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FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
CAMPUS FAST FOOD Inc

GROUP 3 / KELAS B
Niniek Tiyas Yuliani 1157028
Rosita Dwi Nugrahasti 1157043

MAGISTER MANAJEMEN
FAKULTAS EKONOMIKA DAN BISNIS
UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA
YOGYAKARTA
2011
Latar Belakang
Campus Fast Food Inc. (CFFI) adalah suatu perusahaan yang menjual makanan cepat saji (fast food) lewat jaringan outlets-nya yang menargetkan mahasiswa dan anak muda sebagai pasarnya. Karena itu outlet-outlets tersebut kebanyakan berlokasi di dekat kampus, atau daerah yang jumlah anak muda cukup banyak, dan harganya juga disesuaikan dengan daya beli mereka (harga agak rendah dengan profit margin yang agak tipis). Tahun lalu penjualan mencapai Rp 140 miliar, dengan biaya variabel sebesar 60 % dari penjualan, dan biaya tetap, termasuk depresiasi, Rp 4 miliar. Karena jumlah mahasiswa, yang menjadi target pasar utamanya, relative stabil, maka penjualan dan juga laba operasi (atau Earning Before Interest and Taxes, EBIT) diharapkan konstan untuk tahun-tahun yang akan datang. Karena tidak diperlukan ekspansi, CFFI membagikan semua laba setelah pajak sebagai dividen. Aset yang dimiliki sebesar (nilai buku) Rp 200 miliar dan 160 juta lembar saham diterbitkan dan beredar. Manajemen puncak perusahaan (direksi dan komisaris) memiliki sekitar 50 persen saham yang diperdagangkan di bursa.
CFFI saat ini, yaitu akhir tahun 2009, tidak mempunyai hutang – merupakan perusahaan dengan ekuitas 100% - dan 160 juta lembar sahamnya diperdagangkan dengan harga Rp 1500 per lembar dengan Price to Book Value sekitar 1.25x. Perusahaan membayar pajak penghasilan perusahaan sebesar 30%.
Rencana Ekspansi
Komisaris utama, yang juga memiliki sejumlah saham yang cukup banyak, berpendapat bahwa pasar untuk makanan cepat saji (fast food) tetap berkembang cukup baik. Meskipun penjualan CFFI relative stabil dan diharapkan akan konstan di masa yang akan datang, tetapi apabila perusahaan mulai melayani segmen pasar yang berbeda, yaitu tidak lagi memusatkan pada mahasiswa atau penduduk di sekitar kampus, penjualan dan laba akan tumbuh secara signifikan. Karena itu ia mengundang para direksi dan komisaris yang lain untuk mendiskusikan pendapatnya. Berikut ini diskusi selama rapat yang dihadiri oleh Komisaris Utama (KU), Komisaris Independen (KI), Direktur Utama (DU), Direktur Pemasaran (DP) dan Direktur Keuangan (DK).

KU : Maaf karena saya telah mengundang saudara-saudara dengan agak mendadak. Sebagaimana kita semua tahu perusahaan telah membagikan semua laba sebagai dividen karena tidak perlu melakukan ekspansi. Kebijakan ini kita rasakan tepat apabila kita tetap melayani pasar yang sekarang. Tetapi saya telah mengumpulkan data tentang bisnis fast food dan disebutkan disitu bahwa pertumbuhan industri tersebut mencapai double digits dalam tiga tahun terakhir dan diharapkan akan bertahan untuk lima tahun yang akan datang. Argumentasi yang dijelaskan adalah bahwa makin banyak penduduk yang bekerja dan mereka menginginkan makanan yang cepat saji dan siap santap. Mereka hanya mempunyai waktu pendek untuk istirahat dan karenanya memerlukan produk-produk seperti itu. Hal ini terutama nampak kalau saya berjalan di daerah bisnis dan perkantoran. Demikian banyak restoran yang menawarkan makanan cepat saji, dengan berbagai nama, seperti Wendys, McDonald, B&W, dan sebagainya. Yang menarik adalah bahwa diantara produk-produk tersebut ada yang memposisikan diri sebagai “makanan cepat saji berkelas”. Bahkan ada yang menonjolkan bahwa makanan cepat saji yang mereka tawarkan merupakan makanan yang “sehat”. Seperti roti dengan whole wheat, banyak sayuran, dagingnya lebih lean, dan sebagainya. Mereka menyebut produk tersebut merupakan produk ”premium”, yang nampaknya sangat berhasil. Mengapa kita tidak mencoba masuk ke pasar ini? Pasar kelompok pekerja dengan income menengah ke atas. Bukan lagi para mahasiswa dan anak muda.
DU : Kalau kita ingin melayani segmen pasar yang baru kita perlu memperkenalkan merk baru. Merk dagang kita saat ini telah diasosiasikan dengan kampus, anak muda dan income menengah ke bawah. Saya kira agak sulit membuat para pekerja kantoran yang berpenghasilan menengah ke atas akan bersedia mencoba merk lama kita.
KU : Saudara mempunyai point yang bagus di sini. Ya, kita harus menggunakan merk baru untuk melayani segmen pasar baru. Kita bisa mulai investasi dengan jumlah yang tidak terlalu besar. Apabila perlu kita dapat menerbitkan obligasi untuk membiayai investasi ini. Ingat bahwa perusahaan kita merupakan perusahaan dengan ekuitas 100%. Bagaimana pendapat saudara DK?
DK : Tentu kita dapat menerbitkan obligasi. Mudah-mudahan dengan kondisi keuangan kita calon pemodal akan mudah menyerap tawaran obligasi kita. Kita bisa minta perusahaan pemeringkat untuk menilai obligasi kita, tetapi saya kira kita akan memperoleh minimal peringkat single A.
DP : Dengan peringkat itu, berapa coupon rate yang dapat kita tawarkan?
DK : Sesuai dengan obligasi-obligasi sekelas, coupon rate akan sekitar 12,5%.
DP : Tetapi investasinya akan bersifat sangat jangka panjang. Dapatkah kita menerbitkan obligasi dengan tenor yang sangat panjang?
DK : Saya kira lebih baik kita menerbitkan obligasi dengan jangka waktu lima tahun. Cara semacam itu merupakan praktek yang biasa dilakukan di bisnis. Kita selalu bisa memperpanjang atau menerbitkan obligasi baru pengganti obligasi yang lama apabila kita masih memerlukan dananya. Berapa banyak investasi yang bapak perkirakan bapak KU?
KU : Marilah kita mulai dengan angka Rp 100 miliar. Jumlah ini kira-kira separoh jumlah investasi kita saat ini. Bagaimana menurut pendapat saudara DP?
DP : Angka Rp 100 miliar nampak cukup buat saya. Taksiran saya kita mungkin dapat menciptakan tambahan penjualan sebesar Rp 60 miliar tetapi dengan profit margin yang lebih tinggi. Biaya variabel mungkin sedikit lebih rendah dari 60%, mungkin sekitar 55% dari penjualan. Tambahan biaya tetap, tidak termasuk penyusutan, akan sekitar Rp 3 miliar setahun.
KI : Berapa besar pertumbuhan yang saudara harapkan untuk pasar baru ini?
DP : Untuk taksiran konservatif, angka sekitar 5-6 % per tahun mungkin memadai.
DK : Apabila kita mengharapkan penjualan, atau EBIT, atau EAT, tumbuh sekitar 5-6 %, yang semata-mata mencerminkan inflasi, maka kita perlu menahan sebagian laba untuk mendukung pertumbuhan. Pada umumnya investasi tersebut akan terdiri dari 80% investasi pada asset tetap dan 20% pada net operating working capital (NOWC). Aset-aset tetap tersebut akan disusut selama 20 tahun, dan NOWC akan meningkat proporsional dengan penjualan. Pengeluaran modal untuk mengganti asset tetap yang telah disusut dapat diambilkan dari dana penyusutan ditambah dengan beberapa tambahan untuk menutup kenaikan harga karena inflasi.
KI : Lebih baik kita mulai melakukan analisis dengan angka-angka.
DK : Baik (Setelah menganalisis beberapa angka) Berikut ini proyeksi neraca untuk proyek tersebut pada tahun ke 0, yaitu pada saat proyek tersebut dimulai, dan taksiran laba rugi untuk tahun 1. Kita asumsikan bahwa proyek tersebut akan dibiayai dengan menerbitkan hutang (lihat table 1)
IC : Bottom line atau laba setelah pajak, berapa yang harus ditahan dan berapa harus didistribusikan sebagai dividen?
DK : Mari kita analisis lebih lanjut. Setelah mereka menunggu beberapa saat, Direktur Keuangan menyampaikan beberap proyeksi keuangan.
DK : Inilah beberapa proyeksi proyek tersebut. Untuk menyederhanakan analisis marilah kita asumsikan bahwa laba operasi, atau EBIT, akan tumbuh sebesar 6% setelah tahun ke 3, dividen akan tumbuh sebesar 8% setelah tahun ke 3, dan free cash flow tumbuh sebesar 5% setelah tahun ke 3 (lihat table 2)
IC : Mengapa angka pertumbuhan tersebut berbeda untuk setiap akun yang berbeda?
DK : Karena kita mengasumsikan hutang konstan sebesar Rp 100 miliar. Karena itu biaya bunga juga konstan. Akibatnya pertumbuhan Earning Before Tax misalnya, tidaklah sama dengan pertumbuhan EBIT. Dan dana yang diperlukan untuk mendukung pertumbuhan juga tidak meningkat secara konstan. Karena itu pertumbuhan free cash flow dan dividen tidak sama dengan 6%.
KU : Berapa dampak proyek tersebut pada nilai perusahaan atau harga saham?
DK : Dampaknya tentu akan positif apabila diharapkan proyek tersebut akan menguntungkan oleh para pemodal. Karena itu sewaktu kita akan menerbitkan obligasi kita perlu menginformasikan rencana penggunaan hutang ini ke pasar. Tetapi secara pribadi angka Rp 100 miliar nampaknya terlalu kecil.
KU : Apakah saudara DK berpendapat bahwa kita akan kesulitan menawarkan obligasi tersebut?
DK : Saya tidak tahu pasti, tetapi kita bisa menguji “selera” pasar.
KU : Baiklah. Apabila kita menerima masukan bahwa Rp 100 miliar merupakan jumlah yang terlalu sedikit, kita akan melakukan pertemuan lagi untuk membicarakannya. Masalahnya adalah kita tidak dapat menerbitkan obligasi lenih banyak hanya karena pasar menginginkannya. Investasi yang lebih besar hanya dapat dibenarkan dengan penjualan yang lebih tinggi.
DK : Penjualan merupakan tanggung jawab DP.
DP : Jangan membebankan kepada saya…
KU : Baiklah, mari kita menunggu masukan pasar analisis yang lebih rinci. Bagaimana kalau kita bertemu kembali minggu depan?
DU : Saya setuju.
DP : Tidak ada masalah buat saya.
KI : Idem. Satu minggu kemudian
KU : OK. Bagaimana minat pasar denan obligasi sebesar Rp 100 miliar?
DK : Sebagaimana saya duka, para pemodal nampaknya lebih suka kalau jumlahnya lebih besar. Para calon pemodal mengatakan bahwa angka minimal Rp 250 miliar akan lebih baik. Ingat bahwa sekarang banyak perusahaan pembiayaan menerbitkan obligasi, rata-rata, sebesar Rp 500 miliar setiap kali penerbitan. Sayangnya angka yang lebih tinggi hanya dapat dibenarkan dengan investasi yang lebih besar yang berarti penjualan harus lebih besar.
DP : Jangan memaksa investasi terlampau besar hanya karena para pemodal memintanya. Apabila kita tidak dapat menghasilkan penjualan yang sesuai dengan taksiran terdahulu, dua kali lipat, maka penerbitan obligasi Rp 250 miliar tidak dapat dibenarkan tanpa analisis yang kuat.
DK : Saya sepenuhnya setuju dengan pendapat tersebut. Sebagai alternative, bagaimana kalau kita terbitkan tambahan saham baru sebagai pengganti hutang untuk membiayai investasi Rp 100 miliar tersebut? Hal ini berarti bahwa perusahaan akan tetap dibiayai dengan 100% ekuitas. Pertanyaannya adalah, apakah pemegang saham saat ini setuju dengan penerbitan saham baru?
KU : Saya kira tidak ada masalah asalkan harga saham baru tersebut ditawarkan seperti harga saham saat ini. Para pemegang saham lama juga dapat memesan penawaran saham baru.

Pertanyaan 1. Hitunglah free cash flow, nilai perusahaan, dan cost of equity sebelum perusahaan mengambil proyek investasi tersebut, dengan asumsi bahwa harga saham di bursa merupakan harga yang wajar. 2. Taksirlah free cash flows dan dividen proyek tersebut sesuai dengan scenario yng disiapkan oleh direktur keuangan. 3. Apabila proyek tersebut dibiayai dengan ekuitas, dengan menggunakan taksiran cost of equity pada pertanyaan nomor (1) dan free cash flow pada pertanyaan nomor (2), berapa nilai proyek tersebut? Berapa NPVnya? Ingat bahwa free cash flow diharapkan akan tumbuh sebesar 5% sesudah tahun ke 3. 4. Sekarang asumsikan bahwa proyek tersebut dibiayai dengan hutang dan jumlah hutang konstan sebesar Rp 100 miliar selamanya. Berapa penghematan pajak karena penggunaan hutang tersebut? 5. Taksirlah nilai CFFI dan harga sahamnya setelah proyek diambil dengan asumsi proyek tersebut dibiayai dengan hutang permanent sebesar Rp 100 miliar dan para pemodal setuju dengan taksiran Direktur Keuangan. Apa kesimpulan saudara? 6. Sekarang asumsikan bahwa perusahaan kesulitan menerbitkan obligasi. Sebagai hasilnya perusahaan akan menerbitkan tambahan saham biasa. Saham baru tersebut akan ditawarkan dengan harga Rp 1500 per lembar dan 70 juta lembar saham baru akan diterbitkan karena biaya emisi ditaksir sebesar Rp 5 miliar. a. Berapa harga saham setelah penerbitan saham baru dan pasar berpendapat bahwa proyek tersebut diharapkan akan menghasilkan NPV seperti jawaban saudara/ri pada pertanyaan nomor (3)? b. Siapa yang akan menikmati tambahan kemakmuran yang lebih besar? Pemegang saham lama, ataukah pemegang saham baru? Jelaskan
Appendices

Table 1
Estimated balance sheet of the project t year 0 (in billion rupiah) Net operating working capital 20.0Fixed assets 80.0 | Debt 100.0 | Total 100.0 | Total 100.0 |

Estimated profit and loss for the year 1 (in billion rupiah) | Year 1 | SalesVariable costsFixed costsDepreciation | 60.0033.003.004.00 | EBITInterest expense | 20.0012.50 | EBTCorporate Income Tax (30%) | 7.502.52 | EAT | 5.25 |

Table 2
Projected operating profit (EBIT) and EAT (in billion rupiah) | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Notes | EBITInterest expense | 20.012.5 | 21.212.5 | 22.412.5 | EBIT is expected to grow at 6% after year 3 | EBTCorporate Income Tax (30%) | 7.52.3 | 8.72.6 | 9.93.0 | | EAT | 5.2 | 6.1 | 6.9 | |

Projected operating capital and Its financing (in billion rupiah) | Year 0 | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Net operating working capitalNet fixed assets | 20.080.0 | 21.280.2 | 22.480.4 | 23.880.8 | Total operating capital | 100.0 | 101.4 | 102.8 | 104.6 | DebtRetained earnings | 100.0- | 100.01.4 | 100.02.8 | 100.04.6 | Total debt and equity | 100.0 | 101.4 | 102.8 | 104.6 |

Pembahasan 1. Keadaan perusahaan sebelum mengambil proyek investasi : (dalam rupiah) * Sales (penjualan) : 140 miliar * Variabel costs 60% x sales : 60% X 140 miliar = 84 miliar * Fixed costs termasuk depresiasi : 4 miliar * Sales dan EBIT diharapkan konstan untuk tahun-tahun yang akan datang. * Tidak perlu ekspansi, perusahaan membagi semua laba setelah pajak sebagai dividen. * Aset : 200 miliar * Shares outstanding : 160 juta lembar * Prices per shares (P0) : 1500 * Price to Book Value : 1.25x * Taxes : 30%
Hitung free cash flow (FCF), nilai perusahaan, dan cost of qequity
Income Statement (dalam miliar rupiah) Sales | 140 | Variable costs | (84) | Fixed costs + depresiasi | (4) | EBIT | 52 | Interest expense | (0) | EBT | 52 | Taxes (30%) = 30% x EBT | (15.6) | EAT | 36.4 |

* Free Cash Flow (FCF) = NOPAT – Net investment in operating capital = 36.4 – 0 = 36.4
Jadi FCF 36.4 miliar akan dibagikan seluruhnya sebagai dividen.

* Dividen per share (DPS) = common dividenshare outstanding = 36.4 miliar160 miliar = 227.5
Jadi dividen yang dibagikan sebesar Rp 227.5 dari tiap lembar saham. * Karena jumlah mahasiswa relative stabil maka sales dan EBIT konstan. Jika EBIT konstan dan perusahaan tidak mempunyai hutang (interest expense = 0) maka EAT juga konstan (growth = 0).
Sehingga,
P0= D1ks - g 1500=227.5ks - 0 ks=227.51500 ×100% =15.17%

WACC = (Ws x ks) + (Wd x kd) (1 – tax) = (1 x 15.17%) + (0 x 0) (1 – 30%) = 15.17%

Value of the firm = FCF (1+g)WACC-g = 36.4 miliar (1+0)15.17%-0 =239.95 miliar
Jadi nilai perusahaannya Rp 239.95 miliar.

2. Keadaan saat perusahaan menerbitkan obligasi : (dalam rupiah) * nilai obligasi : 100 milyar * coupon rate : 12.5% * Jangka waktu obligasi : 5 tahun * Apabila perusahaan masih membutuhkan dana maka obligasi lama bisa digantikan dengan obligasi yang baru. * Additional sales : 60 miliar * Variable costs 55% x sales : 55% x 60 miliar = 33 miliar * Additional fixed costs : 3 miliar * Fixed costs + depresiasi (awal) : 4 miliar * Growth of sales, or EBIT, or EAT : 5 – 6 % * Inflasi : 5 – 6 % * Total assets = total liabilities : 100 miliar * Fixed assets 80% x total assets : 80% x 100 miliar = 80 miliar * NOWC 20% x total assets : 20% x 100 miliar = 20 miliar * Growth of NOWC : 5 – 6 % * Fixed assets akan disusut selama 20 tahun * Pengeluaran untuk fixed assets diambil dari depresiasi + inflasi * Growth of EBIT : 6% (setelah tahun ketiga) * Growth of dividen : 8% (setelah tahun ketiga) * Growth of FCF : 5% (setelah tahun ketiga) * Basic Earning Power (BEP) : 20% * Tax rate : 30%
Taksir FCF dan dividen proyek CFFI

Untuk mencari Free Cash Flow (dalam milyar rupiah) | Year 0 | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Net operating working capital | 20 | 21.2 | 22.4 | 23.8 | Net fixed assets | 80 | 80.2 | 80.4 | 80.8 | Total operating capital | 100 | 101.4 | 102.8 | 104.6 | Net new investment in operating capital | | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.8 | NOPAT = EBIT (1 – tax) | | 14 | 14.84 | 15.68 | Less : Net new investment in operating capital | | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.8 | FCF | | 12.6 | 13.44 | 13.88 |

Perhitungan (dalam milyar rupiah)
FCFn = NOPATn – Net New Investment in Operating Capital n
FCF1 = NOPAT1 - Net New Investment in Operating Capital 1 = EBIT1 (1 – tax) - Net New Investment in Operating Capital 1 = 20 (1 – 0.3) – 1.4 = 14 – 1.4 = 12.6

FCF2 = NOPAT2 - Net New Investment in Operating Capital 2 = EBIT2 (1 – tax) - Net New Investment in Operating Capital 2 = 21.2 (1 – 0.3) – 1.4 = 14.84 – 1.4 = 13.44
FCF3 = NOPAT3 - Net New Investment in Operating Capital 3 = EBIT3 (1 – tax) - Net New Investment in Operating Capital 3 = 22.4 (1 – 0.3) – 1.8 = 15.68 – 1.8 = 13.88

Untuk menghitung dividend (dalam milyar rupiah) | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | EBIT | 20 | 21.2 | 22.4 | Less : Interest Expense = 12.5% x 100 miliar | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | EBT | 7.5 | 8.7 | 9.9 | Less : Taxes = 30% x EBT | 2.25 | 2.61 | 2.97 | EAT | 5.25 | 6.09 | 6.93 | Less : Addition to Retained Earnings | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.8 | Dividend | 3.85 | 4.69 | 5.13 |

Perhitungan (dalam milyar rupiah)
Dividendn = EATn – Addition to Retained Earnings n
Dividend1 = EAT1 – Addition to Retained Earnings 1 = 5.25 – 1.4 = 3.85
Dividend2 = EAT2 – Addition to Retained Earnings 2 = 6.09 – 1.4 = 4.69
Dividend3 = EAT3 – Addition to Retained Earnings 3 = 6.93 – 1.8 = 5.13

3. Keadaan saat proyek perusahaan dibiayai ekuitas : (dalam rupiah) * Initial investment : 100 miliar * FCF1 : 12.6 miliar
FCF2 : 13.44 miliar
FCF3 : 13.88 miliar * Growth of FCF : 5% (setelah tahun ketiga) * Cost of equity (ks = WACC) : 15.17%
Berapa nilai proyek dan NPV?

15.17%
15.17%
15.17%
15.17%
0 1 2 3 g = 5% 4 INF 12.6 13.44 13.88 14.574 …… 10.94 10.13 V=14.57415.17%-5% 9.09 = 143.304 81.45 111.61 Value of project = FCF1(1+WACC)1+ FCF2(1+WACC)2+ FCF3(1+WACC)3+ V(1+WACC)3 = 12.6(1+0.1517)1+ 13.44(1+0.1517)2+ 13.88(1+0.1517)3+ 143.304(1+0.1517)3 = 111.61
NPV of the project = Value of project – Initial Investment = 111.61 – 100 = 11.61 4. Keadaan saat proyek dibiayai dengan penerbitan obligasi : (dalam rupiah) * Nilai obligasi : 100 miliar * Coupon rate : 12.5% * Jangka waktu obligasi : 5 tahun * Apabila perusahaan masih membutuhkan dana maka obligasi lama bisa digantikan dengan obligasi yang baru. * Additional sales : 60 miliar * Variable costs 55% x sales : 55% x 60 miliar = 33 miliar * Additional fixed costs : 3 miliar * Fixed costs + depresiasi (awal) : 4 miliar
Berapa penghematan pajak karena penggunaan hutang dan berapa nilai proyek tersebut?

| Tanpa hutang | Dengan hutang | Sales | 60 | 60 | Variable costs | 33 | 33 | Fixed costs | 3 | 3 | Depreciation | 4 | 4 | EBIT | 20 | 20 | Less : Interest expense | 0 | 12.5 | EBT | 20 | 7.5 | Less : Taxes (30%) = 30% x EBT | 6 | 2.25 | EAT | 14 | 5.25 |

Perhitungan (dalam miliar rupiah)
Tax shield
= Corporate Income Tax (tanpa hutang) – Corporate Income Tax (dengan hutang) = 6 – 2.25 = 3.75
Jadi penghematan pajak Rp 3.75 miliar

15.17%
15.17%
15.17%
15.17%
0 1 2 3 g = 5% 4 INF 12.6 13.44 13.88 14.574 …… 10.94 10.13 V=14.57415.17%-5% 9.09 = 143.304 81.45 111.61

Value Unleverage of Project = FCF1(1+WACC)1+ FCF2(1+WACC)2+ FCF3(1+WACC)3+ V(1+WACC)3
= 12.6(1+0.1517)1+ 13.44(1+0.1517)2+ 13.88(1+0.1517)3+ 143.304(1+0.1517)3 = 111.61
Value Leverage of Project = Value Unleverage of Project + PV of Tax Shield =111.61+ t=1∞Tax Shield(1+ kd)t =111.61+ t=1∞3.75(1+ 0.125)t =111.61+ 3.750.125 = 141.61

5. Keadaan saat proyek dibiayai dengan penerbitan obligasi : (dalam rupiah) * Shares outstanding : 160 juta * Price per share (P0) : 1500 * Value Unleverage of Project : 111.61 miliar * PV of Tax Shield : 30 miliar * Debt : 100 miliar
Taksir nilai CFFI dan harga sahamnya dengan asumsi proyek dibiayai 100% hutang. Apa kesimpulannya?
Old value of equity = Price per share x shares outstanding = 1500 x 160 juta = 240 juta

Untuk menghitung value of equity (dalam miliar rupiah) Old value of equity | 240 | Value Unleverage of project | 111.61 | PV of Tax shield | 30 | Total value of operation | 381.61 | Less : Value of debt | 100 | New Value of Equity | 281.61 |

New price per share =New value of equityShares outstanding =281.61 miliar160 juta = 1760.06

WACC baru = (Ws x ks) + (Wd x kd) (1 – tax) = 240340 ×15.17%+ 100340 ×12.5% 1-30% = 13.28%
Dengan menggunakan hutang sebesar 100 miliar, perusahaan dapat melakukan penghematan pajak (tax shield) 3.75 miliar, dan dapat meningkatkan harga saham menjadi 1760.06 per share, tingkat WACC perusahaan turun menjadi 13.28%.

6. Keadaan perusahaan saat menerbitkan saham baru : (dalam rupiah) * Jumlah saham baru yang diterbitkan : 70 juta lembar * Price per share : 1500 * Flotation costs (biaya emisi) : 5 miliar * Shares outstanding : 160 miliar * Price to Book Value (PBV) : 1.25 x * Old Value of Equity : 240 miliar * NPV : 11.61 milliar a) Berapa harga saham setelah penerbitan saham baru dan pasar berpendapat proyek tersebut diharapkan menghasilkan NPV sesuai pertanyaan nomer 3?

New equity = (Jumlah saham yang akan diterbitkan x Price per share ) – Flotation costs = (70 juta x 1500) – 5 miliar = 100 miliar

Value of equity = (Shares outstanding x Price per share) + New equity = (160 juta x 1500) + 100 miliar = 340 miliar

Market Value | Value (miliar) | Proportion | Old equity | 228.39 | 67.17% | New equity | 100 | 29.41% | NPV | 11.61 | 3.42% | Total | 340 | 100% |

Jika pemegang saham baru tidak mendapat kesempatan menikmati NPV perusahaan, maka pemegang saham baru hanya menikmati kepemilikan saham sebesar 29.41% saja. Tetapi jika pemegang saham baru mendapat kesempatan menikmati seluruh NPV perusahaan maka pemegang saham baru akan menikmati kepemilikan saham sebesar 29.41% + 3.42% = 32.83%. Jadi kepemilikan saham baru berada pada porsi 29.41% sampai 32.83%.

Misalkan pemegang saham baru setuju menerima 29.41% kepemilikan saham | Old shareholders | New shareholders | Ownership | 70.59% | 29.41% | Number of shares | 168 juta | 70 juta | Price | 1428.57 | 1428.57 | Value | 240 miliar | 100 miliar |

Setelah dilakukan penjualan saham baru ke pemegang saham baru, harga pasar saham turun menjadi Rp 1428.57 per lembar saham, dan pemegang saham baru tidak menikmati NPV perusahaan. Sedangkan pemegang saham lama mendapat seluruh NPV perusahaan. Pemegang saham lama juga mengalami kenaikan kepemilikan saham dari 160 juta menjadi 168 juta lembar saham.
Misalkan pemegang saham lama setuju menerima 67.17% kepemilikan saham, | Old shareholders | New shareholders | Ownership | 67.17% | 32.83% | Number of shares | 143.22 juta | 70 juta | Price | 1594.6 | 1594.6 | Value | 228.378 miliar | 111.622 miliar |

Setelah dilakukan penjualan saham baru ke pemegang saham baru, harga pasar saham naik menjadi Rp 1594.6 per lembar saham, dan pemegang saham baru menikmati seluruh NPV perusahaan. Sedangkan pemegang saham lama tidak mendapat NPV perusahaan. Pemegang saham lama juga mengalami penurunan kepemilikan saham dari 160 juta menjadi 143.22 juta lembar saham.

Misalkan harga saham tetap. | Old shareholders | New shareholders | Ownership | 69.12% | 30.88% | Number of shares | 156.69 juta | 70 juta | Price | 1500 | 1500 | Value | 235 miliar | 105 miliar |

Setelah dilakukan penjualan saham baru ke pemegang saham baru, harga saham tetap Rp 1500 per lembar saham.

b) Siapa yang akan menikmati tambahan kemakmuran yang lebih besar, pemegang saham lama atau pemegang saham baru? Jelaskan

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