...Most influential theories of learning Learning is defined as a process that brings together personal and environmental experiences and influences for acquiring, enriching or modifying one’s knowledge, skills, values, attitudes, behaviour and world views. Learning theories develop hypotheses that describe how this process takes place. The scientific study of learning started in earnest at the dawn of the 20th century. The major concepts and theories of learning include behaviourist theories, cognitive psychology, constructivism, social constructivism, experiential learning, multiple intelligence, and situated learning theory and community of practice. Behaviourism The behaviourist perspectives of learning originated in the early 1900s, and became dominant in early 20th century. The basic idea of behaviourism is that learning consists of a change in behaviour due to the acquisition, reinforcement and application of associations between stimuli from the environment and observable responses of the individual. Behaviourists are interested in measurable changes in behaviour. Thorndike, one major behaviourist theorist, put forward that (1) a response to a stimulus is reinforced when followed by a positive rewarding effect, and (2) a response to a stimulus becomes stronger by exercise and repetition. This view of learning is akin to the “drill-and-practice” programmes. Skinner, another influential behaviourist, proposed his variant of behaviourism called “operant conditioning”. In...
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...reflecting a general belief that they are not of sound mind. While many people think of serial murder as a crime which emerged in the 20th century, it is actually quite ancient. Documents from places like China indicate that serial killers were operating well before the common era, and some particularly notorious serial killers like Erzsebet Bathory and Jack the Ripper date to periods before the 20th century. It is true, however, that the number of serial killings seems to have increased in the 20th century, perhaps due to increased population or social and cultural shifts. As a general rule, someone does not start out life as a serial killer. The progress from ordinary individual to serial killer may begin early in life, but it proceeds in stages, beginning with crimes like arson, progressing to animal abuse, and then moving into the realm of human abuse. The reasons why people develop into serial killers are not known, although many show signs of childhood trauma and abuse. Psychologists believe that all serial killers demonstrate some form of antisocial personality disorder, along with other psychiatric conditions which cause them to have a view of the world which is fundamentally different from that of other people. Many psychologists further divide serial killers into so-called “organized” serial killers, who put their high intelligence to use when planning their crimes,...
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...Emotional Intelligence Will Affect The Performance The purpose of this study is to identifying how the emotional intelligence will affect the performance of staff at Jabatan Tenaga Kerja, Taiping. Due to the importance of the emotion, it was crucial for people to manage their emotions. In our study, we focused on controlling the emotions among staff at their workplace. Their daily routines include pressure, conflicts with peers, complaints from clients and work overload which make them becoming more tense and angry. According to Hein (2007), he defined emotional intelligence as the intrinsic potential to feel, use, communicate, recognize, remember, describe, identify, learn from, manage, understand, and explain emotions. It involves self-awareness, social awareness, and self management. In the workplace, it is important to use emotional intelligence because it will help us to be flexible in changing situations. Besides that, emotional intelligence is your ability to acquire and apply knowledge from your emotions and the emotions of others in order to be more successful and lead a more fulfilling life. This ability also can enhance interpersonal communication and people skills. According to Goleman (2003), many researchers have proven that senior executives' performance in the top management of the organization resulted from their EI than cognitive abilities. Using self-awareness, managers with high EI control their emotions then through social awareness, perceive their effects...
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...evolutionary psychology, and artificial intelligence, for example questioning whether psychological phenomena can be explained using the methods of neuroscience, evolutionary theory, and computational modeling, respectively. Although these are all closely related fields, some concerns still arise about the appropriateness of importing their methods into psychology. Some such concerns are whether psychology, as the study of individuals as information processing systems (see Donald Broadbent), is autonomous from what happens in the brain (even if psychologists largely agree that the brain in some sense causes behavior (see supervenience)); whether the mind is "hard-wired" enough for evolutionary investigations to be fruitful; and whether computational models can do anything more than offer possible implementations of cognitive theories that tell us nothing about the mind (Fodor & Pylyshyn 1988). Philosophy of psychology is a relatively young field because "scientific" psychology—that is, psychology that favors experimental methods over introspection—came to dominate psychological studies only in the late 19th century. One of philosophy of psychology's concerns is to evaluate the merits of the many different schools of psychology that have been and are practiced. For example, cognitive psychology's use of internal mental states might be compared with behaviorism, and the reasons for the widespread rejection of behaviorism in the mid-20th century examined. Topics that fall within...
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...INTRODUCTION The 19th century saw a "strong awakening of interest in humane treatment of the mentally retarded" (Anastasi, 1982 p.5). However, examining some of the writings of the 20th century (Huey, 1912; Fernald 1912 in Anastasi, 1982; Foster, 1990), the attitudes of those purportedly concerned with the mentally retarded seemed anything but humanitarian. Parekh and Jackson (1997) make an important point, that a common perception exists that mentally retarded children are social outcasts, due to the stigmatizing consequences of the process of labeling. Foster (1990) also, agree that the treatment of mentally retarded people has been characterized by neglect and abuse. In support of this notion Gilbride (1993) maintain that despite advances in public policy and legislation, significant barriers towards people with mental handicaps stilI exist. Attitudes held by both the general public and the key players, especially parents in the person's life are often cited as an important component of the "handicapping" environment (Hahn, 1982; Yuker, 1988). An attitude may be defined as the individual's tendency to react positively or negatively to some person, object, situation, institution or event (Aiken, 1985; Thomas, 1982). This definition concurs with that of Graharn and LiIly (1984) who describe an attitude as an opinion about something,reflecting how favourable people are towards groups, people, ideas or issues. Kagan and Havemann(1980) also, refer to an attitude as an organized...
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...Influential leaders In the 20th century era there where African Americans that emerged to impact the Negro race in a great influential way. The most known people to have an idea to bring the Negro race to the true potential that they could uphold were three Negros. These three blacks came from different places with a different background story. They were Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Dubois, and Marcus Garvey. These three were very brilliant, heroic, and memorable men who came to try to change things in the 20th century to gain African American the equal rights they deserved. The 20th century was an era in which the white men were the superiors and the ones of colored although free were still their servants. The colored people were not...
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...Feminism can be roughly defined as a movement that seeks to enhance the quality of women’s lives by impacting the norms and moves of a society based on male dominance and subsequent female subordination. The means of change in the work place, politically, and domestically. Women have come a long way since the 19th century. Women have been trying to prove to the male dominant world that they are equal. They can perform and complete any tasks equal, or in some cases better than man. Feminism has changed the definition of men in many ways. Women in the work place have transposed dramatically since the 19th and mid 20th century. Even if women had any education in the 19th century they were not allow to manifest any of it. It just was not proper for women to give any signs of intelligence and a brain of their own. They were to prepare themselves to become wives and mothers, which were the extent of their entire lives. In the early and mid 20th century some women were starting to be brave and take a stand for themselves. The beginnings of feminism were starting to take its massive role in society. More and more women were getting educated and looking for employment opportunities that had power. Men no longer can be in control of everything. Men in the work place started to feel impotent. But women fed off each other and gave each other strength. They were not looking for just the secretarial jobs; they were taking some men’s jobs and being good at it. They were becoming police officers...
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...through the atmosphere, the blue wavelengths are scattered more widely by the oxygen and nitrogen molecules, and more blue comes to our eyes. Rayleigh scattering also explains blue eyes; there is no blue pigment in blue eyes. Distant objects appear more blue because of another optical effect called atmospheric perspective. Blue has been used for art, decoration and as a clothing dye since ancient times. The semi-precious stone lapis lazuli, coming from mines in Afghanistan, was used in ancient Egypt for jewelry and ornament and later, in The Renaissance, to make the pigment ultramarine, the most expensive of all pigments. In the Middle Ages, cobalt blue was used to colour the stained glass windows of cathedrals. Beginning in the 9th century, Chinese artists used cobalt to make...
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...Artificial Intelligence in Society Bob Bobby Yale College Abstract This report deals with artificial intelligence in society. My motivation for writing this report was to expand my reader and my own knowledge of artificial intelligence. I read news articles, journals, books, blogs, and watched online lectures to get this information. The topics that will be discussed are the first mention of anything remotely related in AI in history, then when actual progress was made, what that progress was and its stages, then the most popular artificial intelligence machines created, and finally ending on the discussion of the future of AI and the possibility of the singularity. Artificial Intelligence in Society Introduction Unbeknownst to me at the time my first experience with artificial intelligence was playing video games. I must have been at the ripe age of 5 already feverishly enjoying my Super Nintendo and Mario games. It never occurred to me the coding, algorithms, and all the hard work that was required to have the computer, my “opponent,” be challenging. My only assumption was it was always like that. It wasn’t until years later did I get the opportunity to see how artificial intelligence (AI) began. AI didn’t start so children could have fun; it started because some men had a dream, a dream to create artificial intelligent machine. The topics I will cover will be one of the first mentions of AI, the beginning of what we currently call AI, current AI systems that were...
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...Biological Determinism 1. According to the author of the article "All in the Genes?", there is no intrinsic causality between genetics and intelligence. The author analyses different aspects of biological determinism, and supplies many examples, which illustrate aspects of this problem that are being discussed since the time when these ideas became popular. He does not agree with biological determinist that the intellectual performance of a person depends on genes inherited from his parents. There are a lot of different theories about intellectual capabilities. All these theories reflect different points of views, depending on the period of time the authors of these theories lived. The author argues for the theory that in the nineteenth century , artificial barriers in social hierarchy prevented people from achieving higher intellectual performance. In the end of XX century, in most places these barriers were removed by the democratic processes, and nothing artificial can stand between the natural sorting process and social status of the people. These changes can not be considered as historical because the age of democracy is just two hundred years , and the time when inequality between classes and between people was a natural situation is almost as long as the history of the world . The author insists that there is no connection between environmental differences and genetics. In support of his idea the author state that any Canadian student can...
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...Standardized tests have always been around, they are also a widely used form to test your ability and skills. “Standardized tests are any examination that’s administered and scored in a predetermined, standardized manner.” (W. James Popham) They have always been known to or at least thought to be effective and a great way to get the true results and measurements of your skills. There are two major types of standardized tests that are commonly used, those are the aptitude tests, and achievement tests. The aptitude test is used to predict how well students are likely to perform in some subsequent educational setting, some examples of this test are the SAT-I, SAT-II, and ACT. The achievement test evaluates a school’s effectiveness, and measures...
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...There are several theoretical approaches to what creates an effective leader. Four main approaches are identified for this report; they are the Trait Approach, the Skills Approach, The Style Approach, and the Situational Approach. For over a century researchers have been trying to define what makes an effective or good leader, there are several theories with the most common question appearing to be are good or effective leaders born or bred. Our book, Leadership Theory and Practice, treats leadership as a complex process having multiple dimensions. (Northouse, 2013). The Trait Approach was identified as one of the earliest attempts to study leadership in the early 20th century. The characteristics traits of great political, military, and social leaders were studied and examined to identify qualities that clearly separated the leaders from the followers. The concept that leaders were born with these trait and only the “great” people possessed them. (Bass, 1990; Jago, 1982). Stogdill (1948, 1974) in his first study identified that the average individual who was in a leadership role posses the following eight (8) traits which separated them from the average group member: Intelligence Alertness Insight Responsibility Initiative Persistence Self confidence Sociability The person who posses these traits is not automatically a leader, and a person who is a leader in one situation may not be the leader in a different situation. Stogdill’s second study in 1974, identified...
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...continued to form one of the fundamental themes in the history of Canada’s learning society, schooling developed somewhat differently on the West Coast than in the rest of Canada. One noteworthy difference was the emergence of a trend for examinations, especially the first standardized "intelligence tests" during the early 20th century. Somewhat more than provinces such as Ontario, and considerably more than Québec, educators in British Columbia seized upon "scientific" testing as an appropriate way to classify students. The British Columbian leaders focused considerable attention on Asian students and were careful to examine test results considering each student's ancestry. Growing acceptance of public education- “…changing parental strategies help explain why children were sent to school in increasing numbers and for longer periods during the course of the 19th century. The development of agrarian, merchant and industrial capitalism heightened perceptions of economic insecurity “(Historica Canada, 2015,np ) and this continued to have adverse effects on school attendance.”… the time compulsory attendance legislation was passed in the Canadian provinces (except Québec) during the later 19th century, only a minority of parents were not already enrolling their children in class (Historica Canada, 2015,np). Somehow, there was opposition to schooling, particularly from those unwilling to pay extra taxes, from those who did not accept the local teacher, and from those who desired to...
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...U.S. Monopoly on Global Weapons Trade The 19th and 20th centuries have been the centuries of monopoly capitalism. As we move into the 21st century, there is a new cultural and economic phenomenon arising: monopoly militarism. That is the subject this case study attempts to explore “ U.S. monopoly on the militarization of the world” . The Global arms trade can effectively be referred to as “the global weapons monopoly." Cold war and after During cold war days, the United States did have a major competitor. For instance, the Congressional Research Service's data for 1990, the last year of the Soviet Union's existence, shows global weapons sales totaling $32.7 billion, with the United States accounting for $12.1 billion of that or 37% of the market. For its part, the Soviet Union was responsible for a competitive $10.7 billion in deals inked that year. France, China, and the United Kingdom accounted for most of the rest. However in 2008, according to report from the Congressional Research Service (CRS), $55.2 billion in weapons deals were concluded worldwide. Of that total, the United States was responsible for $37.8 billion in weapons sales agreements, or 68.4% of the total "trade." US agreements with all of its customers include not only sales of very costly major weapons systems, but also the upgrading and the support of systems previously provided. The arms agreements involving a wide variety of items such as spare parts, ammunition, ordnance, training, and support...
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...Cognitive Psychology Definition Cognitive Psychology Definition (Scholarpedia, 2007) states “Cognitive psychology is the scientific investigation of human cognition, that is, all our mental abilities – perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking, reasoning, and understanding. It is closely related to the highly interdisciplinary cognitive science and influenced by artificial intelligence, computer science, philosophy, anthropology, linguistics, biology, physics, and neuroscience” (Dosher, Lin-Lu, 2007, p. 2769). Cognitive psychology uses experiments and the scientific method to establish how humans transform sensory input into one’s own thoughts, which in turn becomes the individual’s actions through the intricate series of one’s cognition (Willingham, 2007). In the beginnings of the 20th Century cognitive psychology declined, because of the rise in behaviorism. In the mid- 1950’s the cognitive revolution developed because of the lack of behaviorism ideas and understanding “between memory and performance, and complex learning” (Dosher, Lin-Lu, 2007, p. 2769). Cognitive psychology began to come into play with the support of brand new technology, concepts that were abstract, and neuroscience (Willingham, 2007). Milestones in the Development of Cognitive Psychology As mentioned earlier behaviorism begin to accumulate problems around the mid- 1950s. One of the considerable problems was...
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