...INTERNATIONAL BUSINESSs Name SIDRA IFTIKHAR SECTION: Ah REGISTERATION NO :078 Submitted to sir saqib fareed sheikh GLOBALIZATION Globalization is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture. In particular, advances in transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, including the rise of the Internet, are major factors in globalization and precipitate further interdependence of economic and cultural activities. GATT General agreement on tariffs and trade, an international treaty (1948–94) to promote trade and economic development by reducing tariffs and other restrictions. it was superseded by the establishment of the world trade organization in 1995 History of GATT • Following World War II, the victor nations sought to create institutions that would eliminate the causes of war. • Their principles were to resolve or prevent war through the United Nations and to eliminate the economic causes of war by establishing three international economic institutions. GATT, 1947 Because the ITO was stillborn the provisional agreement for the ITO, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) became the agreement...
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...International Finance Regina Ingel, Teri-Lee Begay, Kyle Oswald, and Clint Gray FIN/419 May 25, 2015 Jon Payne International Finance Coca Cola (CCE) has a huge footprint across the world. They are located in over 200 countries. With a footprint of that size it is vital for CCE to work with an investment bank. A discussion of the global banking process and how it has assisted CCE, how regulatory bodies affect financial decisions, and evaluate contemporary issues in international financial management. Global Investment Banking Investment banks are institutions that support companies, for instance, Coca Cola (CCE) in many different ways. First, they assist CCE in raising capital. Second, they offer advice on major transactions including mergers and financial restructuring. Finally, they engage in trading and market making activities for CCE (Gitman, 2014). Coca Cola is sold in over 200 countries. In fact there are only 2 countries in which Coca Cola is not sold, Cuba and North Korea. Both of these countries are under long-term US trade embargoes. However, the rest of the world is able to sell Coca Cola without any issues. In the last six months Coca Cola has acquired SABMiller, Appletiser brands and 19 non-Alcoholic ready to drink brands in Africa and Latin America (Bloomberg, 2014). The acquisition cost CCE $260, but gives them a bigger presence in Africa and Latin America. An acquisition of this nature is done with the help of an investment bank who in most...
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...global exchanges and interactions continue to be the order of the day. All areas of society, including the economic aspects, are constantly being reshaped by the process of globalization as forces that outweigh and transcend national borders exert their influence. The rate of global change is quite rapid today; consequently, the emergence of global economies makes national economies, as well as strategies geared towards national economic management, irrelevant or entirely obsolete. Economic globalization has resulted in the proliferation of global economies, which surmount the powers held by national economies to influence economic occurrences within their national borders. Fundamentally, national economies are interdependent as they depend on the cross-border movement of capital, technology, and goods and services to facilitate growth and intensification (Giddens 2000, p. 157). In essence, the establishment of global economies is geared towards obliteration of deterrents to global trade, for instance, tariffs, taxes, and international trade regulations. This results in the occurrence of a single, global world market. In truly economic economies,...
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...International Management Review Vol. 7 No. 1 2011 Technology Transfer in Context with Saudi Arabian Small-Medium Enterprises Walid Omar Awad Merdah Transmission Network Integration, Mobily, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Muhammad Asad Sadi College of Industrial Management King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran, Saudi Arabia [Abstract] Technology transfer brings scientific advances to small and medium enterprises (SMEs). It enables them to be innovative and efficient. The objective of this study is to investigate empirically the key barriers that SMEs face when transferring technology in Saudi Arabia. Both descriptive and hypothesis testing have been used for data analysis. This study shows that SMEs in Saudi Arabia face lack of workforce skills, management capabilities, and effective legal and regulatory procedures. More than 56% predicted that the accession to WTO will have a positive impact on their businesses. Furthermore, 41% found licensing is the most preferred type of partnership agreement by SMEs to transfer technology. The study also found that most Saudi SMEs do not know fully the importance of franchising. [Keywords] technology transfer; small-medium enterprises; key barriers Introduction Technology transfer involves the acquisition and absorption of technology in order to introduce innovativeness and efficiency to gain competitive advantages. There are several channels through which technologies may be transferred, such as foreign direct investments...
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...in it joining the World Trade Organization which has promoted more competitive, export-driven industries, It also became an official negotiating partner in the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement in 2010. These lifts in protectionism has meant that poverty has declined significantly however, Vietnam is still working to create jobs to meet the challenge of a labor force that is growing by more than one million people every year. It also still suffers from relatively high levels of income inequality, disparities in healthcare provision, and poor gender equality. This essay aims to firstly set out the role of the WTO and why Vietnam sought accession, it will then discuss both the positive and negative impacts that freer trade has had on the country. Vietnam joined ASEAN/AFTA in 1995, ASEM in 1996, and APEC in 1998. In January 1995, Vietnam applied for WTO...
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...1. Explain three gains form trading internationally. International trade is made exchange product, service, and factor of product in different country or place. International trade also called word trade. It reflects that Countries in the world economy on the coexistence relationship. * to exploit comparative advantage 2. Providing a recent example, explain what is meant by free trade. Free Trade mean that state cancel constraints and obstacles on import and export trade, Cancel all kinds of preferential treatment and privileges of national import and export commodities，without interference and restrictions for Import and export commodities, let goods free import and export，Free competition in the domestic market of trade policies. For example: In April 7,chain with New Zealand concluded free trade agreements（FTA），this is first free trade agreement with developed countries. Now chain have building or discuss FTA have 12, involved 29 countries or place, cover 1/4 of chain total foreign trade. In 2007 Trade between the two countries reached 159.9 billion U.S. dollars. Expected in 2008, bilateral trade will reach 170 billion U.S. dollars，2010 get200 billion，5years later 2013 will get 250 billion. 3. Explain absolute and comparative advantage what is meant by free trade. Absolute advantage is said occur when one country can product a good or service to a pre-determined quality more cheaply than another country. Comparative advantage was first described...
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...1963, has achieved a niche in the domain of International Business by blending business knowledge with creative research, pioneering executive development programmes, international linkages and industry interventions into the curricular corpus. At IIFT, we have been an active learner all these years by continually focusing on maintaining global perspective on issues but with realistic grounding in local conditions. This practical approach has given our students an unbeatable edge in the national as well as international arena. It is because of its allaround achievements that the Institute was awarded the status of Deemed University in May 2002 and accredited in May 2005 as “A” grade institution by National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) an autonomous institution of University Grants Commission. Leading surveys have rated IIFT as one of the top ten business schools in the country. IIFT achieved its stature on the strengths of its faculty members, who have been active nationally and internationally in academia, students, dedicated staff members and excellent infrastructure. There is regular exchange of faculty and students to and from the leading international Business Schools with which IIFT has strategic alliance. The programmes offered at the Institute have not only addressed the requirement of the different times but always have had orientation towards the preparedness for the future. No wonder then that the international business education at the Institute has been...
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...The Three Views and WTO Globalization has extended the opportunities available for economic growth leading to extensive lobbying amongst world financial institutions. The high influence of exchange rates has also extensively affected business transactions. The price of commodities, air fare tariffs, foreign exchange levels and export and import licenses have been affected across world markets. The World Bank, major banking institutions, World Trade Organization and UN agencies have converged to control the world markets from various levels due their extensive consultations and economic persuasions on vital financial matters. The economic control by these organizations has also lead to political and social influences amongst various nations across the world. Most countries’ sovereignty has been weakened especially amongst third world countries has they depend on financial support from these organizations for their financial stability (Gregory, 2000). The three main economic principles, economic liberalism, nationalism and structuralism can be used to analyze the functioning design and operation of WTO. Let us look at each of these perspectives and how they can be used to explain design of WTO: Economic liberalism, a principle that supports laissez faire economics also greatly values private property in production. It analyses the specific institution that produce a certain commodity e.g. wine production in Italy. The principle refutes the intervention of governments in...
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...CONCEPT OF MNC A multinational corporation is an enterprise that carries on business operations in more than one country. It extends its manufacturing and marketing operations through a network of branches and subsidiaries which are known as its foreign affiliates. According to a report of international labour office the essential nature of multinational enterprises lies in the fact that its managerial headquarters are located in one country while the enterprise carries out operations in a number of other countries as well.´ CHARACTERISTICS OF MNC: * Large size * Worldwide operations * Centralized control * Sophisticated technology * Professional management * International market * High brand equity ROLES OF MNC 1) MNC’s help to increases the investment level & thereby the income & employment in host country. 2) The transnational corporations have become vehicles for the transfer technology, especially to developing countries. 3) They also initiate a managerial revolution in host countries through professional management and employment of highly sophisticated management techniques. 4) The MNCs enable that host countries to increases their exports & decreases their import requirements. 5) They work to equalize cost of factors of production around the world. 6) MNC’s provide and efficient means of integrating national economies. 7) The enormous resources of multinational enterprises enable them to...
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...University of Macerata DPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCES, COMMUNICATION AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS MASTER’S DEGREE in Studi Politici e Internazionali ‘International Economic and Trade Relations’ LM–62 MASTER THESIS in DEVELPOMENT ECONOMICS Foreign Exchange regimes and major currencies Supervisor Student Prof. Paolo Sospiro Parapatakam Praveen Reddy MAT: 62282 ACADEMIC YEAR 2013/2014 Contents Introduction 5 Chapter 1 7 1. History of exchange rate regimes: 7 1.1 Gold Standard System (1880-1914): 7 1.2 Interim instability (1914-1944): 7 1.3 Bretton woods system (1946-1971). 8 Figure1.World Trade (1929-33).............................................................................................9 1.4 Par Value system: 9 2. Classification of Exchange Rate Regimes: 10 2.1 De facto Classification (1998-2009) 11 Diagram1. De Facto Classification of Foreign Exchange Regimes (Nov 1998 – Jan 2009).......12 2.2 Revised De Facto Classification System (2009 January to Present): 15 Table1. Shares of Classifications Using the 1998 and 2009 Systems. 16 2.3 Revised Classification System Definitions: 17 Hard pegs: 17 Soft pegs: 18 Floating arrangements: 19 Residual: 20 2.4 De facto Classification of Exchange Rate Arrangements...
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...The Three Views and WTO Globalization has extended the opportunities available for economic growth leading to extensive lobbying amongst world financial institutions. The high influence of exchange rates has also extensively affected business transactions. The price of commodities, air fare tariffs, foreign exchange levels and export and import licenses have been affected across world markets. The World Bank, major banking institutions, World Trade Organization and UN agencies have converged to control the world markets from various levels due their extensive consultations and economic persuasions on vital financial matters. The economic control by these organizations has also lead to political and social influences amongst various nations across the world. Most countries’ sovereignty has been weakened especially amongst third world countries has they depend on financial support from these organizations for their financial stability (Gregory, 2000). The three main economic principles, economic liberalism, nationalism and structuralism can be used to analyze the functioning design and operation of WTO. Let us look at each of these perspectives and how they can be used to explain design of WTO: Economic liberalism, a principle that supports laissez faire economics also greatly values private property in production. It analyses the specific institution that produce a certain commodity e.g. wine production in Italy. The principle refutes the intervention of governments in...
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...rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without the prior written consent of the author. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. 2 Abstract This dissertation analyses the problem of how to create more just and democratic global governing institutions, exploring the approach of a more formal system of collective decision-making by the three main actors in global society: governments, civil society and the business sector. The thesis seeks to make a contribution by presenting for discussion an addition to the system of international governance that is morally justified and potentially practicable, referred to as ‘Collective Management’. The thesis focuses on the role of civil society, analysing arguments for and against a role for civil society that goes beyond ‘soft power’ to inclusion as voting members in inter-governmental decision-making structures in the United Nations (UN) system, the Bretton Woods institutions, the World Trade Organisation...
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...BUS00747 Contemporary Trends in the Business Environment ‘Globalisation has wrought fundamental changes in the global economy and it is evident that the effects of globalisation are more positive than negative’ Assignment 1 Tutor: Robert Waldersee Author: Catherine Whitaker Student No: 211664327 Address: 7/59 Howard St Randwick 2031 Introduction What is Globalisation? Dutch academic Ruud Lubbers, on his website http://globalize.kub.nl/ defines globalisation as: … a process in which geographic distance becomes a factor of diminishing importance in the establishment and maintenance of cross border economic, political and socio cultural relations. Ruud’s definition draws attention to the following main points: • globalisation involves processes that transcend geographic and national boundaries, • these processes are of an economic nature, • there are political implications and considerations, and • socio cultural factors are also impacted. The issue of Globalisation has become a contentious one in recent years. Note the violent demonstrations in Seattle in 1999 and subsequent demonstrations by anti-globalisation groups such as S11. However there are many advocates of globalisation who support the ideals of free trade and free moving economies whose fate is left to market forces. The purpose of this paper is to examine some of the main issues associated with Globalisation...
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...China's market reforms and accession to the WTO has led to its economy growing rapidly, to the point where it is now the fourth largest on earth, and is expected to be in the top two within the next decade (Business Monitor International, 2006). As a result, China's SMEs are now facing an economy flooded with foreign capital, and with a more open economic climate than in previous years, but also a much more competitive economy, where many of their previous practices are no longer relevant. This piece aims to examine the effect of these changes on the strategies of Chinese SMEs by first examining the role of the SME in the economy, then analysing the strengths and weaknesses of the Chinese SMEs, and the opportunities and threats that have arisen from China's WTO membership. The piece will then examine Chinese SMEs from a strategic perspective, and the impact the the WTO membership has had on said strategies. Finally, the piece will give strategic recommendations for Chinese SMEs that wish to take advantage of the opportunities that WTO membership offers, and also for those SMEs that wish to avoid the challenges it poses. The Role of SMEs in both the International Perspective and the Chinese Perspective Academics have long realised that small and medium enterprises grow to become the major corporations and businesses of the future (Davis et al., 1985). As a result of this view, greater attention has been given to the role of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in contributing...
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...ECONOMICS II THE ACCESSION OF SAUDI ARABIA TO THE WTO ANALYSING THE FUTURE CHALLENGES SUBMITTED BY: AKANKSHA PRAKASH I.D.NO.: 1785 IIND YEAR B.A.LL.B. {HONS.} TABLE OF CONTENTS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY___________________________________________________________2 INTRODUCTION_________________________________________________________________________3 THE ACCESSION OF SAUDI ARABIA TO THE WTO: AN ANALYSIS OF THE FUTURE CHALLENGES____________________________________________________________________________4 • Objectives________________________________________________________________________4 Diversification of the economy______________________________________4 Development of modern infrastructure________________________________4 Access to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and modern technologies________4 Enhancement of purchase power of the population_______________________4 Employment Generation___________________________________________5 Maximization of competitive advantage in petrochemicals________________5 Open Access to international Market__________________________________5 Open Access to international Market__________________________________6 Integration of Saudi Arabia’s economy with the global economy____________6 • Reforms__________________________________________________________________________6 Foreign Investment_______________________________________________7 Trade in Goods___________________________________________________8 ...
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