...goods are do not consider production in the view of the Shari’ah.In capitalist economy, the primary right to wealth is enjoyed by the factors of production, but however,in the theory of Islam, the factors of production are not well defined, not is their share in wealth determined in exactly the same way as is done under the Capitalist of economy. In fact, the two ways are quite distinct. From the Islamic point of view, there are four factors of production, which are capital, land, labour...
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...Frankly, to know more about Islamic economic, lets briefly look at differentiation between Islamic economic and conventional economic. The first different is the role of moral values. Basically, conventional economics is more concern towards behavior and preferences of individuals as given. However, Islamic economics more concern on individual and social improvement throughout the moral elevation. This moral evaluation or known as uplift moral aims to the changes of individual and preferences of the individuals which is complement the price mechanism in promoting general well being. (Chapra Umer M, 2010) This obviously show that conventional economic considers about the behavior and preference that given while Islamic economic consider about the changes of behavior and preferences. In Islamic economics, before customers entering the market place and being exposed to the price filter, the consumers are expected to pass their claims through the moral filter. With this, the preposterous, wasteful and unnecessary demand on resources can be discarding and filter out. Here then the price mechanism take over and lessen all the claims on resources and subsequently lead to meet market equilibrium. Sometimes, two filters (Islamic and conventional) can make it possible in making optimum economy, due to may be one filter not able to fulfill the market needs of all human being. This two filter can be together in order to use only the necessary resources to satisfy the material as well as spiritual...
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...In Islam there is no conflict between matter and soul, as there is no separation between economy and religion. Although Islamic economics is young in comparison with conventional economics, its characteristics, value and essence are appreciated by Muslims and the non-Muslims. The over-arching values of Islamic economics lie in the principle that it is an economic strategy that can achieve unity and harmony between the material and the spiritual life of the people. To ensure the true well-being of all individuals, irrespective of their sex, age, race, religion and wealth, Islamic economics does not seek to abolish private property, a practice done by communism, nor does it prevent individuals from serving their self-interest. It recognizes the role of the market forces in the efficient allocation of resources. It seeks to promote brotherhood, socio-economic justice and well-being of all through an integrated role of moral values, market mechanism and good governance. The differences between conventional and Islamic economics are as listed below. 1. The Role of Moral Values While conventional economics generally considers the behavior, tastes and preferences of individuals as given, Islamic economics does not do so. It places great emphasis on individual and social reforms through moral uplift. This is purportedly to be the purpose for which God's messengers have come to this world. Moral uplift aims at changing the behavior, tastes and preferences of the individuals, and...
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...The Islamic Economic System and Socialism The last 500 years, Islam could not be brought in the public affairs of social, political and economic domain and remained in the religion sphere, the foundation of Muslim’s getting in troubled water and finding no way out to reach to its shore. In the absence of Islamic economic system, the West – devoid from the moral and spiritual foundation- has taken over to steer the world economy. That is resulting in unprecedented human misery to the world economy starting from economic derailment to collapse economic system of many world giants flexing economic muscle. The felt need is to touch the facts lurking below the surface of the present economic order - source of unforgettable human suffering across the world, resulting even losing of human lives. Lacs of jobs are curtailed and people are getting jobless and find no social and economic patronage. Companies are being bailed by the public paid taxes to protect existence of multi nationals with the common people’s hard earned money. Even the economists are not sure the depth of deficiency and how long it will take come on track. Islam puts a different economic system which categorically forbids charging the interests for loans. The Quran says, “The interest which imposes seeking to increase your health will not bring about any increase in sight of God. Rather it is zakat which you pay for the sake of God alone, that brings about such increase of your fortune”. The Quran advocates...
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...Journal of Socio-Economics 29 (2000) 21–37 Is it necessary to have Islamic economics? M. Umer Chapra*,1 Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, Riyadh 11169, Saudi Arabian If Islam can be shown to be capable of providing fruitful vision to illuminate the modern conscience, then all mankind and not only Muslims, have a stake in the outcome. (Marshall Hodgson, 1977, Vol. 3, p. 441) Apart from the Islamic world, where fundamentalist political tendencies are quite marked, the global political scene is dominated by rhetoric and values that are primarily consumption-oriented and that stress personal self-gratification as the primary purpose of political action. (Zbigniew Brzezinsky, 1995, p. 53) Keywords: Islamic and conventional economics; Vision; Worldview; Method 1. Introduction Conventional economics, which dominates modern economic thinking, has become a well-developed and sophisticated discipline after going through a long and rigorous process of development over more than a century. The development continues uninterrupted, as reflected in the publication of innumerable journals, books, and research reports throughout the world. Individuals, universities, research organizations, and governments are all participating actively in this development. As a result of accelerated development in Western industrial countries over a long period, substantial resources are available to scholars to pursue their research. It goes to the credit of the West that there is a great quest for knowledge;...
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... Dr. Muhammad Anas Zarka [2] Paper Presented to a Symposium Towards an Islamic Micro-Finance April 14, 2007 ISLAMIC FINANCE PROJECT Islamic Legal Studies Program HARVARD LAW SCHOOL ABSTRACT The paper proposes a Monetary Waqf ( MW ) of a variable size, whose major assets are monetary, to provide micro finance to the productive poor. MW depends, as usual in any waqf, on initial permanent donations whose expected income covers the administrative and maintenance needs of MW. A novel feature in the proposed waqf is the mobilization of temporary funds extended to MW as interest-free loans, on call or for a fixed term. MW guarantees repayment to providers of funds, and uses the funds to provide micro-finance to the productive poor in various Shariah Compliant modes, at terms that sustain the waqf but are most favorable to recipients. To strengthen its guarantee, MW must have two tiers of philanthropic guarantors: Guarantors of liquidity, and Guarantors of Losses . Guarantors of Losses help insulate fund providers from risk of default by microfinance recipients. This helps to attract to MW temporary funds many times larger than the guarantee commitments. Payments to make up the losses can be counted by these Guarantors towards their annual zakat obligations. Monetary Waqf in the context of Islam’s economic goals Islamic Shari'ah emphasis on distributive justice, surprisingly evident from earliest Makkan...
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...Islam views life as a compact whole and does not divide it into many separate and conflicting parts. The economic aspect is one of the most important parts of our life, while not being the whole of it. The Islamic system is balanced and places everything in its right place. Islam has given detailed regulations for the conduct of our economic life which concerns mainly the earning and use of wealth. Man needs bread to live but he does not live for bread alone. This means that earning and spending money is essential for our living, but we do not live only for this. We have a greater purpose in life. We are Allah’s agents (Khalifah) on earth. We not only have a body but we also have a soul and a conscience. Without our soul and conscience, we would be considered little more than animals. Everything in Islam is for the benefit and welfare of mankind. The economic principle of Islam aim at establishing a just society wherein everyone will behave responsibly and honestly, and not as ‘cunning foxes’ fighting for as big a share of something as possible without regard for honesty, truth, decency, trust and responsibility. The principles of Islamic first is Rububiyyah. Tawhid Ar-Rububiyyah can be roughly translated as “Unity/Oneness of Lordship”. It pertains to Allah , and His lordship. We combine these to get the Islamic definition of rabb: Allah is the one who creates, sustains, and owns the entire creation. He alone is the Master, the Controller, the Nourisher, the one who creates...
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...Netflix has been in DVD rental market distributing movies to consumers located in United States. It continued to grow its streaming service both domestically and internationally. Netflix’s international expansions began with Canada in 2010 and have since launched their service in Latin America and Caribbean by September 2011.UK and Ireland was the third region that Netflix launched in by January 2012.And Scandinavia was the last region to see the introduction of the service including Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland on October 2012. Netflix’s idea behind global expansion is that it recognized that growth will be slower in the US than it has been in the past and hence they are looking to international markets for aggressive growth. Since the content license obligation of the company now totals over $4B according to the company’s report, new subscribers do not increase content cost, the major debt category for the company. Netflix remains profitable with a net income of $32 million and revenue of $1.1 billion, despite investing in international markets. Also, the subscriber addition in the international segment surpassed its US subscriber additions. The company’s global expansion strategy is characterized by the following: They focus on markets with broadband services. The company has been very clear that their domain is streaming only and will not launch international DVD by mail service. Netflix does not partner within market companies or form joint ventures...
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...A joint venture is a partnership or alliance among two or more businesses or organizations based on shared expertise or resources to achieve a particular goal.1 There are many good business reasons to participate in a joint venture partnering with a business that has complementary abilities and resources, such as finance, distribution channels, or technology, makes good sense. These are just some of the reasons partnerships formed by joint venture are becoming increasingly popular. A joint venture is also considered a strategic alliance between two or more individuals or entities to engage in a specific project or undertaking. Partnerships and joint ventures can be similar but in fact can have significantly different implications for those involved. A partnership usually involves a continuing, long-term business relationship, whereas a joint venture is based on a single business project. Parties enter joint ventures to gain individual benefits, usually a share of the project objective. This may be to develop a product or intellectual property rather than joint or collective profits, as is the case with a general or limited partnership. A joint venture isn’t like a general partnership; it’s not a separate legal entity. Revenues, expenses and asset ownership usually flow through the joint venture to the participants, since the joint venture itself has no legal status. Once the joint venture has met its goals the entity ceases to exist. Being a part of a joint venture has its...
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...“Islamic Accounting : Their Position in International Standard Harmonization” Rendy Anggita Putra “Islamic Accounting : Their Position in International Standard Harmonization” 1. Abstract According to (Susela, 1999) said the development of accounting theories is are affected by several factors including political and economic interests of certain people or group in community. Therefore, it can be also called if the accounting is a significant tool to illustrate the interests and perspectives of the various stakeholders. Islamic industry of finance has obtained tremendous growth in last few years, both in number of assets that manage by industry and in the diversity of financial products. A global system that can rule the industry will become significantly important for the Islamic finance sector in order to meet the needs of continued growth (Vinnicombe, 2012). Harmonization of Shari’a accounting standards has continue to be made by the AAOIFI as it is also done by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) for conventional accounting harmonization. In its development, financial reporting in Islamic accounting adds some different additional reports than conventional accounting to accommodate the unique transactions of Islamic economics. In that regard, this paper have objective to explore the main important values of Shari’a accounting and reporting standards of Islamic Accounting and try to find the answers of Islamic accounting positions among the process...
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...Islamic Banking Malek Alraddadi 02-24-2014 FIN-610 Introduction This study debates upon the history of Islamic banking. What are the ethical issues involved in the implementation of Islamic banking. Since the birth of Islam what type of steps are taken and by whom these measurements were taken. Besides this this paper also declares the response and customers point of view regarding Islamic banking with the help of different studies. History of Islamic banking The term Islamic banking got regular in the 1960's, however the systems and thoughts of the framework were suggested and operated since the beginning of Islam. Numerous studies and explores have indicated that Islamic money components were utilized within the Muslim world all around the Middle Ages; in leading exchange and business exercises. Charging investment on credits was not regular in those days. The first run through investment bearing credits were generally utilized within the Muslim world, particularly in the Middle East, was throughout the Ottoman Empire's governed in the fifteenth century. Mehmet Ebusuud Efendi, the senior Islamic minister of the Ottoman Empire, issued a fatwa (decision) permitting the charging of investment and thinking of it halal (allowable) as long as it was underneath 10%. Despite the fact that it was clear in The Holy Quran that investment was strictly disallowed, practically nobody could challenge the senior Islamic priest's decision since testing him might mean testing the...
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...* Principles of Islamic banking Islamic banking refers to a system or banking activity that is consistent with the Islamic jurisprudence [arab. fiqh] based on the principles of the Sharīʿah. Literally, it may be translated with “Path to the water of source”, rendering the “right” way that Allah has carved out for all Muslims. Main sources of the the Sharīʿah are the Qur’an and the Sunnah. Basic aims of the Sharīʿah are the spread of wisdom and welfare through transferring faith including beliefs and practices. In addition, in the past centuries Islamic religious scholars and jurists have been developing its practical application [arab. fatwa] to a system of instructions; some of them find their way into the constitutions of Arabic countries like Kuwait. Today Islamic jurisprudence is a code of conduct that on the one hand regulates the relationship between Allah and the mankind [arab. ʿibādāt] and on the other hand the economic and interpersonal relationship between individuals [arab. mu’amāt]. Since the entire legal framework of Islamic banking is codified in the Sharīʿah, every Islamic bank in the GCC region and the majority of the remaining Islamic banks worldwide have an in-house Sharīʿah -board that audits the compatibility of the banks’ products and services with the restrictions imposed by the Islamic law. In the following, the main principles of Islamic banking are explained. * Prohibition of riba, gharar and maysir (Qur’an 4:161) The first and most important feature...
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...Islamic Banking: Answers to Some Frequently Asked Questions 9 ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT BANK ISLAMIC RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE ISLAMIC BANKING: ANSWERS TO SOME FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Mabid Ali Al-Jarhi and Munawar Iqbal Occasional Paper No.4 1422H 2001 Mabid Al-Jarhi and Munawar Iqbal 10 Islamic Banking: Answers to Some Frequently Asked Questions 11Mabid Al-Jarhi and Munawar Iqbal 12 Islamic Banking: Answers to Some Frequently Asked Questions 13 FOREWORD In the last quarter of a century, there has been a great interest in the Islamic banking system both at private and public levels. There is an earnest and widespread desire to understand the system. Academicians, bankers and general public, all, have some genuine questions and concerns. Policy makers in the monetary and financial sectors of the IDB member countries have also often asked the Islamic Research and Training Institute (IRTI) some basic questions of theoretical and practical importance about the elimination of interest from the national economies of Muslim countries and the transformation of the prevailing conventional system to an Islamic one. Some of these questions reflect a desire to understand the basic concepts of Islamic finance while others relate to the creation of an enabling environment through macroeconomic reform and structural adjustments that are needed to establish the Islamic financial system and the complications that arise when an effort is made to bring about the transformation...
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...Mudarabah & a new approach to equity financing in Islamic finance Salman Ahmed Shaikh International Association of Islamic Banks 1. July 2011 Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/19697/ MPRA Paper No. 19697, posted 19. September 2011 12:50 UTC A Critical Analysis of Mudarabah & A New Approach to Equity Financing in Islamic Finance Journal of Islamic Banking & Finance, ISSN 1814-8042 By Salman Ahmed Shaikh Project Director, Islamic Economics Project islamiceconomicsproject@gmail.com www.islamiceconomics.viviti.com Abstract Financial intermediation serves a valuable purpose, but it can also be structured using equity modes of financing. This can relieve the financee and increase diversity of entrepreneurial undertakings as in debt based commercial financing, there is little room for diversity with obligatory and stipulated servicing of debt. Using Islamic equity modes of financing poses the challenge of the agency problem and moral hazard. The extent of this agency problem in Mudarabah and its impact on economic payoffs between counterparties is analyzed in this study with a simulation model. Based on review of alternate solutions proposed, the author presents two possible covenants which could make Mudarabah mode of financing more acceptable and widely usable in financial intermediation. This would also further the egalitarian objectives of an Islamic economic order. Keywords: Interest free economy, Islamic Economic System, Mudarabah, Agency Problem, Moral Hazard...
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...Islamic Finance is a financial system that doesn’t work like other conventional banking systems. It follows the Islamic law, Shariah, which doesn’t allow certain aspects of a normal banking system such as usury and speculation. There are some main principles to be followed in Islamic banking. First of all, it prohibits interest, or Riba. Riba is forbidden in Islam, and therefore Islamic banking system adopts the principle of profit and loss sharing. It also prohibits uncertainty, gambling, and prohibits certain products and industries such as alcohol and tobacco. Islamic Finance needs to be in accordance with the Shariah. All products and contracts follow Islamic principles that conventional financial systems do not, such as interest and risk sharing, and uncertainty. Conventional financial systems have never worked this way and it worked for them for many years until they were hit by the financial crisis. The crisis had a minimal impact on the Islamic financial systems because they did not comply with all the factors that created the crisis in the first place. There were 3 main factors in the creation of the financial crises. First, subprime loans, which was lending to certain people who did not have a good credit history and were bound to default. The banks than charged them with higher rates that increased their risk of defaulting. Secondly, there was securitization, which was creating securities from un-liquid assets. This process is used by banks to create securities from...
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