...Draft An End in Itself and a Means to Good Ends: Draft Why Income Equality is Important Arthur MacEwan[1] March 2009 “The social system is not an unchangeable order beyond human control but a pattern of human action.”—John Rawls (1971, p. 102) In recent years “poverty reduction” has become the watchword in development agencies, in international lending institutions, and among development economists generally. The focus on poverty reduction reached a high point perhaps with the articulation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and with the extensive analytic work that has accompanied the MDGs.[2] Yet, much of the discussion of poverty reduction and economic development in low and middle income countries has either ignored the issue of income distribution or has tended to view income distribution only in terms of its impact on economic growth. Poverty and inequality, however, are intimately bound up with one another.[3] Both as an analytic issue and as a policy issue, there are severe limitations in attempting to deal with poverty – or, more broadly, with economic well-being – without also examining income inequality. Indeed, it is questionable that we can even define poverty independently of income distribution. In this essay, I want to develop the argument that economists and economic policy-makers should focus much greater attention on inequality as measured by the distribution of income (and wealth). The traditional...
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...points, I believe, are some of what make MacLeod’s novel account of the experiences of these two groups sociologically relevant, particularly to inequality scholars and research on racial and socioeconomic disequilibrium in America. Throughout my own review of Ain’t No Making It – in which I uncover and analyze his central research question, his methodology and the key findings of his study - I’ll further highlight the various elements that MacLeod examines in this book, how they relate to Sociology, how other relative scholarly research on racial and social inequalities might compare and/or complement this study - how would some other scholars explain McLeod’s findings? Also, answering whether or not the data McLeod collected supports his analysis and argument. Predicating on the previous scholarship of Willis, Bourdieu, Bowles and Gintis, is Jay MacLeod’s investigation in to the “class based institutional mechanisms [that] set limits on mobility, thereby ensuring social reproduction, [and the way in which] cultural innovations can be at once both functional and dysfunctional for social reproduction” (pp.152). His investigation unearths a perplexing reality, in which one’s ambitions and conformity to ideological mores, do not suffice to ensure an abounding future, unscathed by one’s socioeconomic origins - “no matter how diligently they devote themselves to school, they cannot escape the constraints of social class” (pp.150). From his findings, he submits that schools are in fact...
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...Introduction To Sociology II notes by Mutangi G T Sociology is the study of human social life. Because human social life is so expansive, sociology has many sub-sections of study, ranging from the analysis of conversations to the development of theories to try to understand how the entire world works. This chapter will introduce you to sociology and explain why it is important, how it can change your perspective of the world around you, and give a brief history of the discipline. History Sociology is a relatively new academic discipline. It emerged in the early 19th century in response to the challenges of modernity. Increasing mobility and technological advances resulted in the increasing exposure of people to cultures and societies different from their own. The impact of this exposure was varied, but for some people included the breakdown of traditional norms and customs and warranted a revised understanding of how the world works. Sociologists responded to these changes by trying to understand what holds social groups together and also explore possible solutions to the breakdown of social solidarity. Early Sociological Studies Early sociological studies considered the field to be similar to the natural sciences like physics or biology. As a result, many researchers argued that the methodology used in the natural sciences were perfectly suited for use in the social sciences, including Sociology. The effect of employing the scientific method and stressing empiricism was the...
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...Intro To Sociology Unit one- -Sociology is the scientific study of social relations, behaviors, and arrangements. Sociology is one of the social sciences -Socialization is a life-long learning process, which inc. the process by which infants become adults -Auguste Comte was the first person to use the term sociology in 1838, He was a French Philosopher -The early sociologist were concerned with the study of moral statistic, and the first among these was Suicide rates -Emile Durkheim studied the relationship between suicide and social forces, he held that behavior should not be considered an individualistic matter, but in a broader social context. He argued that there is a link between the degree of social integration and suicide. He believed the greater the autonomy or Independence of a category of people, the higher the suicide rate. He came up with the term Anomie, which is a floundering, or loss of purpose and direction people experience during periods of extreme social change. -Max Weber's theory was that social behavior can only be understood when the meanings of the people's actions are known, it is necessary to understand the attitudes, feelings, and beliefs. He called this Verstehen, a German word for understanding. -Karl Marx focused on the struggle between social classes of people. Marx called owners of the means of production the bourgeoisie and the non-owners the proletariat. Marx believed that a social class was determined...
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...United Nations Development Programme SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY ELIMINATION DIVISION WP 5 GENDER AND POVERTY* Nilüfer Cagatay May 1998 WORKING PAPER SERIES *The responsibility for opinions in these articles, studies and other contributions in this series rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the United Nations Development Programme or the institutions of the United Nations system. Table Of Contents Introduction I. Women And Poverty: Are Women Poorer? II. From Women and Poverty to Gender and Poverty A. Engendering Poverty Analysis B. New Conceptualizations of Poverty C. From Consumption/Income Poverty to Human Poverty D. Are Women Poorer?: Revisiting the Question from a Human Poverty Perspective E. Assessing Gender Differences in Poverty: Quantitative versus Qualitative Approaches F. Do Gender Inequalities Increase Overall Poverty? III. What Is To Be Done? What Is Being Done? A. Gender Mainstreaming at UNDP B. Engendering Anti-Poverty Projects and Programmes Figures Figure 1: A Pyramid of Poverty Concepts Boxes Box 1: Chile: Targeting Female Headship for Combating Poverty Box 2: Gender and Poverty in Guinea: Human Poverty versus Consumption Poverty and Participatory Approach to Poverty Assessment Box 3: South Asia Poverty Alleviation Program (SAPAP): The Case of India Social Mobilization through Self-Help Groups 1 “The causes and outcomes of poverty are heavily...
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...UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION EDUCATING FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE A TRANSDISCIPLINARY VISION FOR CONCERTED ACTION EPD-97/CONF.401/CLD.1. November 1997. Original: English. Also available in French and Spanish. Other language versions are foreseen. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE BY THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF UNESCO EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION I. WHAT IS ‘SUSTAINABILITY’? * BEHIND THE HEADLINES * Population * Poverty * Environmental degradation * Democracy, human rights and peace * Development * Interdependence * NORTH-SOUTH DIFFERENCES * TOWARDS A DEFINITION OF SUSTAINABILITY * A dynamic balance * An emerging vision * EDUCATION: THE FORCE OF THE FUTURE II. PUBLIC AWARENESS AND UNDERSTANDING: THE FUEL FOR CHANGE * THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION * CONFRONTING VESTED INTERESTS * COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES * COMPLEX MESSAGES * THE MESSENGERS * REASON FOR OPTIMISM III. REORIENTING EDUCATION TO SUPPORT SUSTAINABILITY * IMPORTANCE OF BASIC EDUCATION * WHAT CHANGES DOES SUSTAINABILITY REQUIRE? * Curriculum reform * Structural reform * EDUCATIONAL REFORM: A CASE STUDY * REFORM AT DIFFERENT SCALES * CONTRIBUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION * INTERDISCIPLINARITY IV. SHIFTING TO SUSTAINABLE LIFESTYLES: CHANGING CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION PATTERNS * INDIVIDUAL CHOICES AND LIFESTYLES * COLLECTIVE DECISION-MAKING ...
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...Graduate School of Development Studies POP POLITICS: Popular culture as a democratic space for active citizenship among Filipino youth A Research Paper presented by: Marie Angelie Resurreccion Philippines in partial fulfillment of the requirements for obtaining the degree of MASTERS OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Specialization: Children and Youth Studies (CYS) Members of the examining committee: Dr. Linda Herrera [Supervisor] Prof. Dr. Ben White [Reader] The Hague, The Netherlands November, 2009 Disclaimer: This document represents part of the author’s study programme while at the Institute of Social Studies. The views stated therein are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Institute. Research papers are not made available for circulation outside of the Institute. Inquiries: Postal address: Institute of Social Studies P.O. Box 29776 2502 LT The Hague The Netherlands Kortenaerkade 12 2518 AX The Hague The Netherlands +31 70 426 0460 +31 70 426 0799 Location: Telephone: Fax: ii Contents Acknowledgments List of Figures List of Acronyms Abstract Key Words Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 The Filipino Youth and Media in Recent Philippine History The Marcos Regime: Youth in the Streets The 1986 People Power: The Culmination of Protests The Post-1986 Youth: Disengaged or Disillusioned? People Power II: The Rise of GenTxt Postscript 2001: ‘People Power Fatigue?’ Media and Technology: Expanding Youth Spaces 1.2 Research Objectives and...
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...JOSÉ LUIS MACHINEA Executive Secretary ALICIA BÁRCENA Deputy Executive Secretary Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean economic commission for latin america and the caribbean C E P A L Review NUMBER 85 APRIL 2005 SANTIAGO, CHILE OSCAR ALTIMIR Director REYNALDO BAJRAJ Deputy Director The CEPAL Review was founded in 1976 and is published three times a year by the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, which has its headquarters in Santiago, Chile. The Review, however, has full editorial independence and follows the usual academic procedures and criteria, including the review of articles by independent external referees. The Review is distributed to universities, research institutes and other international organizations, as well as to individual subscribers, and is also consulted extensively on the Internet. The purpose of the Review is to contribute to the discussion of socio-economic development issues in the region by offering analytical and policy approaches and articles by economists and other social scientists working both within and outside the United Nations. Accordingly, the editorial board of the Review extends its readers an open invitation to submit for publication articles analysing various aspects of economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean. The opinions expressed in the signed articles are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the...
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...High Risk – Low Return: The case against uranium mining in Queensland Australian Conservation Foundation Australian Manufacturing Workers Union Electrical Trades Union Friends of the Earth North Queensland Conservation Council Queensland Conservation Council Queensland Nuclear Free Alliance The Wilderness Society Cover picture: Mine tailings dam failure at Merriespruit, South Africa gold mine. On the day of the failure 50mm of rain fell in 30 minutes, comparable to flooding rain quantities in Qld in recent summers (source: tailings.info) High Risk – Low Return: The case against uranium mining in Queensland 1. Overview 2. Overstated economic potential 3. Environmental Impacts 4. Radiation and Health 5. Uranium and Indigenous Communities 6. Inadequate Regulation 6.1 Unresolved regulatory and operational issues 7. Beyond mining 7.1 Transportation 7.2 The myth of the peaceful atom: Weapons Proliferation 7.3 The myth of clean energy from nuclear power 7.4 A positive way forward for Queensland 8. Conclusions This report was prepared under the joint auspices of the unions and environmental and social justice groups listed on the cover. March 2013. Authors: R. Taubenfeld, D. Sweeney, J. Green High Risk – Low Return: The case against uranium mining in Queensland In October 2012 the LNP government broke its clear commitment not to allow uranium mining in Queensland. This commitment was the position of the LNP at the March 2012 state election and was reaffirmed...
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...abstract Over 4 billion people live in what is commonly referred to as the “bottom of the pyramid” or as subsistence marketplaces. These individuals and families live in substandard housing, with limited or no access to sanitation, potable water, and health care, have low levels of literacy, and earn very low incomes. Scholars and practitioners alike suggest that the problems existing in subsistence marketplaces demand the attention and involvement of responsible businesses and that doing business with consumers in such marketplaces can be both socially responsible and profitable. This research explores the strategies and tactics currently being used across commercial and social enterprises engaged in subsistence marketplaces. The analysis leads to recommendations about marketing practices currently used by companies and organizations that are successfully operating in subsistence marketplaces. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Of the 6.5 billion members of the human community, approximately 800 million are at the top of the economic pyramid...
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...THE IMPACT OF PENSION SECTOR REFORMS ON THE FINANCIAL VIABILITY OF PENSION PLANS IN KENYA By Akwimbi Ambaka William March 12, 2011 Department of Business Administration, School of Business, University of Nairobi, Kenya Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1784297 TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration List of Tables List of Figures Appendices Abbreviation CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.0. 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6. Background of the Study The Conceptual Basis of Social Security Schemes The Kenyan Contextual Basis of Social Security Problem Statement Research Questions and Objectives Research Hypotheses Importance of the study 1 3 10 19 22 22 23 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0. Introduction 2.1. Review of Theoretical Literature on Financial Viability of Pension Schemes 2.2. Review of Empirical Literature of Studies on the Solvency of Pension Schemes 2.3. Models for Evaluating the Financial Viability of Pension Schemes 2.4. A Summary of the Knowledge and Research Gaps 25 25 46 60 68 REFERENCES APPENDICES i Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1784297 GLOSSARY CAC CALPERS CAPSA CBS C-D CEO CGE CSR DB DC E.T.I EME ERISA FMA GASB GDP GSP INPFRS INSS IPD IRA IRBS KNAO KNBS LUPFUND NSE NSSF NYSCRF OECD OSFI PBGC PLC PPF PPR PROST PRPOPS PSPS PSSS RBA SAM SIPO SOX SSNIT SSS Commonwealth Authorities and Companies Act CEO California Public Employees Retirement System The Canadian Association of Pension Supervisory Authorities Central Bureau...
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...rights reserved. Samina Hossain Leadership Fellow, Bangladesh Youth Leadership Center Neamah Nazrul Islam Management Trainee, Bangladesh Youth Leadership Center No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system. Samira Saba Intern, Bangladesh Youth Leadership Center PRODUCTION TEAM - CREATIVE DESIGN Ivdad Ahmed Khan Mojlish Director, Youth Leadership Programs, Bangladesh Youth Leadership Center Neamah Nazrul Islam Management Trainee, Bangladesh Youth Leadership Center We are grateful to Pial Islam and his team at pi Strategy Consulting for their generous support in survey design and data analysis. In addition, we offer a special thank you to Charles Undeland at the World Bank for his guidance and advice on the production of this report. Funded by Strategy Partner THE WORLD BANK 02 pi STRATEGY CONSULTING Contents 05 Preface Youth Survey Project 06 Summit at a Glance 08 Global Citizenship 11 Leading in Times of Uncertainty 15 Entrepreneurship 19 23 Climate Change and Renewable Energy 27 Human Rights and Ethics 31 Media and Journalism 38...
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...BAY AREA SOCIAL SERVICES CONSORTIUM Understanding Poverty From Multiple Social Science Perspectives A Learning Resource for Staff Development In Social Service Agencies Michael J. Austin, PhD, Editor BASSC Staff Director Mack Professor of Nonprofit Management School of Social Welfare University of California, Berkeley 510-642-7066 mjaustin@berkeley.edu August 2006 1 Table of Contents Introduction – Michael J. Austin, Guest Editor Part I Multiple Social Science Perspectives of Poverty Theories of Poverty: Findings from Textbooks on Human Behavior and the Social Environment Amanda J. Lehning, Catherine M. Vu, & Indira Pintak Economic Theories of Poverty Sun Young Jung & Richard Smith Sociological Theories of Poverty in Urban America Jennifer Price Wolf Psychological Theories of Poverty Kelly Turner & Amanda Lehning An Anthropological View of Poverty Kristine Frerer & Catherine Vu Political Science Perspectives on Poverty Amanda Lehning Theories of Global Poverty in the Developed and Developing World Jennifer Morazes & Indira Pintak Part II Theory Integration and Practitioner Perspectives Social Capital and Neighborhood Poverty: Toward an Ecologically-Grounded Model of Neighborhood Effects Kathy Lemon Osterling Social Work Students’ Perceptions of Poverty Sherrill Clark The Explosive Nature of the Culture of Poverty: A Teaching Case Based on An Agency-based Training Program Catherine Vu & Michael J. Austin 2 ...
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...Eur J Population (2007) 23:1–31 DOI 10.1007/s10680-006-9110-6 Population and labour force projections for 27 European countries, 2002–2052: impact of international migration on population ageing Projections de population et de population active pour 27 pays europeens ´ 2002–2052: impact de la migration internationale sur le vieillissement de la population Jakub Bijak Æ Dorota Kupiszewska Æ Marek Kupiszewski Æ Katarzyna Saczuk Æ Anna Kicinger Received: 8 August 2005 / Accepted: 31 March 2006 / Published online: 2 March 2007 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007 Abstract Population and labour force projections are made for 27 selected European countries for 2002–2052, focussing on the impact of international migration on population and labour force dynamics. Starting from single scenarios for fertility, mortality and economic activity, three sets of assumptions are explored regarding migration flows, taking into account probable policy developments in Europe following the enlargement of the EU. In addition to age structures, various support ratio indicators are analysed. The results indicate that plausible immigration cannot offset the negative effects of population and labour force ageing. Keywords Population projections Æ Labour force projections Æ International migration Æ Population ageing Æ Europe ´ ´ Resume Des projections de population et de population active sont presentees ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ˆ pour 27 pays Europeens pour la periode 2002–2052, avec un interet particulier...
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...ISBN (10): 1-4438-4604-X, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-4604-2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter One ................................................................................................. 1 Knowledge Hybridization: An Innovative Business Practices to Overcome the Limits of the Top-Down Transfers within a Multinational Corporation Hela Chebbi, Dorra Yahiaoui, Demetris Vrontis and Alkis Thrassou Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 17 Rethinking Talent Management in Organizations: Towards a Boundary-less Model Carrie Foster, Neil Moore and Peter Stokes Chapter Three ............................................................................................ 42 Solidarity as a “Commons” to be Promoted: Organisation of Collective Action for a More Responsible Management Bernard Paranque Chapter Four .............................................................................................. 65 Mindset and Behaviour Effect on Firm Performance Stefano...
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