one company mechanizes, it can produce more goods by only increasing capital and not labor cost. It can also produce more merchandise with same amount of capital and labor. These two scenarios are both forms of increase efficiency. They also are forms of labor exploitation...
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...Capitalism, as an economy driven by hyper-consumption, is based on commodities. The role of the commodity in the labor force has been thoroughly discussed throughout various eras, and in recent years, the general account of the commodity itself has had to adapt to the constantly changing and developing digital media industry and digital economy. Karl Marx wrote in The Fetishism of the Commodity that commodities are seen as objects with intrinsic value and cloud the labor-exploiting mechanisms that produced them. Tiziana Terranova, a more current thinker, draws on early Marxist thought in Free Labor: Producing Culture for the Digital Economy, but also accounts for the changes the digital media industry produced on the labor force, the very concept of a commodity, and capitalism as a whole. Marx is the first to state that capitalism is based on the accumulation and hyper-consumption of commodities. As such, commodities are meaningful both because of their monetary/exchange value and because they reflect the social relations of production that went into making them. In The Fetishism of the Commodity, Marx says that the inherent problem with the capitalist structure is that society tends to focus only on the monetary and exchange value of the commodity. Marx uses the word “fetish” to describe commodities and show how they cause society to fixate on their monetary and exchange values, while ignoring the exploitative nature of the market that produced them. To illustrate his point...
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...Chilijski Cud – Polityka Makroekonomiczna Chile w latach 1973-1982 1. Gospodarka Chile do roku 1973 Po drugiej wojnie światowej gospodarka Chile podążyła tą samą drogą co gospodarki krajów sąsiadujących, a mianowicie podążyła ścieżką intensywnej industrializacji mającej zastąpić import produkcją przemysłową. Kraje miały być samowystarczalne, a to dzięki wysokim stawkom celnym zmniejszającym niemal do zera obecność zagranicznych towarów na danych rynkach. Miało to być rozwiązanie chwilowe, do momentu aż produkty krajowe staną się w pełni konkurencyjne w stosunku do zagranicznych. Jednak historia pokazała, że taka polityka wpisała się na stałe w Chilijski krajobraz. Kwestią równie istotną była sprawa rolnictwa. Pomimo sporego obszaru ziem i odpowiedniego klimatu do jej uprawiania oraz stosunkowo małej liczby ludności Chile nie było w stanie wyżywić wszystkich swoich mieszkańców. Spis rolny z połowy lat 50 pokazał, że 4% gospodarstw o powierzchni ponad 500 ha skupia łącznie 80% ziemi. Dalsze badania potwierdziły tezę, że wielkoobszarowe gospodarstwa pracują niewydajnie i paraliżują gospodarkę żywieniową całego kraju. Nie tylko rolnictwo cierpiało na brak rozwoju, a nawet na degradację – całą gospodarkę cechował marazm i zastój. Jednak w początkowej fazie realizowania filozofii industrializacji wyniki gospodarcze były obiecujące, niestety szybko się okazało, że tak naprawdę jest to rozwiązanie wybitnie szkodliwe. Długookresowa...
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...This script was made by: [pic] MEĐUNARODNI MENADŽMENT 2006. 1. TEORIJE MEĐUNARODNE TRGOVINE I REZULTATI EMPIRIJSKIH ISTRAŽIVANJA RELEVANTNI ZA MEĐUNARODNI MENADŽMENT Pristupi izvorima komparativnih prednosti Prilikom analize teorija međunarodne trgovine polazi se od teorije apsolutnih prednosti A. Smitha, koja je neposredno vezana za međunarodnu podelu rada. A. Smith dolazi do zaključka da bi bilo nerazumno za jednu zemlju da proizvodi ona dobra koja može da jeftinije nabavi iz drugih zemalja u razmenu za svoje proizvode. U uslovima slobodne trgovine koja omogućava da se svaka zemlja specijalizuje u onoj vrsti proizvodnje za koju postoje najpovoljniji uslovi. Smithova teorija se zasniva na radnoj teoriji vrednosti - proizvodi vrede onoliko koliko je u njima inkorporirano društveno potrebnog rada i u toj razmeri se i razmenjuju na tržištu. A. Smith je nerealno pretpostavio potpunu mobilnost faktora proizvodnje. D. Ricardo – Zemlja će se u međunarodnoj razmeni specijalizovati u onoj proizvodnji u kojoj, iako je skuplja, proizvodi relativno najmanje skupo, odnosno u onoj proizvodnji u kojoj, iako jeftinija, proizvodi relativno najjeftinije. Pri tome se posmatra odnos proizvodnja/faktor. G. Haberler unosi u teoriju spoljne trgovine princip graničnih troškova. Po G. Haberleru do izvoza dolazi kada su granični troškovi dodatne proizvodnje u jednoj zemlji niži od odgovarajućih graničnih troškova dodatne iste proizvodnje u drugim zemljama, ako se uključe transportni...
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