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International Trade Concepts

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International Trade Concepts
Juan Garcia
University of Phoenix
ECO/ 372
Prof. Luis Maldonado
3 de agosto de 2008

International Trade Concepts Es importante para una nación estar al tanto de los distintos cambios en los comercios internacionales, ya que podría afectar al mismo positiva o negativamente. Por tanto, este ensayo se expondrá cuáles son los efectos sobre el comercio internacional en la economía de Estados Unidos. Además, se explicara cómo los cambios en las políticas fiscales y monetarias afectan a tipo de cambio entre países. Pues, el comercio internacional según www.peoi.org, se define como el intercambio de bienes o servicios entre personas de distintos países. Cabe recalcar, que la discrepancia fundamental entre el comercio dentro de las fronteras nacionales y el comercio internacional es que este último se efectúa utilizando monedas diferentes y está sujeto a regulaciones adicionales que imponen los gobiernos: aranceles, cuotas y otras barreras aduaneras. Además, en el comercio internacional se benefician tanto el país que vende o exporta, como el que compra o importa esto sucede, al igual que en el comercio interno, porque cada una posee ventajas comparativas particulares que se traducen en costos comparativos diferentes. Por consiguiente, hay que atribuir una buena parte del crecimiento económico contemporáneo.es a menudo restringido por diferentes impuestos nacionales, aranceles, impuestos a los bienes exportados e importados, así como otras regulaciones no monetarias sobre bienes importados.
Por tanto, la mundialización es el resultado de la expansión y universalización de valores, instituciones, reglas y prácticas de la sociedad actual, comunes a un cierto número de ordenamientos jurídicos habituales del comercio mundial. Constituye, por tanto, el hilo conductor de la evolución del comercio internacional hacia el comercio mundial; la clave para relacionar adecuadamente la contratación internacional tanto con la evolución del Derecho del Comercio Internacional su regulador sustantivo como con el desarrollo uniforme del arbitraje comercial como mecanismo aceptado y eficaz de solución de controversias comerciales- constituyendo ambos dos aspectos dependientes, pero diferentes del comercio mundial.
De tal manera, el comercio internacional se puede medir por el volumen de lo exportada, que ha ido creciendo en cantidad absoluta y respecto a la producción doméstica, además, por el grado de interdependencia de las economías mundiales. Por otro lado, el comercio internacional es un sustituto a la cambio de los recursos. También, afecta a los precios internos, al nivel de empleo, y a todas las acciones políticas del gobierno en materia doméstica. Por otra parte, los Estados Unidos han estado históricamente más aislados que muchos otros países debido a la gran distancia, tamaño y prosperidad de su mercado interno. Sin embargo, esto está cambiando: actualmente, las empresas americanas se interesan cada vez más por los mercados extranjeros. En muchas líneas de productos, la mayoría son importados por ejemplo, electrónicas. Estados Unidos tiene la suerte de contar con tierras muy fértiles en los estados del medio oeste, y sus agricultores han sabido cultivarlas con gran eficiencia. Como consecuencia, Estados Unidos tiene una ventaja comparativa en maíz y trigo, que de hecho exporta en abundancia. Los Estados Unidos mantienen un arancel sobre el azúcar. En los años 80, el precio al por mayor mundial del azúcar rondaba los 8 centavos por libra. Como resultado del arancel, el precio al por mayor del azúcar en los Estados Unidos ha llegado a 21 centavos por libra. Esto hace que disminuyan los ingresos de un pequeño grupo de grandes productores americanos. El consumidor paga un precio más elevado y sufre los inconvenientes. Las variaciones en la demanda agregada perseguidas por la política monetaria tienen siempre dos efectos simultáneos: sobre la tasa de inflación y sobre el nivel de actividad y empleo. En algunos países como Estados Unidos se aspira a evitar que la demanda sea excesiva o insuficiente y la política monetaria se ejercita explícitamente con dos objetivos: para prevenir aumentos del desempleo y para impedir la aceleración de la inflación. Otros países han sesgado la orientación de la política monetaria y sus bancos centrales tienen un exclusivo propósito antiinflacionario. Pero en ningún caso esta preferencia ignora que el freno en la demanda también afecta la actividad y el empleo. Por otro lado el dominio de la política fiscal se vuelve o es un asunto importante en las economías emergentes, a medida que estas economías experimentaron, en años recientes, un incremento su deuda y déficit fiscal. A pesar de que las restricciones que la política fiscal le impone a la política monetaria han sido investigadas a nivel teórico y han estudiadas empíricamente con referencia a economías avanzadas, poco se ha hecho con respecto a las economía emergentes.

Referencias
(2006). Comercio Internacional. Retrieved from http://www.peoi.org/Courses/Coursessp/mic/mic15.html
(2010). El comercio internacional: definición y regulación. La denominada lex mercatoria. El arbitraje. Retrieved from http://vlex.com/vid/denominada-lex-mercatoria-caracteristicas-57740106

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