...the equity theory, attachment styles, when to reveal and when to conceal, and the cognitive dissonance theory. These factors play a very big role in relationship baggage and they are all discussed extensively through many scholarly articles. The following articles illustrate the research done on the topic of partner baggage as it pertains to these particular factors in romantic relationships. Keywords: partner baggage, relational uncertainty, relational turbulence, dark side, interpersonal relationships According to an article by Sidelinger and Booth-Butterfield, partner baggage is defined as, “negative attributes and situations which create obstacles to optimal relationship outcomes” (Sidelinger & Booth-Butterfield, 2009, p. 405). That is just a really fun way of saying that one or both participants of a relationship have some issues that could be potentially detrimental to the relationship. Partner baggage is very common in most relationships, 69% of couples reported this about partner baggage (Sidelinger & Booth-Butterfield, 2009, p. 414). There is a lot of ambiguity in relationships to begin with (Spitzberg & Cupach, 2011, p. 31), but partner baggage adds another element of relational uncertainty. To understand partner baggage in relationships better, we will discuss this through the equity theory, attachment styles, when to reveal and when to conceal, and cognitive dissonance. Literature Review Equity Theory The equity theory can help couples determine...
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...1 Lesson # 1 Case Study MGT 500: Organizational Behavior & Leadership July, 04, 2014 2 Listo System Listo Systems is a graphic service agency with success from 1990's.The rapid growth help to learn new technology impacts and give products faster and quicker.But competition is growing faster which increase needs of customer and to get product more demanding.The advancements in technology have also created new threats to the industry in terms of security and theft of products.Technology has become the key strategic resource needed for the success, indeed the survival, of a business, corporation, or nation.The vital role of information technologies and systems in society raises serious ethical and societal issues in terms of their impact on employment, individuality, working conditions, privacy, health, and computer crime. Managers and business professionals can help solve the problems of improper use of IT by assuming their ethical responsibilities for the ergonomic design, beneficial use, and enlightened management of e-business technologies in our society. Listo system is a graphic agency with a success.As, with the growing technology field Listo has to satisfy the needs of customers.As to adjust in the competitive field Listo faced lot of challenges.The Listo system can come out from this situation with the help of leadership management, study customer behavior and how to satisfy customers requirement. Listo systems leadership management should...
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...written warnings. The fundamental attribution error effects social perception as well. People have an instinct to assign certain characteristics to those they come across. This social perception bias can be observed everywhere in society. It has become instinctive to form expectations of people the first time they are encountered. 1b. Describe the effect of cognitive dissonance on behavior and attitude change. Numerous experiments and studies have shown that cognitive dissonance has the power to change attitudes and behavior. Leon Festinger’s (1957) cognitive dissonance theory proposes, “people have a fundamental cognitive drive to reduce this dissonance by modifying an existing belief, or rejecting one of the contradictory ideas” (Wikipedia, 2001). Better described as when there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviors, something must change to eliminate the dissonance. In the case of a discrepancy between attitudes and behavior, it is most likely that the attitude will change to accommodate the behavior. For example, someone who buys an expensive watch but discovers that it does not keep accurate time. Dissonance exists...
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...577-587) has found that when managers are given negative feedback on an initial individual investment decision, they allocate more additional funds to that investment if they, rather than another member of their organization, made the initial allocation decision. Justification is thought to underlie this phenomenon. This study explored commitment in group and individual decisions and examined the plausibility of dissonance processes as the mediator of escalation of commitment. One hundred eighty-three individuals participated in a role-playing exercise in which personal responsibility for an initial decision was manipulated for groups and individuals. As expected, escalation of commitment occurred for both groups and individuals. In support of a dissonance explanation, dissonance processes did vary as a function of the personal responsibility manipulation, and individual variation in dissonance responses accounted for a substantial portion of variance in allocation behavior beyond that accounted for by the experimental manipulations. The results concerning dissonance processes suggest a number of ways in which escalation can be reduced in individuals and groups. The escalation of commitment to a course of action that is failing or incurring great costs has recently become a topic of interest among decision researchers (Bazerman, Beekun, & Schoorman, 1982; Brockner, Shaw, & Rubin, 1979; Conlon & Wolf, 1980; Fox & Staw, 1979; Staw, 1976, 1981; Staw & Ross, 1978; Teger...
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...Sarah Rose Management Skills Development: MGT 585-02W Fall 2013 Case Analysis Does this milkshake taste funny? George Steins’ Ethical Dilemma * Discuss all of the reasons why you believe George might act unethically and remove the filters, allowing the maggots to remain in the mix. The first reason George might act unethically is due to Social Learning Theory. “Analysis revealed that perceived learning opportunities were shaped, enabled, and constrained by a variety of social, cultural, structural, and process-related imperatives. This was manifested through two learning systems: (1) a formal learning system directly managed by the organization and (2) an informal system that was fostered through strong social networks and driven by the organizational culture. From this investigation, we posit a social theory of learning, which encompasses sharing knowledge and experience through social interaction” (O’Toole, 2011). This is an article for developing learned systems by the Australian Army in their ‘fighting for knowledge’ campaign to understand learned systems in a military setting. Using a focus group of over 150 armed personnel to understand some of the cultural and social systems enforced. Social theory is a theory that states that we learn through observation and our direct experiences with others (Robbins. 2013). The social learning theory is enacted by both formal learning systems, decreed through management, and informal social networks. In the case George is...
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...Reducing Sexism: Equality Between Men and Woman November 2015 Introduction Reducing Sexism –Equality Between Men And Woman * #YesAllWomen! Tweets with key words like “gender” and “violence” reveal that equality between men and women is on the minds of many Americans. An inspiring 1,936,516 tweets put this subject in eighth place within the 10 social issues Americans talk the most about on Twitter (Dwyer, 2014). * Average earnings of men almost always exceed the earnings of women in the exact same occupation (Buckley, 2001). According to Statistics Canada, based on data collected from men and women aged 16 and over, men make an average of $68 500, whereas women make an average of only $45,500. Men employment rates are also significantly higher than women (Statistics Canada, 2009). * Sexual violence is a problem for college communities. The National College Women Sexual Victimization study estimates that one in five college women experience completed or attempted rape during their college years. (Fisher, Cullen, & Turner, 2000). Women have always faced significant challenges throughout their lives due to inequality between men and women. Stereotyping, lack of opportunity, pay differences, sexual harassment, gender-based violence and discrimination represent some of these challenges, which ultimately is disempowering women. This disempowerment has numerous consequences for society today. Times have changed and although unlike in the past...
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...Decision Making Analysis SEC 390 December 16, 2013 Decision Making Analysis Decision Making Process When in front of a tough situation, people go through a process of choosing the right decision for that situation, known as decision making (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, & Uhl-Bien, p. 208, 2010). The decision making has five steps; define problem, analyze alternatives, make a decision, take action, and evaluate the result. This paper discusses how to solve a problem by utilizing the decision making process, was the supervisor involved with the problem, what were the strengths and weakness of the decision approach, and if the decision maker has experience any cognitive dissonance since making the decision. Define Problem A soldier showed up late to fail to report to first formation and was late to work. Also, the sergeant noticed that the soldier had a scent of alcohol. Reporting late to formation is a violation of Article 86 and Article 92; showing up to work under the influence of alcohol is a violation of Article 112, which are all punishable under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). Analyze Alternatives There are two ways to deal with this situation, which can be certain environments for the sergeant. According to Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, and Uhl-Bien (2010), “Certain environments provide full information on the expected results for decision-making alternatives” (p. 211). The sergeant can recommend the soldier to be punish under the Uniform Code...
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...complete and there is also a common goal of reaching the Everest summit. During the simulated six-day climb, team members should analyze information on weather, health conditions, supplies, goals and hiking speed, and then determine how much of that information need to communicate with their teammates. Every decision that each member made will influence the team performance eventually. The aim for this simulation is to explore influences on collective decision-making, including opposing interests and cognitive biases, analyze different leadership approaches and team responses. Our group members include Raymond Duong, Anthony Le, James Peter Reid, Jialing Guo, Siqi Liu, Kazuya Ogino and Biljana Popovic. Our team score is 57% at the first time and only 28% at the second time. The quite low score our group earned may because the more risky decisions we made compare with the first attempt and lack of the knowledge of management. This report will summary the simulation experience and analysis the result of our group in the simulation by focusing on decision-making and the theory of attribution. Table of Content Executive...
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...Media Topic 1: Explanations of Media Influences on Antisocial Behaviour Observational Learning Where individuals observe and imitate the behaviour of others. Many argue that watching television can teach viewers violent behaviour/draw their attention to behaviours they wouldn’t have previously considered. Bandura (1983) used his Social Learning Theory to explain this. Watching violent role models may increase violent behaviour in those who are already motivated to behave aggressively. TV may also teach viewers the positive and negative consequences of behaving aggressively. Research on the role of observational learning from media in antisocial behaviour has shown: ‐ Bandura et al (1986): Children aged 3‐5 were shown films of a model behaving aggressively towards a “bobo doll”. The doll was hit, thrown, sat on and punched in the nose 3 times during the film. The children were then lead to laboratory containing toys (including the bobo doll), and were observed during free play. 88% of the children imitated the behaviour seen in the film‐ significantly more than a control group of children who did not see the film. ‐ Bobo dolls do not retaliate when hit. This raises questions as to how much this study tells us about the effect of media influences on antisocial behaviour towards other human beings. ‐ Smith et al (2004): The children’s behave would be better defined as “rough and tumble play” rather than aggression. ‐ Some have labelled Bandura’s study as artificial...
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...A STUDY OF ATTITUDES ATTITUDES An attitude is an overall evaluation about some aspect or phenomenon in the world. On a whole our attitude is our belief, feeling and behavior towards any particular object of our attention. In Social Psychology attitudes are defined as positive or negative evaluations of objects of thought and they generally consist of three elements:- • The cognitive component that entails the thoughts and beliefs people hold about the subject matter. • The affective component that entails all emotional feelings responses derived from association with the subject matter. • The behavioral component which is the tendency to respond in a particular manner when exposed to the subject or stimulus These attitudes are normally towards individual people, groups of people, institutions, products, social trends, consumer products, etc. all can be attitudinal objects. Such attitudes may be social conclusions and summary judgments that may either be for or against something. Our attitudes dictate both our over and covert behavior and in as much the same tone manage and influence our decision making. Attitudes contribute a large part to our social and individual mannerisms and relations since they are the primary driving force behind behavior. HOW DO ATTITUDES INFLUENCE BEHAVIORS? The manner in which one chooses to behave is dependent on their attitude towards any situation that they may find themselves in. If the general attitude towards the situation is negative...
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...A Report On Employee Demotivation Submitted to: Mr Shaiful Islam CEO Human Resource Department Grameen Phone Submitted by: Mr Khalid Mahmod(1020088) Director Mr Atiqur Rahman(1020102) Sales Executive Mr Taifur Rahman(1020099) Planning Executive Mr Toufiq Islam(1020077) Procurement Executive Date of submission: 22 November 2010 Grameen Phone Block-B,Road-16 Bashundhara Residential Area Dhaka 1217 Telephone:+8802 9987456 Fax:+8802 9652314 E-mail:info@grameenphone.com Websie:www.grameenphone.com ...
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...The Regency Grand Hotel Case Study: A Managerial and Socio-cultural Approach ------------------------------------------------- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Executive Summary This analysis reviews the case study of The Regency Grand Hotel following a recent change in the upper management and implementation of a new organisational strategy which has led to the performance deterioration and the increase in customer complaints. The problems are analysed in light of a diverse range of theories and scholarly views regarding the impact of potential factors on organisational performance and profitability foresights. Through theoretical and empirical research, the authors have focused on leadership styles, and the cultural and societal values to analyse the problems at The Regency Grand Hotel. The analysis undertaken brought about a wider and clearer image of the situation both as a whole (macro) and in terms of dissected attributes (micro). The macro problem revolves around cultural differences and imposition of a participative leadership style that did not associate with the socio-cultural dimensions of the organisation. In essence, the case study lead to a common platform entitling that cultural backgrounds and societal factors are the most important factors to be considered before enforcing any managerial strategy. Moreover, a certain level of hierarchy is quiet indispensable in organisations...
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...randomly within tutorial groups and assigned roles within the simulation. I was assigned the role of environmentalist, but assumed the informal role as one of the team’s leaders. Our group as a whole managed to achieve a satisfactory 67% of team goals, and I managed to achieve 57% of my individual goals. The objective of this report is to critically analyse and reflect upon the intergroup interactions that lead to the successes and failings of our team. These successes and failings will be viewed through the lens of the theories and concepts developed in the course in order to gain insight into group processes and human behaviour. The report starts with analysing and breaking down human cognitive processes and social interactions through the tripartite attitudes model, cognitive dissonance theory and human perception biases. This gives a better understanding as to how intergroup dynamics can be improved in the future. The exertion and possession of power within the group is then analysed and the report examines the relative importance formal and informal power played within the simulation. Viewing the level of conflict through the human...
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...How do the Theories of Emotion, Motivation and Development explain the events and public response to the James Bulger case of 1993? Theories allow people to see the world in a clear manner and allow them to perform actions based on what is rational. There are many theories that have evolved over the past century in Western cultures that attempt to explain how personalities develop, why people behave in certain ways, the type of environmental conditions that motivate them into acting in specific ways, and how these factors are interrelated. Some of the theories base their explanations on the social and emotional circumstances in the early years of an individual. This Essay aims to analyse the theories of emotion, motivation, and development and apply them to the events and public response to the James Bulger case of 1993. “ ‘I can never forgive Thompson and Venables for the horrendous, calculated, cold blooded murder of James.’ Said Denise Fergus the mother of the boy.” (Day. 2008). In an act that shocked the world, two ten year old boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson kidnapped and murdered James Bulger aged just two. The murder of James Patrick Bulger took place in Kirkby, Merseyside, England, on the 12 of February 1993. Bulger was a victim of abduction, torture and murder by two 10-year-old boys, named Robert Thompson (born 23rd August 1982) and the other one named Jon Venables (born 13th August 1982). It started with Bulger's disappearance on the 12 of February 1993...
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...[pic] “A Comparison of the leadership styles among educators (teachers and instructors).” “A dissertation submitted to European University of Cyprus in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor in the Department of Business Administration of I. Gregoriou School of Business”. S P R I N G 2 0 0 9 | |IOANNIS GREGORIOU BUSINESS SCHOOL | | |AUTHORSHIP DECLARATION | | |BUS410 – SENIOR PROJECT | Nicosia, 28/04/09 1. Where we have consulted the published work of others this is always clearly attributed. 2. Where I have quoted from the work of others the source is always given. With the exception of such quotations this dissertation is entirely our own work. 3. We have acknowledged all main sources of help. 4. If our research follows on from previous work or is part of a larger collaborative research project we have made clear exactly what was done by others and what I have contributed myself. 5. We have read and understand the penalties associated with plagiarism. Name Signature Name Signature Name Signature ABSTRACT ________________________________________________________ A teacher performs many functions in the classroom...
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