...What is a knowledge-based system? A system which is built around a knowledge base. i.e. a collection of knowledge, taken from a human, and stored in such a way that the system can reason with it. Example: System: What is the patient's name? User: George Smith System: What is the patient's age? User: 52 years System: Is the patient male or female? User: Male System: What are the symptoms? User: Headache dizziness upset stomach high fever System: When did these symptoms first appear? User: 23/03/2002 System: I conclude that the patient has a viral infection , my recommendation is that he should take two aspirin, drink plenty of fluid, get lots of rest. What is knowledge? Knowledge is the sort of information that people use to solve problems. Knowledge includes facts, concepts, procedures, models, heuristics, etc. Knowledge may be: * specific or general * exact or fuzzy * procedural or declarative What is an expert system? * A particular kind of knowledge-based system * One in which the knowledge, stored in the knowledge base, has been taken from an expert in some particular field. Therefore, an expert system can, to a certain extent, act as a substitute for the expert from whom the knowledge was taken. What is Artificial Intelligence? Artificial Intelligence (AI) is concerned with exploring such aspects of human (and other animal) mental activity as: * understanding * creativity * Perception * problem-solving ...
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...technology. Ex. Some of VR users develop cybersickness such as eyestrain and motion sickness * Another limitation is the cost of VR system Intelligent Agents They are growing in popularity as a way to use artificial intelligence routines in software to help users accomplish many kinds of tasks in e-business and e-commerce. They are software surrogate for an end user or a process that fulfills a stated need or activity. They are also called software robots or bots because of special purpose knowledge-based information systems that accomplished specific tasks for user They are growing rapidly as a way to simplify software use, search websites on the internet and corporate intranets, and help customers do comparison shopping among the many e-commerce sites on the web. They are becoming more necessary.Intelligent agents like those in Ask Jeeves help you find information in a variety of categories from many online sources Expert System It is a knowledge-based information system that uses in knowledge about specific, complex application area to act as an expert consultant to end users.It provides answers to questions in a very specific problem area by making humanlike inferences about knowledge contained in a specialized knowledge base.Knowledge base contains facts about a specific subject area and heuristics that express the reasoning procedures of an expert on the subject Methods of knowledge Representations * Case based reasoning – representing knowledge...
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...REPORT ON APPLICATION OF EXPERT SYSTEMS Submitted to: Ms. Alpa Reshamwala Submitted by: Aashumita (351) Aditya shehkhar (371) Anshu Upadhyay (381) Abstract : An expert system is a computer program which captures the knowledge of a human expert on a given problem, and uses this knowledge to solve problems in a fashion similar to the expert. The system can assist the expert during problem-solving, or act in the place of the expert in those situations where the expertise is lacking. Expert systems have been developed in such diverse areas as science, engineering, business, and medicine. In these areas, they have increased the quality, efficiency, and competitive leverage of the organizations employing the technology. Introduction : Expert system technology has captured the interest of professionals in a number of fields in recent years. Systems have been developed in such diverse areas as science, engineering, business, and medicine. Almost every professional and computer society currently has a special interest group for expert systems technology. This widespread interest can be attributed to the ability of the expert system to aid various organizations in solving practical, real-world problems. Expert system is an off spring of artificial intelligence. Al is the study of developing computer Programs...
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...IAI : Expert Systems © John A. Bullinaria, 2005 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. What is an Expert System? The Architecture of Expert Systems Knowledge Acquisition Representing the Knowledge The Inference Engine The Rete-Algorithm The User Interface What is an Expert System? Jackson (1999) provides us with the following definition: An expert system is a computer program that represents and reasons with knowledge of some specialist subject with a view to solving problems or giving advice. To solve expert-level problems, expert systems will need efficient access to a substantial domain knowledge base, and a reasoning mechanism to apply the knowledge to the problems they are given. Usually they will also need to be able to explain, to the users who rely on them, how they have reached their decisions. They will generally build upon the ideas of knowledge representation, production rules, search, and so on, that we have already covered. Often we use an expert system shell which is an existing knowledge independent framework into which domain knowledge can be inserted to produce a working expert system. We can thus avoid having to program each new system from scratch. w9-2 Typical Tasks for Expert Systems There are no fundamental limits on what problem domains an expert system can be built to deal with. Some typical existing expert system tasks include: 1. The interpretation of data Such as sonar data or geophysical measurements 2. Diagnosis of malfunctions Such as equipment faults...
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...Expert Systems Expert Systems are computer systems which embody some of the experience and specialised knowledge of an expert and thereby mimic the expert and act as a consultant in a particular area. Knowledge is often represented in an Expert System in a knowledge base, which is a network of interconnected rules which represent the human expertise. Expert Systems fall into a field known as Artificial Intelligence. This field is concerned with the development of computer intelligence. The goal of Artificial Intelligence is to develop computers that can think, as well as see, hear, walk, talk and feel. A major thrust of Artificial Intelligence is the development of computer functions normally associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning and problem solving. Advances in computer processing power open the way for wider use of so-called Artificial Intelligence, at the same time that the self-serve aspect of online processes has increased the need for systems that "think." As time goes on and as patterns change, the computer learns because it is constantly being given cause and effect. The Expert System Expert System Development Financial Decision Making The financial services industry has become a vigorous user of Expert System techniques. With their high level of accuracy and reliability, Expert Systems easily replace complex human decision-making. This is done with the help of their expert knowledge-bases into...
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...Expert Systems Hema Rohira IT-620-8035-Info Resource Management-01/2013 01/13/2013 Professor: Carol Farabee, Abstract Expert systems (ESs) are applications of artificial intelligence, that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert. ESs are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning about knowledge, like an expert (Wikepedia). There are expert systems that can diagnose human illnesses, make financial forecasts, and schedule routes for delivery vehicles. Some expert systems are designed to take the place of human experts, while others are designed to aid them. The first ESs was the Logic Theorist developed in 1956 .In 1970s, with the introduction of two AI languages ,LISP and Prolog ,ESs were brought out of the lab in to the businesses. In the 1980s, expert systems proliferated as they were recognized as a practical tool for solving real-world problems. Universities offered expert system courses and two thirds of the Fortune 1000 companies applied the technology in daily business activities. [Durkin, J. Expert Systems: Catalog of Applications. Intelligent Computer Systems, Inc., Akron, OH, 1993.). To avoid re-inventing the wheel, expert system shells were created that had more specialized features for building large expert systems. ESs are ideal for domains that are well defined, in which there is a large corpus of human expertise and knowledge, yet the knowledge is mainly heuristic and uncertain. Although expert systems do not necessarily perform...
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...Expert systems are computer applications that combine computer equipment, software, and specialized information to imitate expert human reasoning and advice. As a branch of artificial intelligence, expert systems provide discipline-specific advice and explanation to their users. While artificial intelligence is a broad field covering many aspects of computer-generated thought, expert systems are more narrowly focused. Typically, expert systems function best with specific activities or problems and a discrete database of digitized facts, rules, cases, and models. Expert systems are used widely in commercial and industrial settings, including medicine, finance, manufacturing, and sales. As a software program, the expert system integrates a searching and sorting program with a knowledge database. The specific searching and sorting program for an expert system is known as the inference engine. The inference engine contains all the systematic processing rules and logic associated with the problem or task at hand. Mathematical probabilities often serve as the basis for many expert systems. The second component—the knowledge database—stores necessary factual, procedural, and experiential information representing expert knowledge. Through a procedure known as knowledge transfer, expertise (or those skills and knowledge that sustain a much better than average performance) passes from human expert to knowledge engineer. The knowledge engineer actually creates and structures the knowledge...
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...TASK 5 Databases a) A database is a structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system. b) Databases are used by storing data so it can be quickly accessed, varied information could be kept about anything, from students to stock e.g. computers and equipment, you could use MS Access to make a Database, you can use queries to find things quickly. It would be best to create a database in MS access because things can be changed and added. For instance you could add a new field or put in some new data. It is also easy to use in MS Access because it sets it out as a table so it’s easy to edit and read. c) College could use this to keep records on all their students and teachers, they could have all personal details, like Phone numbers, address, and how well their doing in their course, it could keep track of all their absences. It could hold all information about people who are visiting the college, and when things are going to be organised like student days and open days. Internet a) The internet is a server where people can add web pages to show information; you need an internet connection to be able to access the internet. b) The internet is used for browsing web pages, I would use the internet for going on face book, but a business would use the internet for things like buying stock, or advertising there business to people, some business may also have their own website to advertise. A college may have a website to describe about all the different...
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...Table of Contents Introduction 3 Accommodation System 3 Identification and Literature Surveys 3 The need for the system 4 Aims and Benefits 4 Domain Expert and Users 5 Users 5 Knowledge Acquisition 5 Strategy 5 Process of acquiring knowledge 5 Problems and solutions 5 Solution 6 Evaluation of prototype don`t do 6 Expert opinion 6 Performance/Achievement 6 Further Improvement 6 Special features 8 Variable 8 Tags 9 References 11 Apendices 12 Program Code 12 User Manual 15 This software will ask you your name and then you continue being friends. 15 INTRODUCTION APIIT/UCTI ACCOMMODATION SYSTEM EXPERT T he system provides apartment type accommodation located close to the campus with full condominium facilities, which includes swimming pool, launderettes, clubhouses, restaurants, 24 hr security and etc. All units are furnished with basic amenities, including a living room set, dining room set, air conditioning, washing machine, kitchen and bedroom furniture. Internet Access and Satellite TV are complementary for Deluxe Accommodation. Student can also rent apartments at their own. Rental of a 3-bedroom furnished apartment unit at Vista Komanwel Apartments ranges from RM1, 500 to RM1, 800 per month. On a six-student per unit sharing basis, rental for each student ranges between RM 350 to RM 500 per...
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...Abstract Experts play a number of important roles in society (e.g., doctors, lawyers, scientists). Much of their social function is communicative, and as a public we rely in various ways on these communications. Access to experts and expert information is largely a function of media. As our information and communication media have evolved in recent years, so too must our methods for assessing the accuracy, truthfulness and usefulness of information. The current study examines how modern media, particularly television and the internet, have affected communication both between experts and the public, and among communities of experts. This is demonstrated by the analysis various forms of expert communications: a scientific journal article, news coverage of a political event, and televised advertisements for law firms. It is argued that the greater the premium a society places on specialized knowledge and skills, the more we are obligated to trust experts, and this entails a greater responsibility of “the media” to connect the public to experts in transparent and useful ways. Trust the Experts: The Importance of Media in Connecting Experts to the Public Contemporary “first world” society relies heavily on specialization and the distribution of labour. The complexity of our collective activities is beyond the capacity of any individual, and thus social responsibilities are divided largely on the basis of profession (Mieg, 2006). We entrust doctors with our health...
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...An Expert System for Industrial Machine Vision Yoshifumi KITMURA, Hiroaki SATO, and Hideyuki TAMURA Information Systems Research Center, Canon Inc. Kashimada, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki 21 1, Japan Abstract An expert system for vision algorithm design is presented. Its knowledge-base includes human experts' knowledge about image processing techniques, and is capable of solving given vision problems. As a problem domain, we choose vision algorithms for a parts-feeder, which determines the attitude of mechanical parts on a conveyor-belt and rejects parts with inappropriate attitudes. The expert system for parts feeder is designed to consist of three components: FSE (Feature selection expert), IPE (Image processing expert), DTG (Decision tree generator). The knowledge for vision algorithm design to determine parts attitude is discussed. A framework to represent knowledge for finding solutions for pattern classificationproblem is established. 1. Introduction Recently, several expert systems for image processing have been investigated[1][2][3]. Their knowledge-basesinclude human experts' knowledge about image processing techniques, and can generate a sequence of image processing operations to solve the given problem. DIA-Expert system (Digital-Image-Analysis Expert System)[4] is a typical example. When an input image and the goal of analysis are given, it continues to decompose the goal into subgoals until the sequence of executable image processing modules could be found. Here, we...
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...Expert system for the definition of the cutting parameters and machining strategies 1 L.Zaquini1, J.Charpy1, J-P. Bendit2, T.Voumard3, P-E Mathez3, L. Béguelin3 HE-ARC-Ingénierie LMO (Laboratoire de Machines-Outils), University of Applied Science, Le Locle, Switzerland, 2 Jurasoft SA, Porrentruy, Switzerland, 3 Haute Ecole ARC – Software Engineering, University of Applied Science, St-Imier, Switzerland, Switzerland, Abstract The definition of the cutting parameters (Vc, fz, ae, ap), and the definition of the machining strategies or the strategies to engage the tool in the material and to start the cutting process, are usually requested by the CAM systems as input information. These data are usually strongly influenced by the consolidated experience of the operators, by the specific previous similar machining cases and by several other factors depending on the machining practices. In a project, financed by the Swiss national organization for the industrial research, the authors have developed an expert system (ES) in order to get this information through software processes. The paper shows the structure of this expert system. The ES has been realized through the definition of ontology of components and elements of the machining. The ES includes a very large data base of cutting parameters, and is based on the establishment of rules for the competition between the machining strategies. The ES includes learning methods which are able to identify similar operations. The learning...
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...EXPERT SYSTEMS Advantages • The computer can store far more information than a GP. It can draw on a wide variety of sources such as stored knowledge from books, case studies to help in diagnosis and advice on things such as prescriptions / symptoms • The computer does not 'forget' or make mistakes – remembers obscure cases of heart diseases • Data can be kept up-to-date e.g. adding more results of radiology scans / constant updating • The expert system is always available 24 hours a day. • Will never 'retire'. • The system can be used at a distance over a network. Therefore rural areas or even poorer third world countries have access to experts. • Provides accurate predictions with probabilities of all possible problems with more accurate advice especially for obscure illnesses • Some people prefer the privacy of 'talking' to a computer rather than talking to a GP • Gives the doctor more time to deal with other patients / saves overloading doctors in epidemic/pandemic / more time to deal with serious cases • Can provide a second opinion • It can help train young doctors in unfamiliar diseases. • People can do an initial diagnosis from home saving them travel and time costs especially if in a rural area or have long waiting lists to see a GP, e.g. if you suspect your child has a rash you could quickly check the symptoms for meningitis. THREE COMPONENTS: KNOWLEDGE BASE INTERFERENCE ENGINE USER INTERFACE Disadvantags: • Over reliance on IT system / Loss...
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...The Dreyfus Model Introduction: Dreyfus brothers have stated a theory which depicts the stages of an individual's progression in achieving professional expertise. They have been broken down into a series of five stages: novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and expert. The phenomenological model states that an expertise in any skill and medical skill, in particular, cannot be captured by the rule-based expert system. It argues that the expertise is said to be an unconscious and automatic performance which cannot be programmed. Thus, the progression is explained to be a gradual transition from a strict rule adherence to an intuitive mode of judgement. The authur assumes that intuition arises though expertise. Thus an expert system would not be able to rise over the level of competence. Dreyfus emphasises on experience (non-analytical) over rules(analytical). The main theme revolves around the following five stages: The Novice: Dreyfus Model explains that a novice should follow memorise and follow rules without feeling any responsibility of judgement or perception. He would need to be monitored either by self-observation or through instructional feedback. This would help the novice concentrate and internalise the rules and procedures. Dreyfus believes that the task environment is decomposed into context-free features so that a beginner can easily follow the instructions without actually knowing the desired skill. In this stage the beginner is merely following rules...
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...Identify and discuss reasons why you think GIS technology currently requires technical experts to apply it in crisis management situations. What are the key issues that need to be addressed? Suppose you had funding resources to combat this problem, where and why would you spend that money? The debate that surrounds the issue of GIS expertise in emergency management seemingly stems from the identity and capabilities of practitioners in crisis management situations. The first or local responders in crisis situations in all likelihood will be police, fire or medical response units; who although highly skilled will not be required to possess any substantial amount of GIS knowledge. Although this observation is simplistic, the cyclical nature and/or role of GIS within emergency management convey the link between GIS expertise and emergency management. The cyclical presence of GIS in the emergency response cycle for example displays how the discipline can be involved in the process of preparedness due to its role in the process of rescue. The presence of GIS expertise in emergency management can be in part explained by the want and desire on the part GIS professionals to retain the consistency and integrity of data pertaining to any given hazard or disaster. This endeavour to build and maintain a reliable data stream facilitates more accurate and thorough long term analysis leading to the delivery of relevant short term information. Operationally the presence of...
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