...UNIT 2 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS THEORIES International Business (Trade) Theories Objectives After reading this unit, you should be able to : • understand the analytical foundations of international business • be familiar with the international trade theories • explain the FDI approaches to international business. Structure 2.1 Foundations of International Business 2.2 International Trade Theories Theory of Mercantilism Theory of Absolute Cost Advantage Theory of Comparative Cost Advantage Heckscher-Ohlin Model Leonief Paradox 2.3 FDI Theories Market Imperfections Approach Product Life Cycle Approach Transaction Cost Approach The Eclectic Paradigm 2.4 Summary 2.5 Key Words 2.6 Self-assessment Questions 2.7 Further Readings 2.1 FOUNDATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS The analytical framework of international business is build around-the activities of MNEs enunciated by the process of internationalisation. The FDI on the part of an MNE attempts to overcome the obstructions to trade in foreign countries. The strategies relating to the functional areas, such as production, marketing, finance and price policies, are adopted by the MNEs in such a manner that an amicable relationship between home and host nations is created. Foreign direct investment can be distinguished from the other forms of international business, such as exporting, licencing, joint ventures and management contracts. Basically...
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...6.0 INTERNATIONAL TRADE FINANCE Learning Objectives: At the end of the subject coverage learners should be able to: • Explain the ways in which international trade is undertaken, settled and financed; • Identify the types of customers engaged in international trade and their needs; • Explain the features and benefits of services provided by banks and other financial institutions in facilitating international trade; • Explain international payment systems and regulations that are in place and the procedures adopted. CONTENTS 1. Introduction to International Trade Finance • The meaning of international trade. • Major parties in international trade. • Reasons for international trade. • Advantages of international trade. • International trade barriers. • The role of banks and financial institutions in international trade. 2. The Foreign Exchange Market • The meaning of foreign exchange market. • Participants in the foreign exchange market. • Functions of foreign exchange market. • The mechanism of foreign exchange transfer. • Relationship between foreign exchange market and money market. • Systems and procedures for inter bank foreign exchange trading. 3. Exchange Rates • Definition of exchange rate. ...
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...Trimester International Economics and Business (Course code: 308) Instructor: Dr. Mahima Sharma (A+B+D), Mr. Mohd. Irfan (C+E) Course Credit: 3 Number of Sessions: 24 Office Ext: 236, 269 Course Overview/objective: There are new realities that are critical for today’s students to embrace with the remarkable changes that are taking place in the cross border flow of products, services, capital, technology and people. Today both the volume of international trade and the level of firms’ internationalization are increasing at a fast pace creating newer opportunities and challenges for business. With this fact in mind, this course has been designed to prepare the future managers to grasp and comprehend the economic forces behind international business operations (as for instance -why does international trade take place? or why do firms invest overseas?) and the economic consequences of such operations( as for instance effect of international trade on production and consumption or effect of international trade on exchange rates. The contents of the course will familiarize the students with various fundamentals of international economics theory and also understand the linkages between these economic concepts and their implications for business. (As for instance the creation of a regional trade block and its implications for various sectors of business...
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...Manual International Business Term-II (First Year) Batch-VIII (2014-2016) Instructor: Prof.N.S.Uppal Prof. (Dr) Sudhir Naib) Director 2 Year Full Time PGDM Programme Title of the course: International Business (Elective Course) Term: II (First Year) Instructor: Prof. N.S.Uppal Instructors e-mail: nsuppal@bulmim.ac.in 1. Introduction This course gives an overview of the concept of all those business activities that involve cross border transactions of goods, services and resources between two or more nations. This is an essential component in learning and understanding international trading principles and concepts. 2. Learning Outcomes: The objective of this course is to enable students to: 1. Understand nature ,scope and structure of international business 2. Understand impact of environmental factors on international business operations 3. Learn role of international economic institutions and global and regional trade agreements 4. Know about role of foreign trade in Indian Economy. 3. Module Overview The course will be covered in 20 sessions, including Mid Term exam after 10th session and each session is of 1 hour and 30 minutes. 4. Book (Text Book): Joshi, Rakesh Mohan, International Business, Oxford...
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...INCOTERMS© in international trade When merchants conclude a contract for purchase and sale of goods, they are entitled to freely negotiate the special terms with regard to price, quantity, properties, etc., as well as carriage, risks and surrender of the goods. Businesses involved in exports, however, are frequently faced with different interpretations of identical formula and national commercial practices. To counteract the resulting imponderables, the parties to the contract can use what are known as Incoterms©, which offer a range of international rules for interpreting the main forms of contract used. Specifically, the Incoterm agreed by the parties determines which party is liable for the respective costs in the transport chain, for loading and unloading the goods and Customs clearance and at what point a party bears the risk of loss for an international shipment. Incoterms© also affect the basis on which the imported goods are valued for Customs. The goal of the Incoterms is to alleviate or reduce confusion over interpretations of shipping terms, by outlining exactly who is obligated to take control of and/or insure goods at a particular point in the shipping process. Incoterms regulate: The distribution of documents. The conditions for delivering goods. The cost of transporting goods. The responsibility of risk in shpping the goods. Incoterms - International Commercial Trade Terms for sale of goods INCOTERMS The most complex & important tool of International...
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...Chapter Outline I. Introduction II. International Trade Versus Interregional Trade ( international trade occurs for the same reasons as interregional trade ( gains from technology and gains from trade III. Trade in an Individual Product ( trade in cloth (U.S./India) — Figure 2.1 ( supply and demand ( the effects on India and the U.S. IV. Trade Based on Absolute Advantage A. Absolute Advantage ( PASSPORT: Football Games, Rats, and Economic Theory ( PASSPORT: Mercantilism ( Table 2.1 B. The Gains from Specialization and Trade with Absolute Advantage ( gains from trade — Table 2.2 ( the labor theory of value V. Trade Based on Comparative Advantage A. Comparative Advantage ( Table 2.3 ( David Ricardo ( Babe Ruth B. The Gains from Specialization and Trade with Comparative Advantage ( PASSPORT: Principal Exports of Selected Countries — Table 2.4 ( Change in world output — Table 2.5 VI. Trade Based on Opportunity Costs A. Opportunity Costs ( PASSPORT: Labor Costs as a Source of Comparative Advantage — Table 2.6 B. The Gains from Specialization and Trade with Opportunity Costs ( Table 2.7 ( Autarky VII. The Production Possibilities Frontier and Constant Costs A. The Production Possibilities...
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...Introduction to the Global Economy The Global Economy Globalisation – Refers to the integration between different countries and economies and the increased impact of international influences on all aspects of life and economic activity * No longer are economies dominated by local influences but rather through global influences from another countries and economies due to the impact of globalisation. * The aggregate value of all goods and services produced worldwide each year in the global economy is known as gross world economy * The Great depression in the 1930’s and the world wars are examples of international influences on economies in the twentieth century. This also caused trade barriers to arise * The major indicators of integration between economies include: * International trade in goods and services * International trade flows * International investment flows and transnational corporations * Technology, transport and communication * The movement of workers between countries Globalisation * Barriers have been put up to try and protect businesses * Benefits to removing barriers * Barriers have been removed but there are still some barriers that exist * Some say the EU is closing off itself to other countries * Benefits to globalisation: * Trading – we might not have products that are only overseas * Cheaper labour is overseas * Investment overseas and investment into Australia * Financial flows of...
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...International Trade ECO/212 Introduction International trade has truly expanded to encompass most of the world over the past century. The countries of the world have seen that everyone can benefit from specializing in the production of a certain good or set of goods and by having skilled workers that provide services to others. This trade off in strengths and weaknesses help get some commodities to locations that would otherwise be unable to attain goods or services that they need. The world of trading between countries is ever changing with the advancement in technology that becomes available to countries. Pros and Cons of International Trade The importing and exporting of goods across the globe is regulated by the World Trade Organization (WTO). This, like many other organizations have multiple benefits and drawbacks for the parties involved beyond practical application of rules and policies. One major benefit of the WTO is that they allow for trading on neutral ground allowing neither of the parties involved to obtain an unfair advantage during the trade agreement process. Any disputes that arise between two or more trading parties are also handled by the WTO which is also a benefit of having the organization in place. The organization itself acts as a mediator or referee of sorts when it comes to the process of trade between nations across the globe. This type of organization also has drawbacks when it comes to certain real world application in certain aspect...
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...Take Home Exam International Business RSM5007 This Exam is due on March 5, 2012 This Exam is to be done individually Question 1. You are asked to write a 1,000 word brief to be submitted to the European Commission on the Rise of China. There is a debate as to whether the EU commission should move to limit (to the extent it can) the rise of China. You are asked to write a brief that would highlight the opportunities created for the European economies by the rise of the China, and the challenges. You must conclude with your opinion on a way forward for the EU Commission as it relates to its China Policy. Include a Word Count. Question 2. Suppose you are approached by RIM to help them develop a strategy to enhance their penetration of the China and India markets (ie. to access the market itself, and not simply as an export platform). As noted in class, there are several alternative entry strategies: Don’t do it Sell to a home country exporting agent or a foreign country importing agent Contract with a foreign country importing agent Establish a foreign subsidiary that imports and distributes License production to a foreign manufacturer who distributes Establish a foreign subsidiary, either via acquisition or greenfield investment, that manufactures and distributes How would you advise RIM? It must be noted that the Chinese government forces foreign firms to share technology with local partners. Refer to the following two papers in your response: Distance Still Matters by...
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...Salvatore fdedi.tex V2 - 11/10/2012 9:37 A.M. Page iv International Economics Eleventh Edition Dominick Salvatore Fordham University VICE PRESIDENT & EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER EXECUTIVE EDITOR OPERATIONS MANAGER CONTENT EDITOR SENIOR EDITORIAL ASSISTANT CONTENT MANAGER SENIOR PRODUCTION EDITOR ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR OF MARKETING MARKETING MANAGER LEAD PRODUCT DESIGNER SENIOR MEDIA SPECIALIST DESIGN DIRECTOR SENIOR DESIGNER COVER PHOTO CREDIT George Hoffman Joel Hollenbeck Yana Mermel Jennifer Manias Erica Horowitz Lucille Buonocore Sujin Hong Amy Scholz Jesse Cruz Allison Morris Elena Santa Maria Harry Nolan Madelyn Lesure ©lightkey/iStockphoto This book was set in 10/12 Times Roman by Laserwords and printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley-JC. The cover was printed by R. R. Donnelley-JC. Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007, 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to...
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...Chapter 1 – Q5) A- The factors include international trading, licensing, franchising, joint ventures, and acquiring or establishing subsidiaries. For example, those factors allow MNCs to penetrate global markets by exporting and giving a license to foreign countries for a certain fee. Through these factors, MNCs will have more strength in foreign countries and learn more about international markets. B- 1) The MNC becomes more successful when it can monitor managers of the foreign subsidiaries, which is facilitated by the use of the internet, and therefore reducing agency costs. 2) Online price listings of products and services that are offered by the MNC 3) Online purchases can enhance sales 4) Eases the exporting/importing process by providing access to updated tracking information online Q7) Reasons for growth in international business: * Comparative advantage allows for more market efficiency by having more specialization and interaction between companies around the world. Specializing in what you do best and benefiting from what others do best allows for growth and attracts going global. * Imperfect markets describe the reality where not all goods that are needed by a company in a certain country can be imported or acquired easily. Therefore, local companies choose to go global to ease the process of acquiring certain resources and reduce the shipment costs that would be imposed if the company would rather import...
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...International Trade As An Engine of Growth In Developing Countries: a Case Study of Nigeria (1980-2003) SECTION ONE 1.1 INTRODUCTION A ll economies are increasingly open in today’s economic environment of globalization. Trade plays a vital role in shaping economic and social performance and prospects of countries around the world, especially those of developing countries. No country has grown without trade. However, the contribution of trade to development depends a great deal on the context in which it works and the objectives it serves. In recent decades, a number of developing countries, most notably the East Asian newly industrializing countries, have been able to purposefully use the elemental force of trade to boost growth and development within a relatively short time span. At the same time many other developing countries, especially the least developed countries (LDCs), have embarked on unilateral trade liberalization in recent years, with very limited results at best in terms of increased growth and development. To act as an engine of development, trade must lead to steady improvements in human conditions by expanding the range of people’s choice, a notion that the concept of human development 3 tries to capture. From this standpoint, the trade and development performance of a country cannot be seen as the mere sum of its economic growth and export performance. Instead, it is a composite notion, reflecting how trade relates to the range of choices available...
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...66 12 lobalization” refers to the growing interdependence of countries resulting from the increasing integration of trade, finance, people, and ideas in one global marketplace. International trade and cross-border investment flows are the main elements of this integration. Globalization started after World War II but has accelerated considerably since the mid-1980s, driven by two main factors. One involves technological advances that have lowered the costs of transportation, communication, and computation to the extent that it is often economically feasible for a firm to locate different phases of production in different countries. The other factor has to do with the increasing liberalization of trade and capital markets: more and more governments are refusing to protect their economies from foreign competition or influence through import tariffs and nontariff barriers such as import quotas, export restraints, and legal prohibitions. A number of international institutions established in the wake of World War II—including the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), succeeded in 1995 by the World Trade Organization (WTO)—have played an important role in promoting free trade in place of protectionism. Empirical evidence suggests that globalization has significantly boosted economic growth in East Asian economies such as Hong Kong (China), the Republic of Korea, and Singapore. But not all developing...
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...12 Globalization and International Trade “Globalization” refers to the growing interdependence of countries resulting from the increasing integration of trade, finance, people, and ideas in one global marketplace. International trade and cross-border investment flows are the main elements of this integration. Globalization started after World War II but has accelerated considerably since the mid-1980s, driven by two main factors. One involves technological advances that have lowered the costs of transportation, communication, and computation to the extent that it is often economically feasible for a firm to locate different phases of production in different countries. The other factor has to do with the increasing liberalization of trade and capital markets: more and more governments are refusing to protect their economies from foreign competition or influence through import tariffs and nontariff barriers such as import quotas, export restraints, and legal prohibitions. A number of international institutions established in the wake of World War II—including the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), succeeded in 1995 by the World Trade Organization (WTO)—have played an 66 important role in promoting free trade in place of protectionism. Empirical evidence suggests that globalization has significantly boosted economic growth in East Asian economies such as Hong Kong (China), the Republic of Korea, and Singapore....
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...International Business, 14e (Daniels et al.) Chapter 6 International Trade and Factor-Mobility Theory 1) Which of the following is NOT a reason that international trade theory is useful for managers to understand? A) Countries use trade theories to help them decide how to improve their competitive positions, such as improving the quantity and quality of production factors. B) Countries' trade policies affect whether imports are allowed to compete against domestic production, thus affecting where companies need to produce to serve given markets. C) Countries use laissez-faire policies to intervene in the free movement of international trade, thus affecting where companies can produce most efficiently. D) Countries wrestle with the questions and set policies on what, with whom, and how much they should import and export, thus affecting companies' abilities to produce given products efficiently and sell them into given markets. Answer: C Diff: 3 Learning Outcome: Compare and contrast theories of international trade Skill: Concept Objective: 1 2) Why should managers in international business understand international trade theories? A) Countries' trade policies, based on trade theories, influence which products companies might export to given countries. B) The understanding helps managers decide whether their companies should follow laissez-faire management practices. C) The theories help managers decide whether to use large-scale versus small-scale technologies...
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