...IRAQ-KUWAIT War Negotiation Style and Frameworks by Steven Roberts A case study that shows how important it is to consider whether or not to accept concessions by taking a reasonable perspective and framework. | Bottom of Form On a scorching summer day in August,1990, the citizens of Kuwait stared in puzzlement at the encroaching, dusty streams of what appeared to be a pending desert sandstorm, creeping ominously towards them from across the forbidding dessert. To their dismay and horror filled eyes, the quaking citizenry had become helpless witnesses to the advancing units of Saddam Hussein’s Iraqi army, relentlessly engaged in the illegal invasion of their homeland. There had been no warning of this pending disaster. Kuwaiti resistance was swept aside much like one casually brushes away a crumb from one’s lapel. After six days, Hussein declared that he had annexed Kuwait. The world was stunned by Hussein’s audacity, and the Middle East became very anxious about what the future may hold for this unsettled region. By August 30, the Arab League, called by President Mubarak of Egypt, attempted to defuse this potentially explosive crisis through deft negotiation. The Arab League proposed to Hussein that if he would withdraw his troops, they were prepared to offer him several concessions. Through several negotiations, the Arab League eventually framed a very generous negotiation proposal that they attempted to present to Hussein in a packaged offer. The three major negotiation...
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...The Persian Gulf War Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein ordered the invasion and occupation of neighboring Kuwait in early August 1990. Alarmed by actions, fellow Arab powers such as Saudi Arabia and Egypt called on the United States and other Western nations to interfere. Hussein refused United Nations Security Council demands removed from Kuwait by January 1991, and the Persian Gulf War began with a massive U.S. led air offensive known as Operation Desert Storm. After 42 days of constant attacks by the allied coalition in the air and on the ground. U.S. President George H.W. Bush declared a cease-fire on February 28. By that time, most Iraqi forces in Kuwait had either surrendered or fled. Even though the Persian Gulf War was initially considered an unqualified success for the international coalition, firing conflict in that region led to a second Gulf War known as the Iraq War, that began in 2003. Adding to Hussein’s speech, Iraq had begun amassing troops on Kuwait’s border. Surprised by these actions, President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt initiated negotiations between Iraq and Kuwait in an effort to avoid intervention by the United States or other powers from outside the Gulf region. Hussein broke off the negotiations after only two hours. On August 2, 1990 he ordered the invasion of Kuwait. Hussein’s assumption that his fellow Arab states would stand by in the face of his invasion of Kuwait, and by not calling in outside help to stop it. Two-thirds of the 21 members of the Arab League...
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...IRAQ-KUWAIT War Negotiation Style and Frameworks by Steven Roberts A case study that shows how important it is to consider whether or not to accept concessions (nhượng bộ đất đai) by taking a reasonable perspective and framework. | Bottom of Form On a scorching (nắng cháy) summer day in August, 1990, the citizens of Kuwait stared in puzzlement (tình trạng rối bời) at the encroaching (xâm phạm), dusty streams of what appeared to be a pending desert sandstorm, creeping ominously (đáng ngại) towards them from across the forbidding dessert. To their dismay (mất tinh thần) and horror filled eyes, the quaking (kinh hãi) citizenry (toàn thể công dân) had become helpless witnesses to the advancing units of Saddam Hussein’s Iraqi army, relentlessly engaged in the illegal invasion of their homeland. There had been no warning of this pending disaster. Kuwaiti resistance was swept aside much like one casually brushes away a crumb from one’s lapel. (sự kháng cự của Kuwait đã bị đánh bật như phủi sạch hạt bụi trên ve áo) After six days, Hussein declared that he had annexed (thôn tính) Kuwait. The world was stunned (sưungr sốt) by Hussein’s audacity(trơ trẽn táo bạo), and the Middle East became very anxious about what the future may hold for this unsettled region. By August 30, the Arab League, called by President Mubarak of Egypt, attempted to defuse (xoa dịu) this potentially explosive crisis through deft negotiation. (khôn khéo) The Arab League proposed to Hussein that if he would...
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...2 August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait, and in less than four hours the small country was under Iraqi control. Saudi Arabia was likely to be the Hussein regime’s next target. On 6 August 1990, King Fahd bin Abd al-‘Aziz Al Sa’ad of Saudi Arabia invited friendly nations to participate in the defense of the royal kingdom, marking the beginning of Operation Desert Shield, the deployment of U.S. military forces to protect the Gulf region from further Iraqi encroachment. By 21 August, fighter, attack, reconnaissance, electronic warfare, airlift, and tanker aircraft were based in the Gulf region. That day, Secretary of Defense Richard Cheney declared that the threat of an Iraqi invasion of Saudi Arabia had ended. In November 1990, the United Nations passed Resolution 678 authorizing the use of force to expel Iraq from Kuwait if Iraq did not leave by 15 January 1991. President George Bush requested congressional concurrence in the UN resolution, and, following lengthy and forthright debate, the Congress joined with the Bush administration in bipartisan votes of support on 12 January 1991. Saddam Hussein still showed no signs of leaving Kuwait, and the deadline of the 15th passed. Accordingly, President Bush signed a National Security Directive authorizing military action. The violence of Desert Storm broke suddenly and furiously at 3 a.m. Baghdad time on 17 January 1991 as waves of coalition aircraft set forth on the largest air campaign since World War II. By dawn, Iraq was well on the...
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...The Gulf Wars, the wars that could have been prevented if not for one’s stubbornness. Unnecessarily, there were two parts to this war. The first part of it could have easily been shorter, while the second part could have been avoided. The Persian Gulf Wars were conflicts that had arisen when Iraq had invaded/annexed Kuwait, Iraq’s small neighbour, for their rich oils. This had then lead to the United States and several other countries involvement to take back Kuwait and establish peace. It was a good thing that many countries, at the time, had favoured peace and sided with the United States (United Nations), or else the whole thing could have ended up causing a chain reaction such as the one that had started World War One. The retaliation of the invasion still...
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...the first time that the United States and Russia have been locked at odds, with nukes just a push of a button away. This situation would have been mutually assured destruction. (1) This was during the Cold War era however and the presidents of the day were to say the least, realist. They would have jumped at the chance to get into a conflict with one of the few super powers of the day. This would have given the winner the superiority that all had desired. That scenario may not be the same as the circumstances of today. President Obama is in no way a Hawk; he is by all accounts a Dove and will probably avoid an all out war at all costs. Based on the most recent history President Obama has tried to remove the US from any conflict they have been involved in. This has been proven by the withdrawal of troops from Iraq and the spin down of troop numbers in Afghanistan. These are two Conflicts that he had inherited and really wanted nothing to do with. This has been the way he has operated and I believe it will be a foreshadowing of his actions in the future. On both fronts Obama has removed responsibility by contracting jobs out and dwindling the numbers in the US military have left them undermanned and ill equipped for an engagement such as this. The US has been fighting 2 wars simultaneously for the past 10 years. This has not allowed...
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...Although DESERT STORM (DS) was an overall success, 12 years later, OIF, a significantly different campaign, was launched and met its objective of regime change. Not long after DS concluded, Iraq waged its own war on its own people. The US became entrenched in the region enforcing no-fly zones for over a decade. One could say phase IV (transition) wasn’t given adequate planning attention. In fact, CENTCOM’s POLAD remarked there wasn’t any war termination planning conducted. One must approach phase IV planning with as much detail as the others to ensure we meet out national end state/national policies. We must plan to transition from combat to a MOOTW mode (with greater emphasis on other national power elements). The national strategic objective was the unconditional, complete withdrawal of all Iraqi forces from Kuwait. Additionally, the US pushed restoration of the legitimate Kuwaiti government and repatriation of prisoners (coalition or civilian). The overarching military objective was the destruction of the RGFC. This was stated early by CINCCENT and he pursued this throughout combat with...
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...Saddam Hussein's forces will leave Kuwait. The legitimate government of Kuwait will be restored to its rightful place and Kuwait once again will be free. Iraq will eventually comply with all relevant United Nations resolutions...” George H. W. Bush In order to analyze the Gulf Crisis between Iraq and Kuwait, the factors must first understand which contributed to the conflict. In 1980, Iraq carried out a major air and land attack on Iran. For eight years, the Iran-Iraq War grew more intense, until the U.S. “accidentally” downed an Iranian plane, killing 290 passengers. Some major factors with many others conduce to this war in time: territorial dispute, religious disputes between Islamic moderates and fundamentalists, and more importantly, a personality conflict between Saddam Hussein, Iraq’s president, and Ayatollah Khomein, the leader of Iran. During this war, the U.S. began to provide protection to Kuwaiti tankers, and hence, resulted in military conflicts with Iranian speedboats. Indirectly, the U.S. supported Iraq’s actions in this war. While the U.S. was busy protecting Kuwait, Kuwait supported Iraq financially by giving it more than $10 billion. At the close of the Iran-Iraq War in 1990, Iraq was eager to pay its international debt. But, how? Iraq’s chief export was petroleum. According to Iraq, Kuwait was providing a surplus of oil in the international community by exceeding it assigned OPEC quota. Furthermore, Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing nearly $24 billion worth...
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...guided by Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, on of the richest oil countries. This was the first major international crisis after the Cold War (“The Persian Gulf War”, 2012). After a long process of diplomatic talk and sanctions, the President of the United States, George Hebert Walker Bush, along with the support of the U.S Congress and the United Nations, decided to declare war on Iraq. During his declaration of war speech, Bush expressed that It was a forceful choice, as there was no other way left but to drive Saddam Hussein out of Kuwait with force (pitythefool, 2008). As a result, the coalition led by the U.S won the war in a short time period. However, were the overall effects of the 1991 Persian Gulf War positive or negative for the United States? Political Perspective The 1991 Persian Gulf War had several positive impacts for the U.S from a political perspective. The first Persian Gulf War was not only limited to Iraq and Kuwait. It was also an issue of high political importance for the United States. One of the reasons why the region was so important to the U.S is because the U.S depended on Kuwait for the access of cheap oil. By trying to conquer Kuwai, Saddam Hussain was a direct threat to the economic ties between the U.S and Kuwait. Furthermore, the U.S was afraid that Saddam’s territorial expansion would not stop with Kuwait but would continue into Saudi Arabia (Kimmel, 1998), which is also rich in oil reserves. Thus entering the war, the U.S maintained the positive...
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...John J. Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt, "An unnecessary war," Foreign Policy, Jan/Feb 2003 In the full-court press for war with Iraq, the Bush administration deems Saddam Hussein reckless, ruthless, and not fully rational. Such a man, when mixed with nuclear weapons, is too unpredictable to be prevented from threatening the United States, the hawks say. But scrutiny of his past dealings with the world shows that Saddam, though cruel and calculating, is eminently deferrable. Should the United States invade Iraq and depose Saddam Hussein? If the United States is already at war with Iraq when this article is published, the immediate cause is likely to be Saddam's failure to comply with the new U.N. inspections regime to the Bush administration's satisfaction. But this failure is not the real reason Saddam and the united States have been on a collision course over the past year. The deeper root of the conflict is the U.S. position that Saddam must be toppled because he cannot be deterred from using weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Advocates of preventive war use numerous arguments to make their case, but their trump card is the charge that Saddam's past behavior proves he is too reckless, relentless, and aggressive to be allowed to possess WMD, especially nuclear weapons. They sometimes admit that war against Iraq might be costly, might lead to a lengthy U.S. occupation, and might complicate U.S. relations with other countries. But these concerns are eclipsed by the belief...
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...the early stages of military operations to disarm Iraq, to free its people and to defend the world from grave danger,” said President George W. Bush on the Morning of March 19, 2003, declaring the U.S. involvement in the Second Gulf War. On March 17, 2003, President Bush gave Suddam Hussein, the President of Iraq, an ultimatum: demanding the Hussein leave Iraq within a forty-eight-hour period or The United States would declare war. Suddam Hussein had been the President of Iraq since 1979 and was a major reason for the First Gulf War. In 2002, Congress and the Senate passed a law “authorizing the use of armed force against Iraq. This resolution empowered the President...
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...towards the larger Middle East. These interests consist of the union and security of Iraq and also the continuous expansion of its self-governing institutions together with its reintegration in the region. Counterterrorism is one of The U.S. interests associated to Iraq among others. Today's U.S. policy on terrorism mainly focuses on the aspects of the terrorist threat. The First is that the main threat, which is that of the Islamic terrorism, is international in capacity that has now reached to an extent where it now concerns the support of the U.S. state-run security and also worldwide security. On September 1972, 11 athletes from Israeli were killed by Black September Organization at Munich Olympic. This Black September Organization yet again kidnapped and then killed the Ambassador of U.S. and his Deputy Chief and also a Belgian civil servant. The United States together with the United Kingdom has repeated been bombing Iraq territory in the earlier years. Now the States association wishes to put into effect the resolutions of the United Nations band also to end the rule of Saddam Hussein through overthrowing it in a major military process. The arrangement is strictly criticized by the global society and more mostly by countries like Germany and France who had officially announced that with no Security Council declaration, the attack by the United States on Iraq would be infringement of the global law. Nevertheless, the United States has still remained...
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...Case Study on International Crisis (Week 6) In 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait, claiming that Kuwait was stealing oil from an oil field that straddled the Iraq-Kuwait border and that the territory of Kuwait had historically been a province of Iraq. Iraq quickly overran Kuwait, which was much smaller and militarily weaker than Iraq. Once Iraq had taken over Kuwait, it destroyed property records and other important documents, as if to eradicate the legal vestiges of the Kuwaiti government. Iraq also postured in a way that was widely viewed as threatening Saudi Arabia, home to the most important oil fields in the world. In 1991, the United Nations Security Council authorized military action to evict Iraq, and a multinational force with 34 members soon evicted Iraq from Kuwait and restored the Kuwaiti government. The League of Arab States also approved of military action to reverse the invasion of Kuwait; both Iraq and Kuwait were (and still are) members of the league, and a number of Arab states participated in the military action. Under the terms of the 1991 ceasefire after the restoration of the Kuwaiti government, Iraq pledged to dismantle its weapons of mass destruction (WMD) programs. It was widely believed that Iraq was developing nuclear weapons. Further, it was documented by the U.N. that Iraq had actually used chemical WMDs against Iranian troops during the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s and against a minority population in Iraq in 1988. In response to Iraq's noncompliance with the...
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...In 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait, claiming that Kuwait was stealing oil from an oil field that straddled the Iraq-Kuwait border and that the territory of Kuwait had historically been a province of Iraq. Iraq quickly overran Kuwait, which was much smaller and militarily weaker than Iraq. Once Iraq had taken over Kuwait, it destroyed property records and other important documents, as if to eradicate the legal vestiges of the Kuwaiti government. Iraq also postured in a way that was widely viewed as threatening Saudi Arabia, home to the most important oil fields in the world. In 1991, the United Nations Security Council authorized military action to evict Iraq, and a multinational force with 34 members soon evicted Iraq from Kuwait and restored the Kuwaiti government. The League of Arab States also approved of military action to reverse the invasion of Kuwait; both Iraq and Kuwait were (and still are) members of the league, and a number of Arab states participated in the military action. Under the terms of the 1991 ceasefire after the restoration of the Kuwaiti government, Iraq pledged to dismantle its weapons of mass destruction (WMD) programs. It was widely believed that Iraq was developing nuclear weapons. Furthermore, it was documented by the UN that Iraq had actually used chemical WMDs against Iranian troops during the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s and against a minority population in Iraq in 1988. In response to Iraq's noncompliance with the commitments it made in the 1991 ceasefire...
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...Media Manipulation The word ‘media‘ started to be used in the 1920s and after the Second World War when radio, television and video became more popular and less controlled the phrase ‘mass media‘ has first been used. The dissemination of news became simple and rapid and since the world wide web came up in the 1990s, the public is flooded by information. The mass media is assigned to inform the public and to be an opinion former to the public. (Furie, 2008) But the media isn‘t always objective and the people in power noticed many years ago that „If we understand the mechanism and motives of the group mind, it is now possible to control and regiment the masses according to our will without them knowing it.“ (Bernays, 2004) The phrase ‘media manipulation‘ is made up of the french word ‘manipuler‘ which means to handle something and of the latin plural of ‘medium‘ which describes a particular system or form of communication. Media manipulation refers to a single-sided and or deformed presentation of facts by news producers or journalists. The aim of media manipulation is to mislead the viewer or reader and to change their opinion about a particular topic, person, company or institution. Media manipulation is separated from falsification such as inventing interviewers, the subsequent manipulation of videos or photographs. (Eder, 2006) Unilateral preselection of the information is often the start of a manipulation. There is a daily information overload which make it impossible...
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