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International Business Midterm

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INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MIDTERM

Question 1: One of the discussed themes is on the institutional environment of international business. In this context, we focused mainly on the evolution of the international monetary system and monetary institutions that facilitate international trade and investment.
(1a) Marking the benchmarks along your route (i.e. Bretton Woods, Smithsonian, Jamaica, Plaza, and the Louvre Accords, etc), trace this evolution from its origins in the gold standard, through the fixed and the floating exchange rate systems to the managed float (target zone) system we are living in today.

Answer: Since known history of mankind exchange of goods and services of value had been going on between individuals, groups and tribes/nations. By the passage of time it developed through barter system to gold coins etc. In modern times starting from the last century, the evolution of institutional environment of international business and monetary system as well as monitory institutions have been developed to streamline the trade and investment among the nations. Going through the various stages of evolution from the origin in the gold standard and development to present time floating exchange rate system and to explained the workings of the international monetary system and pointed out its implications for international business we make Bretton Woods followed by Jamaica, Plaza, and the Louvre Accords, etc. To further elaborate the topic it is imperative to describe each of these concepts briefly as under:
• The Gold Standard: It is monetary standard which link currencies to gold and provides guarantees convertibility of the currencies to gold. This system had an automatic mechanism whereby it contributed to achieve balance of payments equilibrium by all countries. This system, however broken down in 1930s because of competitive devaluation by the countries.

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