...I’m still undecided on testing for heart disease. Yes it would benefit the patient but at the same time there are things that you can do to prevent it. Eat right, exercise, don’t smoke, and don’t do drugs. The people who contract it from their parents, I guess it would be worth it. If the testing of animals will make a lotion better then find something else to test on. Animals are not to be harmed for lotion or make up or things like that. I know this answer doesn’t match with my other answers but in my eyes there is a fine line between animal testing to cure a deadly disease like cancer and testing to make your hands smoother. Animals deserve a little more dignity then lotion. I believe my answers are in line with ethical intuitionism more so then sentimentalism. I believe that animals should be...
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...ethical cognitivism is the theory that moral values can be derived from sense experience. Ethical naturalism looks into cognitive and objective statements, it states ethical and non-ethical statements are the same, also that ethical statements can be verified and falsified. Criticisms of ethical naturalism – the naturalistic fallacy. The naturalistic fallacy is the claim that good cannot be defined. G.E. Moore argued against ethical naturalism and called the attempt to identify goodness with a natural quality a mistake. He uses the naturalistic fallacy to do this. Intuitionism – G.E. Moore. Intuitionism is the theory that moral truths are known by intuition. Moore’s intuitionism is a cognitive theory itself. It states good is indefinable, there are objective moral truths and we know these moral truths by intuitionism. Intuitionism – H.A. Pritchard. Pritchard develops the theory of Intuitionism. Pritchard’s intuitionism states obligations are as indefinable as good, intuition decides what to do in a situation and some people’s intuition is better developed than others. Non-cognitive theories of meta-ethics. Emotivism is a non-cognitive theory of meta-ethics. Emotivism is the theory which says that moral...
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...PHI 107: Introduction to Ethics PHI 107: Introduction to Ethics John Doe Allied American University Author Note This paper was prepared for PHI 107: Introduction to Ethics, Check Your Understanding Module 1 taught by Steven Klein. Directions: Please provide detailed and elaborate responses to the following questions. Your responses should include examples from the reading assignments, if possible. Each response should be at least one half of one page in length and utilize APA format. 1. What is the difference between moral motivation and moral justification? · The difference between moral motivation and moral justification is that moral motivation involves feelings. It also uses judgments, which makes us feel whether something is good for us, and affects decision making and reason to act a certain way. Moral justification defends a moral theory; it helps persuade ourselves on believing that our actions are right. 2. Explain the difference between natural morality and transcendent morality. · The difference between natural morality and transcendent morality is that natural morality is interpreted by human reasoning; it follows what is best for human nature, searching for happiness and fulfillment. Transcendent morality is being superior and above something, being beyond a normal or physical level. 3. What is the difference between a moral judgment and an aesthetic judgment? · Moral judgments are opinions formulated on...
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...and such prescriptions are moral because they are universal. Hare then goes on to talk about the word ‘good’ and that we should always link it in relation to a set of standards, and this therefore means it has a descriptive meaning, however if we use the word ‘good’ in a moral sense it also has a prescriptive meaning. Hare is saying that there is a difference between a descriptive and prescriptive meaning, but when we use words with an ethical meaning, we use them prescriptively. However there are criticisms to Hare’s theory like you should put yourself in another person’s shoes before making a judgement as one person’s preferences may be different from another person. On the other hand philosopher G.E. Moore came up with the idea of intuitionism and he said that the word ‘good’ was indefinable and one prime example he used was that we know what ‘yellow’ is and can recognise it, but we can’t actually define what it is and he also says this about the word ‘good’. Moore also said that we can still say whether a moral statement is true or false through our intuition and that we can recognise good when we see it. There are also criticisms to this in that there is no evidence, also people come to different conclusions when using their intuition. There is also the emotivist approach you have to take into consideration when talking about ethical language. A.J. Ayer comes up with the idea of emotivism which means that moral statements are just expressions of feelings. He says that ethical...
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...and statements give no factual information and therefore they are not as meaningful as they are not subject to the true or false test and this approach suggests that they are just expressions of emotion and prescriptive recommendations. The naturalistic fallacy is a form of ethical non-naturalism and it was devised by G.E Moore and Moore believed that the term “good” is a simple term like “that’s yellow” and it couldn’t be defined and he also believed that we couldn’t prove moral statements through the use of evidence, Moore also believed that the only way of knowing if something is good or not is through intuition and this makes Moore into an ethical intuitionist and this is in fact described as intuitionism. Intuitionism was also then developed by H.A. Pritchard and his intuitionism states that obligations are as indefinable as good and intuition decides what you should do in a situation and he also believes that some people’s intuition is...
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...He addresses this by looking at how we answer those questions that we face in our life that is moral issues and or controversial moral issues. (e.g abortion, cloning, physician aid death) Applied ethics are helpful because they help “hit upon a true moral principle, we get moral guidance; we learn what to do” (Tännsjö 2011, 398). That being said it helps identify right and wrong characteristics and gives us moral guidance and moral understanding to answer the moral issue at hand. Tännsjö (2011) states that applied ethics can help us answer practical questions, but can also help us bring consistency and clarity into practical issues that already exist. The author faces challenges from intuitionism and particularism. Intuitionism, suggest that people have different moral principles and yield conflicting practical conclusions to the moral issue that is at hand. As well that some of our intuitions are unreliable. Particularism “claims [that] there are no true moral principles” (Tännsjö 2011, 401). Thus, that there is inconsistency with all moral...
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... and applied ethics. Normative ethics seeks to establish norms or standards of conduct; a crucial question in this field is whether actions are to be judged right or wrong based on their consequences or based on their conformity to some moral rule, such as “Do not tell a lie.” Theories that adopt the former basis of judgment are called consequentialist (see consequentialism); those that adopt the latter are known as deontological (see deontological ethics). Metaethics is concerned with the nature of ethical judgments and theories. Since the beginning of the 20th century, much work in metaethics has focused on the logical and semantic aspects of moral language. Some major metaethical theories are naturalism (see naturalistic fallacy), intuitionism, emotivism, and prescriptivism. Applied ethics, as the name implies, consists of the application of normative ethical theories to practical moral problems (e.g., abortion). Among the major fields of applied ethics are bioethics, business ethics, legal ethics, and medical ethics. 1. Clearly define the ethical problem. The ethical problem is if I should be honest and report this security breech. 2. Employ applicable laws and regulations. I would have to check my unit's internal Standard Operation Procedures to determine what the regulations are regarding proper disposal of classified documents. 3. Reflect on the ethical values and their ramifications. There are seven core Army values. I don't believe that all seven apply to...
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...A Summary of the Terms and Types of Ethical Theories Ethics is a branch of philosophy addressing questions about morality. Ethics is divided into two different ways of looking at the morality of humanity. They are Consequential and Non-Consequential. CONSEQUENTIAL ETHICS In Consequential Ethics, the outcomes determine the morality of the act. What make the act wrong are the consequences. It says, it will be legitimate to lie in order to get out of a serious problem, such as to save a persons life. In other words a white lie is fine. So the essence of morality is determined by the result or outcome of the act. NON – CONSEQUENTIAL ETHICS In non-Consequential Ethics, the source of morality comes from something else: law, God’s law, moral law, sense of duty, and your definition of what is the virtuous thing to do. All those considerations are built into the act itself before you could think of consequences, before it makes it right or wrong. One classic example is this system is lying. Lying could be wrong because in one system, it’s a violation of the nature of speech. It’s wrong to use a lie to achieve a good end. Simply put, a lie is a lie, is a lie. Egoism – Utilitarianism – Pragmatism Egoism - Means, act in your own self-interest. Utilitarianism - Do that which is moral only if the act produces the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people. There are two brands of Utilitarianism: 1. Act Utilitarianism- Do the act. No consideration of before or after...
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...The movie “John Q” is filled with ethical and moral dilemmas throughout its course. It gives us a clear notion of the duties of public servants, and private administrators with regards to ethical decision they face in the daily execution of duties in communities they represent. In this analysis, I will explore the ethical and moral values of the main characters in the movie in performing their various official capacities. I will also elaborate on health insurance coverage by defining and reviewing the difference and similarities of PPO and HMO. Below is an ethical analysis of the characters in the movie “John Q.”: First of all let me explain what the movie is about before touching on the moral and ethical dilemmas of the characters. The director of this movie Nick Cassavetes reveals a social issue in the health care industry. He explains the ordeals of John Archibald, whose son has a serious cardiac condition that requires urgent surgery. John did not have an appropriate health insurance policy to cover the cost of the operation; the hospital chooses not to take the Good Samaritan route, and refuse to proceed with the operation. Therefore, John Q is confronted with a moral dilemma to accept fate and prepare for his son’s funeral as the Hope Memorial Hospital administrator, Rebecca Payne have suggested, or raise funds for the cardiac operation, which is a daunting task considering the time and emergency nature of the situation his son is in. John decided to take the...
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... The members of the bureaucracy constitute Power elite. They are likely to take decision in self interest or under pressure from powerful interest groups. Further, the bureaucracy is a mindless machine that turns out decisions mechanically. The rule-bound administration may look very neat and tidy, but it may not be able serve the wide Cause of public interest and according to Herbert Simon administrative decisions are often based on the grounds other than those of efficiency and economy. Social and psychological factors greatly influence the way the decision see taken by the decision-makers. Thus the importance of a sense of public interest as a wider ethical Commitment in Public administration assumes significance in this context. Intuitionism The administrator Chooses on alternative by intuition- a Solution which seems to him the right course of action under the given circumstances. Perfectionism The view of the administrator here is that Public interest should be the Standpoint of promotion of excellence in all spheres of social activities. Public resources should be spent in such a way that the best members...
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...Philosophy 03/11/12 Drinking I have made many big decisions in my life, but one of my biggest ones is the choice not to drink. Many people take the chance and get their scholarships ripped up or even they could possibly get caught behind the wheel of a car and get charged for the zero tolerance law for people drinking under the age of twenty-one and possibly serve time in jail. Underage drinking is not worth the risk of getting caught. Overall, I am not going to start drinking before the age of twenty-one because there are way to many risks involved that can jeopardize my future and I honestly don’t think that it is worth it. The ethical egoism of my choice is so that I would not be charged with underage drinking charges because that will stick with me for the rest of my life. It would be hard to convince my children not to drink until they are twenty-one because I would not be able to set an example if I did not follow what I was saying. Another reason I do not drink is because of the lifetime risk. Around five thousand people under the age of twenty-one die due to motor vehicle accidents, suicide, and also falls, burns, and drowning all because they had too much to drink and could not control or think through what they were doing completely. Another dangerous effect of me drinking at my age is that my brain is not yet fully developed, so it could affect my brain from developing fully. Other affects that drinking has on a person at a young age is liver problems and may...
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...Chapter 1 Nature of Law | Definition of Law “a rule of civil conduct prescribed by the supreme power in a state, commanding what is right, and prohibiting what is wrong’ (Blackstone)Functions of Law to maintain stability in the social, political, and economic system through dispute resolution, protection of property, and the preservation of the state, while simultaneously permitting ordered change. Legal Sanctions are means by which the law enforces the decisions of the courts.Law and Morals are different but overlapping; law provides sanctions, while morals do not.Law and Justice are separate and distinct concepts; justice is the fair, equitable, and impartial treatment of competing interests with due regard for the common good. | Classification of Law | Substantive and Procedural Law * Substantive Law: Law creating rights and duties. * Procedural Law: Rules for enforcing substantive law.Public and Private Law * Public Law dealing with the relationship between government and individuals. * Private Law governing the relationships among individuals and legal entities.Civil and Criminal Law * Civil Law dealing with rights and duties the violation of which constitutes a wrong against an individual or other legal entity. * Criminal Law establishing duties, which, if violated, constitute a wrong against the entire community. | Source of Law | Constitutional Law fundamental law of a government establishing its powers and limitations.Judical Law * Common Law body...
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...Riemann was a phenomenal genius whose work was exceptionally deep, creative and rigorous; he made revolutionary contributions in many areas of pure mathematics, and also inspired the development of physics. He had poor physical health and died at an early age, yet is still considered to be among the most productive mathematicians ever. He was the master of complex analysis, which he connected to both topology and number theory. He applied topology to analysis, and analysis to number theory, making revolutionary contributions to all three fields. He took non-Euclidean geometry far beyond his predecessors. He introduced the Riemann integral which clarified analysis. Riemann's other masterpieces include differential geometry, tensor analysis, the theory of functions, and, especially, the theory of manifolds. He generalized the notions of distance and curvature and, therefore, described new possibilities for the geometry of space itself. Several important theorems and concepts are named after Riemann, e.g. the Riemann-Roch theorem, a key connection among topology, complex analysis and algebraic geometry. He was so prolific and original that some of his work went unnoticed (for example, Weierstrass became famous for showing a nowhere-differentiable continuous function; later it was found that Riemann had casually mentioned one in a lecture years earlier). Like his mathematical peers (Gauss, Archimedes, Newton), Riemann was intensely interested in physics. His theory unifying electricity...
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...Michael Huemer is a professor at the University of Colorado. He studies ethics and theory of knowledge while teaching philosophy at the university. His work with ethical intuitionism, moral realism, anarcho-capitalism, and libertarianism shaped many discussions Huemer has fore fronted, and brings us to “Three Skeptical Arguments,” an excerpt from Skepticism and the Veil of Perception. The debate question Huemer touches on is “can humans truly know anything?” He takes the negative position, stating that no human can or will ever truly possess knowledge. He breaks his main theory into an argument, which is then separated into three sections that he uses to support his disputation: ‘the infinite regress argument,’ ‘the problem of criterion,’...
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...The Willowbrook experiment was an opportunistic experiment in which mentally ill children were the victims of and parents were deceived into giving their consent through unethical means such as blackmail. Children were living in a school that was overcrowded and hepatitis was rampant. Instead of the school raising their sanitation standards they took advantage of this and began experimenting with the virus and injecting it into the children. These children had no idea what they were having done to them and no way to understand given their mental state. Some parents were told they would only accept their child if they placed them in the hepatitis wing and gave consent to be involved in the experiment. When parents would tour the facility and a consent form was given to them, the manner at which the school explained the virus sounds like nothing more than a stomach bug that may last for a week at best. Willowbrook made it sound like it was in the best interest of the parents and child if they gave their consent to participate because if they caught hepatitis from another child then the symptoms would be far worse than if they were given a milder dose from the school. There are many ways someone may look at this and ask their self was it justified as we will see. "Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness." This quote is a summary of what Utilitarianism defines. A utilitarian believes that...
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