...Mitigation and adaptation measures to HIV/AIDS in the Philippines Mitigation and adaptation measures to HIV/AIDS in the Philippines STS 1 - X GROUP 16 STS 1 - X GROUP 16 Mitigation and adaptation measures to HIV/AIDS in the Philippines ------------------------------------------------- Factolerin, M., Mantala, C.J., Bernardo, M.C., Villa, A., Navarro, A.J., Ausa, E., Obiña, M.L., Velarde, E., Bernabe, M., Lusanta, A., & Bolanos, J. I. Introduction Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a pattern of devastating infections caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmitted through the exchange of a variety of body fluids from infected individuals. It occurs in three ways: sexual transmission, exposure to infected blood or blood products, or perinatal transmission, which includes breastfeeding. The likelihood for transmission is affected by social, cultural, and environmental factors that differ between and within the various regions, countries, and continents. This virus attacks and destroys certain white blood cells that are essential to the body’s immune system (UNAIDS, 2000). When HIV infects a cell, it combines with that cell's genetic material and may lie inactive for years. Most people infected with HIV are still healthy and can live for years with no symptoms or only minor illnesses. They might be infected with HIV, but this does not necessarily mean that they have AIDS. HIV targets CD4+ lymphocytes that help recognize and destroy bacteria, viruses...
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...Case Study: Lesotho Appeal Industry Fight AIDS Anne Menlove, Hugo Vera, Hannah Nielsen, & Moriah Martin Grand Canyon University: HLT 411 May 29, 2016 Lesotho is a small country in the Southern tip of Africa that has been burden by an epidemic of HIV. It is estimated that 22 percent of the population is infected, being 270,000 people in the country but only one-quarter of those infected has received antiretroviral treatment (ART) (Gilden, 2009). There is an apparel company, Precious garments, that has taken on the fight against AIDS by starting the Apparel Lesotho Alliance to Fight AIDS (ALAFA). ALAFA goals as an organization are to determine social and economic factors of the population with HIV, develop a peer education model, and find the cost-effectiveness (Gilden, 2009). Roles and Importance The overall role that ALAFA has to help to fight against HIV/AIDS by giving help to HIV positive Basotho women that work in the apparel and textile industry. The organization provides information on prevention, testing and treatment (antiretroviral therapy) services in factory based clinics (Gilden, 2009). The issue of HIV/AIDS is important to ALAFA because not only do they want to create a healthier and more stable work environment, but they also want to change the lives of the apparel workers and provide the necessary care that they need (Gilden, 2009). Social and Economic Factors The Apparel Lesotho Alliance to Fight AIDS launch did encounter some social and economic...
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...value for consumers, and the success of the associated business. Management and careful monitoring of the application of a brand and the responses it generates from consumers is applied through brand management teams; it aids businesses in controlling the images and measures it conveys to consumers in order to create a positive brand image. Tangible products and services do not encompass brands alone; events also work effectively as a brand, through campaigns, fundraisers, and charitable events. The event through which the two theories of Co-branding and Commitment-Trust Theory are applied in this report is World AIDS Day, a globally renowned annual not-for-profit campaign that is driven by the sheer need for awareness and prevention of HIV. Brand strategies that the brand has employed include “Dance (RED) Save Lives”, musical album collaboration with well-known artists, and the World AIDS Day Australia campaign, whereby each individual state and territory conducts its own fundraising and HIV awareness raising events. Through these events, the brand have been able to successfully and strategically class their brand as an altruistic, charitable, trustworthy cause that is well worth the investment and attention. Following the critical analysis of World AIDS Day’s brand strategies through the application of the two detailed theories, several strategic and tactical recommendations have been provided to further improve upon the brand and its effectiveness in all...
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...There is a difference between "at risk" for poor health and vulnerable group population. Persons who are "at risk" for poor health problems is defined as the likelihood that a person may contract a disease that could result to illness, injury or death (International HIV/AIDS Alliance, 2010). "Vulnerable" group are the population that are already "at risk" , but also present certain factors which makes their outcome even worse. Generally, the very young, elderly, sick and disabled are the ones mostly vulnerable in every society. Other factors include difficulty in accessing health care to treat health conditions which results in a poor outcome and shorter life span (Maurer, 2013). An example is the global issue of HIV. "At risk" population...
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...disease became more prevalent in today’s culture. The outbreak of the human immunodeficiency virus infection/ Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has impacted many lives. Although today, the death rates are not as high, it has taken all branches of the government to act together to manage the disease. Human immunodeficiency virus infection / Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).The illness interferes with the immune system, making people with AIDS much more likely to get infections, including opportunistic infections and tumors that do not affect people with working immune systems. This susceptibility gets worse as the disease continues. There have been many efforts taken by all branches of government to control the number of HIV/AIDS cases in America. One of the main organizations that have leaded the efforts is the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). As a part of its overall public health mission, CDC provides leadership in helping control the HIV/AIDS epidemic by working with community, state, national, and international partners in surveillance, research, and prevention and evaluation activities. These activities are critically important because CDC estimates that about 1.1 million Americans are living with HIV, and that 21%...
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...WESTERN DRUG COMPANIES AND THE AIDS EPIDEMIC IN SOUTH AFRICA | | | | | | | | INTRODUCTION The AIDS epidemic in South Africa is at an extreme where 4.2 million of the country’s 43 million citizens are afflicted. This translates into one in every ten citizens being infected with the virus. Additionally 34 million Sub Saharan African citizens have been afflicted and 11.5 million have died and that total accounts for 83% of the world’s AIDS related deaths. Treatment is available in the form of an anti-retroviral, but it is very costly and as such unaffordable for the already impoverished nations in Africa. The AIDS crisis and the expensive treatment have caused the government of South Africa to pass laws authorising the practice of parallel importing and compulsory licensing. Parallel importing allows importers to purchase the medication from the cheapest source whether or not the patent holders gave approval and compulsory licensing allows the government to license local companies to produce cheaper versions of the drug patented by foreign companies with or without their consent. The passing of the law by the South African government caused a legal dispute with the US drug companies regarding intellectual property rights, compulsory licensing and parallel importing. The dispute caused a debate among public health officials, activists, law makers and the drug companies over the importance of public health versus corporate profits and the bad public relations...
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...AIDS in South Africa Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or AIDS is the most deadly disease known to man. More than 25 million people have died of AIDS worldwide since the first cases were reported in 1981 and 33.4 million are currently living with HIV/AIDS. According to Advert, an international HIV and AIDS charity, almost 70% of the people in the world who are infected with AIDS live in Sub Saharan Africa. And in Sub Saharan Africa, South Africa is believed to have more people with HIV/AIDS than any other country in the world. Yet with all of this, the greatest tragedy yet may be the ignorance of AIDS. The large majority of Africans believe strongly that you can get rid of AIDS one of two ways; showering after intercourse with an infected person or having intercourse with a virgin. The latter is a major cause in the number of rapes that take place in Africa, especially child rapes. Even the current president of South Africa, Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma, is not exempt from this statistic. In December of 2005 he was charged with the rape of a woman who he knew to be HIV positive, in an interview he stated that he took a shower afterward to reduce the chance of infection. What is even more shocking about this is that Zuma, at the time was also the head of the National AIDS Council for South Africa. The groundbreaking article released at the end of 2002 by the Medical Research Council of South Africa, the “Impact of HIV/Aids on adult mortality in South Africa” report is the first...
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...10 Combination HIV Prevention: Tailoring and Coordinating Biomedical, Behavioural and Structural Strategies to Reduce New HIV Infections A UNAIDS Discussion Paper UNAIDS – JC2007 (English original, September 2010) © Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 2010. All rights reserved. Publications produced by UNAIDS can be obtained from the UNAIDS Content Management Team. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate UNAIDS publications—whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution— should also be addressed to the Content Management Team at the address below, or by fax, at +41 22 791 4835, or e-mail: publicationpermissions@unaids.org. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNAIDS concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by UNAIDS in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by UNAIDS to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any...
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...AIDS LEGAL Network Q A Publication of the AIDS Legal Network • September/November 2008 Patrick Eba One size punishes all… A critical appraisal of the criminalisation of HIV transmission Lauded by lawmakers as an expression of their strong will to ‘fight AIDS’, HIV-specific laws have become a ubiquitous feature of the legal response to HIV in sub-Saharan Africa1 As of 1st December 2008, twenty countries in ECOWAS Parliament, the West African Health Organisation sub-Saharan Africa had adopted HIV-specific laws.2 (WAHO), the Center for Studies and Research on HIV-specific laws or ‘omnibus HIV laws’, as they are Population for Development (CERPOD), the Network of sometimes ironically referred to, are legislative provisions Parliamentarians in Chad for Population and Development that regulate, in a single document, several aspects of HIV and the USAID West African Regional Programme.3 and The stated objective of these HIV-specific laws, as communication; HIV testing, prevention treatment, care provided under several of their preambulary provisions, and support; HIV-related research; and the protection of is to and AIDS, including HIV-related education people living with HIV. The emergence of HIV-specific …ensure that every person living with HIV or laws in sub-Saharan Africa can be traced to the adoption presumed to be living with HIV enjoys the full of the Model Law on STI/HIV/AIDS for West...
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...Own the Goals What the Millennium Development Goals Have Accomplished By John W. McArthur For more than a decade, the Millennium Development Goals -- a set of time-bound targets agreed on by heads of state in 2000 -- have unified, galvanized, and expanded efforts to help the world's poorest people. The overarching vision of cutting the amount of extreme poverty worldwide in half by 2015, anchored in a series of specific goals, has drawn attention and resources to otherwise forgotten issues. The MDGs have mobilized government and business leaders to donate tens of billions of dollars to life-saving tools, such as antiretroviral drugs and modern mosquito nets. The goals have promoted cooperation among public, private, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), providing a common language and bringing together disparate actors. In his 2008 address to the UN General Assembly, the philanthropist Bill Gates called the goals "the best idea for focusing the world on fighting global poverty that I have ever seen." The goals will expire on December 31, 2015, and the debate over what should come next is now in full swing. This year, a high-level UN panel, co-chaired by British Prime Minister David Cameron, Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, and Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, will put forward its recommendations for a new agenda. The United States and other members of the UN General Assembly will then consider these recommendations, with growing powers, such as Brazil...
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... |PMD pro stage 1 | |HOME DISTRICT: Kisoro |Anti-corruption course carried out by TCDC-Arusha Tanzania | |HOME ADDRESS: P.o.Box 5319 |Governance accountability training carried out by TCDC- Arusha Tanzania | |CONTACT ADDRESS: World Vision International-Uganda |Security management and Protection training part 1 and 2 | | |Training of Trainers (TOT) MA Peace and conflict studies department and peace civil | |CONTACT PHONE:+256772473324/+256712363416 |service Project. Makerere University | | |Training of effective procurement and disposal practices, Proact international Inc | |E-MAIL ADDRESS: |Participatory Project planning and management, ms computer...
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...has two main business divisions, pharmaceuticals and consumer healthcare. This profile deals with the pharmaceuticals division, which generates 85% of GSK’s sales. The five largest selling GSK products are Seretide/Advair for asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD); Paxil/Seroxat and Wellbutrin, both antidepression drugs; Avandia/Avadamet for type 2 diabetes; and the antibiotic Augmentin. Each of these drugs generated above £800 million of sales in 2003. GSK produces a broad range of products of special importance to developing countries, including: Anti-malaria drugs Zentel (albendazole), for de-worming and the prevention of lymphatic filariasis Pentosam, against leishmaniasis Anti-retrovirals (ARVs) for the treatment of HIV/AIDS Tuberculosis drugs Vaccines for developing countries Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) CSR refers to the responsibility of a company for the social, ecological and economic impacts of its operations. GSK follows a proactive and comprehensive CSR approach. In 2003, the company formally adopted a set of Corporate Responsibility Principles. The company is highly transparent about its CSR policies and has a clear governance structure on CSR. Reporting...
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...HIV/AIDS IN LOUISIANA 2010 While the Federal government’s investment in treatment and research is helping people with HIV/AIDS live longer and more productive lives, HIV continues to spread at a staggering national rate. The latest incidence data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates nationally there were 48,100 new HIV infections in 2009. The graph below depicts the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Louisiana through 2010 according the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals. Note that the following HIV/AIDS statistics only represent a portion of the epidemic in the U.S.—those cases that have been both confirmed through testing and reported. Reported AIDS Casesi Number Currently Living with HIV (not AIDS) Number Currently Living with HIV/AIDS Number Currently Living with AIDS Cumulative AIDS Cases 25000 20,923 20,143 20000 18,308 17,387 16,277 15,323 15000 10000 8,684 7,593 9,379 10,035 8,273 8,008 5000 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 1 Last Updated: July 21, 2011 Demographic Trendsii The HIV/AIDS epidemic disproportionately affects those at risk from social factors such as disparity and discrimination. The following demographic numbers are from the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals as of December 31, 2010. PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS BY GENDER, 2010 Female 30% Male 70% PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS BY RACE / ETHNICITY, 2010 Black, Not Hispanic White, Not Hispanic ...
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...Contents Case I 2 Toyota Ignorance on Safety 2 Impact on Individual, Organization and Society 3 Case II 6 Ethical Dilemma in Nigeria 6 Impact on Student, School and the society 7 Case III 10 HIV positive nurse gets sentenced on deliberate transmission of the disease 10 Impact on Individual, Organization and Society 10 Reference 13 Appendix 01 14 Appendix 02 15 Appendix 03 17 Case I Toyota Ignorance on Safety Toyota Moto Corporation is one of the world’s leading companies in the automobile industry. However their reputation has been greatly damaged when they deliberately ignored safety concerns by refusing to admit the acceleration problems in their automobiles. Failure to input a break override system to prevent accidents further aggravated the situation. Complaints from over 1,000 Toyota owners have been filed since 2001. The accidents have caused the life of at least 19 people, and resulted in several injuries over the last decade (Krolicki & Hill, 2010). At a report published by the Federal Regulatory system it says that, these accidents are far more than any other automobile company has experienced. In order to comprehend for the probes, Toyota managed to collect fewer than 85,000 defected vehicles. Over the last decade National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has investigated more than eight cases filed by Toyota owners. However six other cases were closed by the Federal agency without finding any problems in the vehicles (Vartabedian...
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...1. Study the extract below and answer the questions that follow. M06/3/ECONO/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX Drug companies bring hope for HIV/AIDS sufferers “Industry puts the average cost of developing a new drug at around US$800 million. Were it not for a patent system that rewards companies for risking millions on research, anti-HIV/AIDS drugs would not exist”, said World Trade Organization’s (WTO) director general, Mike Moore. 95 % of individuals worldwide who are infected with the HIV/AIDS virus live in poor countries, with almost no access to life-prolonging treatment because of barriers such as the high cost of drugs. One possible solution to the high cost of drugs seems to be through differential pricing schemes that charge poor countries less than the rich. This form of legal price discrimination is already used for vaccines and contraceptives, with prices as low as 1 % of those in the USA. Major pharmaceutical companies have recently promised to cut prices to cost levels in Africa. The aim is to cut the price for HIV/AIDS therapy by as much as 95 %. The big multinational corporations (MNCs) do not, in theory, object to differential pricing for their pharmaceutical products. But they still want patent protection and guarantees to prevent the re-entry of low-priced drugs back to developed countries. Delay can spell disaster when dealing with HIV/AIDS. A recent forecast sees South Africa heading...
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