...involved in the peace process between Saudi Arabia and Iran?” In the last few years, especially since the outbreak of sectarian violence in Syria in early 2013, the Middle East has gradually moved towards a sectarian regional political order.The surge in sectarian fighting between Shi’ites and Sunnis in Iraq. Syria and Yemen, the proclamation of the Islamic state by Sunni militants in 2014 and the competition of power and dominance between Sunni Saudi Arabia and Shi’ite Iran have increasingly come to define and shape the current Middle Eastern political order. Saudi Arabia and Iran are both muslim majority nations but relations prevailing between them have been affected mainly because of different geopolitical issues which are sectarianism which includes different interpretations and leadership issues over the Islamic world, oil export policy and relations with western countries such as US. After the Islamic revolution, relations between both the countries ran down because Iran indicted Saudi Arabia for having relations with US. Iran wanted to adopt westernized culture which was opposed by the Saudis whereas on the other hand the king of Saudi thought that Islamic solidarity would be something that would actually make both of the countries unite. The rebels in Yemen killed two Saudi guards which infused the Sunni government of Yemen. They accused Iran that the houthis shouldn’t have been armed due to which in retaliation Iran said that Saudi Arabia shouldn’t have intervened...
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...Mohammad Rahimi clearly suggested that they could close the Strait of Hormuz in response to possible sanctions by Western countries (Library of Congress. Foreign Affairs Division & Library of Congress, 2012). The statement stirred up a sense of oil crisis among Japanese (Bradsher & Krauss, 2012). Dr. Daniel Yergin argues in the book the quest that there is a low probability of Iran blocking the sea lanes of communication (SLOC) in the Strait of Hormuz. However, He overlooks several ways in which Iran could interrupt the SLOC. Moreover, there are potential risks in the SLOC such as piracy which costs a large sum of ransom money. Therefore, in order for Japan to become an energy secure country, it needs to take the geopolitical and security situations in the SLOC from the Middle East to Japan into account and respond accordingly....
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...What is negotiation Negotiation is a method by which people settle differences. It is a process by which compromise or agreement is reached while avoiding argument. In any disagreement, individuals understandably aim to achieve the best possible outcome for their position (or perhaps an organisation they represent). However, the principles of fairness, seeking mutual benefit and maintaining a relationship are the keys to a successful outcome. Preparing for a Successful Win-Win Negotiation Depending on the scale of the disagreement, some preparation may be appropriate for conducting a successful negotiation. For small disagreements, excessive preparation can be counter-productive because it takes time that is better used elsewhere. It can also be seen as manipulative because, just as it strengthens your position, it can weaken the other person's. However, if you need to resolve a major disagreement, then make sure you prepare thoroughly. Before you start negotiating you some points must be determined: • Goals: what do you want to get out of the negotiation? What do you think the other person wants? • Trades: What do you and the other person have that you can trade? What do you each have that the other wants? What are you each comfortable giving away? • Alternatives: if you don't reach agreement with the other person, what alternatives do you have? Are these good or bad? How much does it matter if you do not reach agreement? Does failure to reach an agreement...
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...The intervention of British in Iran took a toll on Iran. Like all other imperialism in the Middle East, British interest in Iran was due to its resources, especially after the oil was discovered in Iran in 1905. When the oil was discovered, Britain private companies immediately took control of the oil. They built pipelines to drill the oil, and 40% of the profit was given to the government. The oil was very important resource for British for it empowered their navy, and as result helped them win the WWI, which took place from Jul 28, 1914 to Nov 11, 1918. Moreover, WWI caused great destruction for both countries; Britain was bankrupt, and Iran was completely destroyed. Therefore, Britain established an agreement with Iran, stating that they...
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...Management skills Mohammad Mossadegh What was the motivation behind US policy with respect to the government-sanctioned overthrow of the democratically-elected government of Iran in 1953? On August 19, 1953, the United States sanctioned its first, peacetime use of covert action to overthrow the constitutional government of a sovereign nation, successfully orchestrating the overthrow of Iran`s popular Prime Minister, Mohammed Mossadegh, and restoring the Shah to his throne. The question is — why? Thesis This paper will argue that the Marxist framework of international relations — namely that economic interest determines politics and political structure, and that the goal of economic (and political) activity is the redistribution of wealth and power — provides the most effective explanation as to the driving force behind the US governments fateful decision. The paper will reconstruct the information available to the Eisenhower administration up to the planning and execution of Operation Ajax, as the coup came to be called by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), so as to ascertain the key elements that would have factored into the governments foreign policy decision-making process prior to the event. It will then illustrate the aptness of Marxist theory, first, of its own accord, as well as through offering a comparative analysis of an alternative Realist theory. Finally, the paper will conclude by distinguishing between the US governments motivation versus its justification...
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...March 19, 2012 Much to American anger and displeasure, India is in no mood to reduce its energy ties with Iran. Let us say that the Indian policy makers are cognizant of some of the critical facts concerning Iran. * That the international community has serious misgivings about the peaceful intentions of the Iranian nuclear programme. * That India is formally opposed to a nuclear Iran. * That under American sanctions, in December 2010 India had to terminate the Asian Customs Union (ACU) arrangement to pay for its oil imports from Iran. * That alternative payment arrangements through Germany, Turkey and the UAE were unsuccessful, finally forcing India and Iran to settle for partial rupee payment for oil imports. * That the rupee payment arrangement covers only 45 percent of the oil bill because the trade balance is highly in favour of Iran. * That State-own Shipping Corporation India has refused to ship crude from Iran because it could not find the necessary insurance cover. * That there are growing concerns over a possible Israeli military strike against Iranian nuclear installations. * That India would have learned some lessons from the September 2005 fiasco over the IAEA vote. Not only its anti-Iranian vote was a last minute decision, the manner in which it executed and explained its vote clearly revealed that New Delhi acted under pressure from Washington. This inept handling angered Tehran and displeased Washington. ...
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...The Growing U.S. Concerns with Iran Jeremy Bondy American Military University DEFM600 B001 Win 12 Dr. Oliver Hedgepeth February 25, 2012 Table of Contents Introduction 3 History 4 Assumptions 5 Secrecy of Iran's Nuclear Program 6 Evidence of Nuclear Weapon Development 6 Refusing IAEA Inspections 7 Closing the Straits of Hormuz 8 Iran Aid to Syrian Government 9 Iran's Supporting of Militant Groups 10 Replacing the Iranian Regime 10 Variables Used to Define a Model 11 Conclusion 12 References 13 Introduction As time goes on Iran is becoming an increasing area of concern and threat to the United States and its allies. Iran has been working for some time at trying to establish itself as a dominant power, especially within the Middle East. This quest for recognition has caused rising national security concerns within the United States and some of its allied countries. Some of the most recent concerns include; Iran's nuclear program, threats of closing of the Straits of Hormuz, the oil sanctions, and Iran's threats towards other oil producing Arab nations. Iran has also been working at strengthening its ties with Syria, the Hezbollah in Lebanon, Shiite groups in Iraq, and ties to groups in Palestine and Afghanistan. According to Mansour (2008), Iran has many tools in place that have a major impact on their surrounding countries and on the United States. Iran is gaining allot of ground on becoming a dominating force...
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...Swot analysis (4 pages) Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats Strengths: Iran is located between the Middle East and Central Asia, with an access to two maritime frontages, the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea. This geographical situation provides economic, politic and military advantages (easiness to exchange with the rest of the world, access to international resources and the sovereignty of Iran is extended to its territorial waters). Iran is the eighteenth largest country in the world. It has a surface of 1 648 000 km² (3 times the size of France). The economy of the Islamic Republic Iran is the twenty-eight largest in the world by GDP (nominal) and the nineteenth largest economy in the world by Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). Iran is the world’s second largest proven oil and gas reserves after Saudi Arabia and Russia. It is the first exporter of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Oil and gas aside, Iran is rich in other resources and has a important agricultural sector with the culture of cereals (wheat, corn, barley, rice), fruits (dates, figs, pomegranates, grapes, melons and watermelons) and vegetables, cotton, pistachios, olives, spices (saffron), tobacco and tea. Thanks to its location, Iran has an easy access to markets of neighboring countries Furthermore, Iran has one of the highest urban growth rates in the world. From 1950 to 2002, the urban proportion of the population increased from 27% to 60%. TSE (Tehran...
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...PESTEL ANALYSIS FOR IRAN Despite political and economic ups and downs and uncertainties IRAN remains one of the Middle East top countries when it comes to the growth potential. With largest young population IRAN is considered one of the best export markets in the region. POLITICAL: Unique factor is that it is religious and Islamic. The political system of Islamic republic is based on 1979 constitution. Accordingly it is duty of Islamic government to furnish all citizens with equal and appropriate opportunities. The white revolution which is a step taken with a view to strengthening the foundation of the despotic regime and to maintain the economic links. The tax environment for foreign businesses is highly risky. The corporate tax rate has been lowered to a flat 25% from the previous maximum of about 60. The fiscal year starts on March 21 and ends on March 20 of other year. TYPES OF TAX 1 Income tax 2 Islamic taxes 3 Real estate taxes 4 Capital gain tax 5 Indirect taxes ECONOMICAL FACTORS: Inflation rate for IRAN is 13.50% for year 2010 while in 2009 it was 25.60%. It is transition economy with large public sector and estimated 50% of economy centrally planned. A unique feature is the large size of religious foundations whose combined budget makes up more than 30% of central government. Unemployment rate is 11.80%. According to official estimates some 3.5 million working age Iranians are currently unemployed. The jobless rate is high among women and youth of...
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...20th century, the Pahlavi dynasty took control of Iran with the goal of modernizing the country. Citizens did not like the western influence, the rapid change, and many felt forgotten. They turned to intellectuals and religious scholars to remedy the situation and topple the Shah. The Iranian Revolution started as a left-wing movement to end political oppression and western influence, but resulted in a conservative, religious government more repressive than before. It was caused by long-standing anger at western dependence, rapid economic growth, and government brutality. It was carried out by an alliance...
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...During James L. Carter’s Presidential Time in Office In 1976 Americans chose James L. Carter versus Gerald Ford as their new president. The former governor of Georgia was appointed in hopes of defending American interests in the midst of the Cold War. Of President Carters’ administration, one of its most resilient adversities was faced Iran. Former President Dwight D. Eisenhower overthrew the leader of Iran in the 1953 Iranian coup d'etat, and used nuclear threats to conclude the Korean War with China. The New Look policy, the national security policy of the United States during his administration, called the New Look policy gave priority to inexpensive nuclear weapons while reducing the funding for the other military forces; the goal was to keep pressure on the Soviet Union and reduce federal deficits. Carter collaborated in this conquest. In response, Iran installed oppression of fanatical Moslem ayatollahs. This new government seized the American embassy in violation of the diplomatic law, withholding 66 hostages for the rest of the Carter administration. On November 14, 1979 President Carter immobilized the sale of weapons to Iran, banned all oil imports from them, and froze Iranian assets in the United States. The following year conditions for the release of the hostages were announced by the Shah but only in January 20th, 1981 when Ronald Reagan becomes President were they set free. The hostages were released a few hours before his installation in the White House. A...
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...Iran: A Concise Look at Current Political and Economic Situation Yousef Langroodi - Translation by RF, Revolutionary Flowerpot Society March 12, 2011 Translation of an article from Raah-e Kargar/Workers' Path. A Concise Look at Current Political and Economic Situation by: Yousef Langroodi / March 11, 2011 A look at the current conditions in Iran makes it clear that the Islamic Republic continues to face unprecedented economic and political crises. It has not only not been able to take a step toward solving any of the problems it faces but has been spreading and deepening the dimensions of the crises with the policies it has pursued. The Islamic regime, which in previous months had been using all its capabilities to portray the anti-dictatorial movement as defeated, suddenly -- and with the advent of the protests and demonstrations on February 14 and then 20th and then the Protest Tuesdays that ensued -- saw the reality of people confronting it. On this year's Char-shanbeh-soori [ceremonies held for the last Wednesday of the year], the Islamic Republic will find out well and truly where it stands, and to what extent it has been able to control people's movement and their struggles. This Char-shanbeh-soori, which is to be held off on the last of the Protest Tuesdays of the current year [Iranian calendar, which ends March 19], will be another occasion for a nationwide opportunity for the people to shout, Death to Dictatro!, and to show this regime of Guardians...
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...39th President of the US narrowly beating Gerald Ford for the most coveted office in the US. The margin was 297 to 240 Electoral votes (American Experience, 2006). Carter’s State of the Union was focused on oil since we were coming out of an oil shortage in the early 70’s. His speech sent a strong message to the Soviet’s the US was going to protect the Persian Gulf region by any means necessary (2006). In 1947 President Truman made a similar declaration to protect Greece and Turkey from being controlled by outside forces such as Russia, this is why the Cold War has been in existence. The Soviet started taking over smaller vulnerable countries after WWII. The Carter Doctrine provided in some ways many foreign diplomatic affair episodes involving the use of force by the United States. The first Afghanistan War was a result of protecting the interest of the Persian Gulf region. The US had to use military force to prevent the Soviets from taking over the smaller area in and around Afghanistan. This was lasted from 1979-1989 (Bacevich, 2010).The Soviet was successful in hanging around for a while but the most memorable cold war involved Iran. Carter cooperated in the overthrow of the modern government of Iran that had been originally supported by Eisenhower. In its place, Iran installed a tyranny of fanatical Moslem Ayatollahs. The new government seized the American...
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...The 1979 Iranian Revolution Revolution is the culmination of popular discontent brewing for a certain amount of time. People may grow dissatisfied with sharp social contrasts, inequality, segregation, discrimination, and other blatant violations of their rights. Even conservative authoritarian Arabic societies like that of Iran can experience the rise of general discontent and indignation. The Iranian Revolution of 1979 is the revolt rationalized by a wide range of motives from corruption to excessive westernization adopted by Shah Mohammad Pahlavi. The unpreparedness of the ruling elite and its foreign patrons along with repressions sealed the fate of the Iranian leader signifying the historic shift of power and foreign vector. The point is that the Iranian Revolution of 1979 was the product of Shah Pahlavi’s repressive regime largely facilitated by regime’s weakness and unpreparedness, which culminated in crucial achievement and the establishment of a theocratic regime ruled by Ayatollah Khomeini over the following decade. Popular Sentiments, Ideological Groups, the Unique Nature of the Iranian Revolution, Rationales behind the Revolt, the Factors of Success Philosophy Doctor Homa Katouzian (n.d.) noted that the revolution of 1979 was the rebellion of the Iranian society against the political regime reigning supreme at the time of the event. Based on its underlying features, what happened in the country in the late 1970s did not match the norms of Western revolutions...
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...many parties in Iraq, and each party is working for its own benefits and advantages. If you watch Iraqi parliament for one time, you will see that they are just want money and high positions. They just agree on constitutions that benefit them, and they don't care about the country. The latest issue was the conflict between Nuri Al-Malki and Anbar's tribes. Anbar's tribes request from the government to change some policies because they are not fair, but Al-Malki disagrees because that is against his benefits. Iraq has political issues with neighbor countries too. For a long time, Iraq has problems with Kuwait and still has problems because Iraq conquered Kuwait in 1990. Iraq has troubles with Iran because Iran wants to control our country, so they can control the Middle East after that. Iran has many spies in our country and government. The other reason is that Iraq is the main base of USA army in the Middle East Iraq has many religious problems. There are different types of religions in Iraq; Islam (Sunna), Islam (Shea), Christian, etc. these days, there are a lot of problems between Sunna and Shia. In Baghdad Shea have more power than Sunna, so they Arrest people who are Sunna and punish them or kill them without any reason. Terrorists are taking advantages from this situation by trying to incitation these two sects against each other. They kill people who are...
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