...Conflict in Vietnam, 1963-75 Revision Notes Part 1; Reasons for the US involvement in Vietnam What was the background to the Vietnam War? • Vietnam was ruled by the French till 1954. Then it was divided into two countries. • The communist ruler of North Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh, wanted to unite the North and South under his control. He supported the Vietcong in South Vietnam. • President Diem ruled South Vietnam. He was strongly anti-communist, but was also a brutal and unpopular leader. Who were the Vietcong? • The Vietcong (or the National Liberation Front) were the communist guerrilla soldiers fighting to overthrow President Diem and his government. • By 1964, there were over 100,000 Vietcong in the South and they were killing thousands of South Vietnamese officials every year. Diem's army could not get rid of them. Why did the Americans get involved? • America said it wanted to ‘save’ the South Vietnamese people from the evils of communism. • But, remember that this was the time of the Cold War. Americans were obsessed with stopping Communism, both abroad and at home in the USA. • The Americans wanted to "contain" (stop) the spread of Communism in the world (the Truman Doctrine). The USA wanted to support non-Communist governments which were threatened by Communists. It knew that the USSR and China, both Communist-ruled, were sending aid to Communist North Vietnam. • The Americans also believed...
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...Britten July 1, 2015 Essay Assignment #2 The Vietnam War was an unfortunate event compared to other wars in history. Many American soldiers fought for years to break down the communist expansion in the north and the south of Vietnam. American involvement in the Vietnam War brought violence and death to Vietnam which created controversy for the United States’ government and administration. Therefore, the author proposes that the United States should have avoided their participation in the war due to its lack of positive outcome and great disturbance to Vietnam’s society. The United States Senate is used as a source that questioned the bombings in 1966 since it was uncontrolled and killed various innocent Vietnamese citizens. Although it is a primary source, the Senate does have a reason to lie. Government officials obtain knowledge that may be confidential and unavailable to the nation. They may also have to protect certain oaths, personal electoral positions, and their career when delivering news to the public. Therefore, complete honesty is an aspect that is inevitably unobtainable from the government. However, the information they share to the public is empathic and creates controversy amongst the American population towards the violence that “led to the destruction of the Vietnamese society.” In paragraph 16, the New York Times a secondary source shared just how they felt about the United States involvement in the Vietnam War. Of course it is a newspaper and the writers...
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...American Involvement in the Vietnam War Late 1940’s: America began sending aid to the French fighting in Vietnam and the rest of Indochina. France was fighting the Communist rebels led by Ho Chi Minh. 1954: Ho Chi Minh defeated the French. America became officially involved trying to stop Communists in Vietnam. Financial aid and military advisors were sent to help the South Vietnamese fight Northern Communists as they fighting in the South. The U.S. worked with Ngo Dinh Diem and other leaders to set up a separate government in the South. The U.S. worked with Ngo Dinh Diem, the South Vietnamese Premiere, to create separate governments in the South. President Dwight Eisenhower expressed concerns over Domino Theory. He believed that if Vietnam fell completely to Communism, then Communism would spread elsewhere, like how if the first domino falls, the rest follow. The Domino Theory is the central reason for America’s involvement in Vietnam. 1954-1964: U.S. involvement in Vietnam continued to increase. Eisenhower sends military advisors to South Vietnam to train South Vietnamese Army. 1964: August: North Vietnam attacked the USS Maddox in international waters. Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution that allowed President Johnson to increase America’s military involvement. It allowed him to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack...and to prevent further aggression." 1965: Pleiku Raid: Viet Cong attacked a Marine barracks killing eight and injuring over a...
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...The Vietnam War caused a significant internal conflict for the U.S. Throughout this time, the American population would argue back and forth regarding the argument for and against participating in it, while others rejected it entirely. U.S involvement was eminent, however, because it was seen as a moral responsibility, and an act of interventionism. To begin, during the time of the Vietnam War, most politicians believed the war was necessary. However, President Eisenhower did not wish to send troops to Vietnam at first. He believed the U.S shouldn’t be involved heavily in an all-out war; yet, reluctantly, he sent troops in to aid the French. Later, while President Eisenhower was explaining the “Domino Theory Principle,” he talks about Communism...
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...First and foremost the Americans lost the Vietnam War. The Americans had loses all around the board from social to political, and monetary. The Vietnamese wanted to win the war and with a will there was a way. Its was already difficult with America being the invading force and the Vietnamese were having to fight on their own land. The American People were not willing to give the support and full commitment to win the war. The event that launched the United States in the the Vietnam War was the Gulf of Tonkin. Before the United States involvement in the war American ships were patrolling the area around North Vietnam. Then, North Vietnamese torpedo boats attacked the USS Maddox, but the the attacks seem to allegation which created distrust...
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...Canadian Involvement in the Vietnam War; Playing Both Sides. Although Canada “officially non-belligerent” in the war against Vietnam they were active and played a huge role for and against the war. It is a common belief that Canada’s position during the Vietnam War was strictly neutral but the government was more involved than many Canadians realize. The Canadian government aided the U.S by sending Medical equipment, providing technical assistance as well as diplomatic aid. In 1981, it was discovered that Canada had been secretly involved in testing U.S chemical warfare agents for Vietnam. The Canadian government also welcomed about 30,000 American war resisters and draft-dodgers who did not support the war across the Canadian borders; at the same time about 30,000 Canadians crossed the border to volunteer to help the U.S soldiers fight in Vietnam. Scholars like Jessica Squires spoke on The Canadian Anti-Draft Movement, which “was a network of groups in Canadian cities that actively supported the immigration of War resisters”. This Network was active from 1966-1973 and its activities were seen as a sort of resistance to the American War on Vietnam. At this time in the early 1970s there had been protests and demonstrations in Canada and various parts of the world, which denounced the war on Vietnam and the actions if the U.S Government and this Anti-Draft Movement was one of the ways Canadians were able to influence or oppose the Vietnam War. In 1966, Hans...
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...The Vietnam War “Involvement of the United States in the Vietnam War” Aram Mebashar 1202122 January 24, 2015 International History of 20th Century and Beyond Instructor: Andrew Shaben 0 Involvement of the United States in the Vietnam War After the Second World War, fights, clashes, and conflicts had not finished around the world. The Soviet Union was communist and supporting other communist states. In the other hand, the United States was anti-communist and always supported countries, regions, and political parties fighting against communism. In Vietnam as other places a long war happened nearly a decade after the World War Two in 1954 between the North Vietnam communist regime with the support of China, Soviet Union, and other communist allies, against South Vietnam and its essential partner, the United States, also supported by other anti-communist allies. The war was long and costly for both sides, and it left many problems and disadvantages on the United States economy. This essay will argue the following three points, how the United States involved in the Vietnam War, the impact of the war especially on the United States with focus on economics, politics, and culture in both negative and positive aspects, and the US withdrawal of the war. Beginning with the involvement of the United States in the Vietnam War. Firstly, there were many different reasons of the American involvement in the war, but the main reason was prevention of communism spread and expansion...
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...The U.S involvement in the Vietnam War was so controversial that not only did it divide the social world but the political world as well. U.S intervention in Indochina began under Kennedy’s administration. Kennedy sought to view the war with cautious, careful to not Americanize the war. However, the transition of power to the Johnson administration would lead to the escalation of U.S involvement. Even with his reservations about the war, Johnson felt America had a promise to uphold. “ We have helped to build, and we have helped to defend...we have made a national pledge to help South Vietnam defend its independence” (165). Such reasoning evoked sympathy for the Vietnamese. The war would not be just about bloodshed but rather to help aid...
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...During an exploration of war-related literature, this school year, the majority being anti-war statements, brought us to a letter written by Sandy Kemper. Within the letter written by Sandy, about his involvement in Vietnam, he shows us the contemptuous nature of war and conveys a hateful attitude favoring his surroundings. Kemper employs sarcasm, strong tone, asyndeton, and other sue of rhetorical devices, to tell "Mom, Dad, Shrub, the Egg and Peach", and in the aftermath, the rest of us, the truth of war. Early Greeks and Romans wrote of war, along with many others over centuries and centuries of time. This letter has made an enormous impact on me, and my thoughts on war. The firm, angry tone of Kemper has brought about many anti-war feelings within my soul. The books, A Fable, Catch 22, and Company K all contain anti-war themes within them. Sandy's letter has all the components and characteristics to fit right in alongside these writings....
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...As the American involvement in Vietnam escalated so did the use of herbicides, Operation Ranch Hand was expanded to include parts of southern and eastern Laos in December 1965. The herbicide program reached its peak in 1967 when over a million and a half acres were sprayed. While much of the earlier hesitancy to conduct the herbicide program revolved around concerns of its efficacy, there were also concerns in Washington about how the use of chemical herbicides would be perceived in the world community and how the North Vietnamese government would use the herbicide program as a propaganda tool. None the less, Secretary of State Dean Rusk assured President Kennedy that the use of herbicides was an acceptable war tactic and did not violate...
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...France pulled out of Vietnam the U.S felt like they had to take action in order to prevent South Vietnam from falling into Communism. Starting in 1955-56 the U.S started to send military advisors to assist the South Vietnamese army. The U.S was worried that Ho Chi Minh, leader of the North Vietnamese Communists would try to unify Vietnam under Communist rule. At this time president Truman viewed Communism as the greatest post-war threat and was worried about the spread of communism in Vietnam. Truman believed that the U.S should be world police and prevent the spread of communism. As the U.S tried to fight against the spread of communism the power of Communist rebels in South Vietnam kept increasing. As a result president Truman felt obligated to send more and more military advisors until finally in 1965 Truman sent a large number of American combat troops into Vietnam to prop-up South Vietnam. This war was obviously between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States of America and other anti-communist countries. The United States played a big role taking the side of the South Vietnamese army but failed to have the support of the American people. The involvement of the United States into the Vietnam War was obviously not justified for many reason which I will talk about in the following. Since the American people didn’t support the U.S getting involved in war with communist North Vietnam it clearly went against...
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...Finally, Military involvements in wars demonstrate how America cared much more for their influences and motives than being passive. General Westmoreland’s involvement in Vietnam war and his military strategy is a great example, as well as the Tet Offensive event that partook in the war. Once more going back to the Vietnam War, General Westmoreland partook an important role. He was the permanent commander of MACV and given command of all US forces in Vietnam. General Westmoreland perceived the escalation of the conflict and had “535,000 troops under his control when he departed in 1968” (Hickman 1). He was a terror, and to no surprise portrayed by their own media as a hero. Even named “man of the year” by Times magazine at one point. Military Expert, Kennedy Hickman...
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...There were many reasons that contributed to Australia’s involvement in the Vietnam War. These consisted of a fear of communism, the need to support the USA and other allies and the views of Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies. While none of these had a great enough influence themselves, the combination of multiple factors were what brought about Australia’s association with the Vietnam War. The most prominent reason for Australian involvement in the Vietnam War was the country’s fear of communism. This was most clearly demonstrated through the use of effective and persuasive propaganda that depicted communism as a disease, or leaders such as Stalin as a spider with a web capturing the countries falling prey to communism. This government propaganda was helpful in gaining support for the war by the Australian public who learned to fear communism themselves. Australia was also opposed to the idea of the country falling to communism because of what it would bring. It would mean totalitarian rule, in which the country would come under the rule of a dictator, freedom of assembly, media and speech would be revoked and censored and the social classes would be obliterated. This would mean people were no longer able to work for their money or own a business, which consequently could bring about uprisings and protests as people struggle to grasp their new ways of equality. The increase in rules and regulations would come as a rude shock to the Australian public who had lived in a democratic...
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...The USA increasingly became involved in the conflict in Vietnam after 1949. There are several reasons to explain this involvement and furthermore, these reasons will change between 1949 and Johnson’s deployment of troops in 1965. The fundamental reason to explain US involvement in Vietnam throughout this time period is the belief that communism was a threat to the capitalist state of America. President Truman was an anti-Communist and he has introduced the Truman Doctrine, a pledge to remove communism from Europe and aiming to stop communism from spreading any further. Kennan outlined Soviet belief and practice and proposed the policy of containment. With the Soviet’s domination of Eastern Europe in the Cold War such as setting up ‘buffer states’ in Poland, Romania etc. , the set up of Cominform and the blockade of Berlin to abandon control of West Germany. It was showing a major threat to the US. This fear of the threat posed by communism was exacerbated by the events of 1949 when China became a Communist state and the USSR exploded its first own nuclear bomb that the USA was no longer the only nuclear power. These two events prompted the USA to reconsider their policy towards containing communism. US policy now had to be more globally and militarily prepared to stop communism from spreading in Asia countries and even the world. This meant that the growing strength of the Vietminh in North Vietnam could not be ignored as it was believed that if one country fell to communism...
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...Australia’s involvement in the Vietnam War that lasted from 1955 to 1975, of which Australian forces only served 10 years, from 1962 to 1972 lead to the destruction of many areas in South Vietnam, veterans that were both physically and mentally scared from the war and a mass change in values and beliefs among the Australian population. These and many more reasons overall meant that whilst the war was changed as a result of the conflict in Vietnam it was not an overall beneficial change. The Australian newspaper summarised the sending of troops to Vietnam in 1965 writing, “The Menzies government has made a reckless decision on Vietnam which this nation may live to regret. It has decided to send Australian soldiers into a savage, revolutionary...
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