...What factors discouraged an early unification of Italy and how were these overcome? Before the year of 1848, the Italian faced a lot of difficulties to urge the unification movement. Until, 1848, the situation had been changed and directly contributed to the unification movement. After 1815 Italy was once again a mere geographical expression. Austria was to control a large part of Italy directly, that is, Lombardy and Venetia, and indirectly through the restored Bourbon Kings in some minor Italian states. Italian unification was once again frustrated ever the Risorgimento was quickly in advance. The explosion of Austrian power in Italy was the main problem which discouraged an early unification of Italy. Moreover, the general political atmosphere in Europe did not allow new concessions to Italian balance when the powers were concerned with maintaining the balance of power and to prevent the setting of French hegemony in Europe again. So a united Italy in 1815 would only mean French domination of Italy, so the powers generally accepted the settlement even though the 1815 settlement ignored the moral principles which first French Revolution and the Romanticism had unleashed in Europe. Even liberal powers like Britain and the mother of Revolution, France did not dare to take the risk of a war which may be caused if Italy was united and this might invite foreign intervention in the young Italy. So foreign aid was generally unavailable in the first generation of the nineteenth...
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...Questions and Answers: Italian Unification 1. What factors discouraged an early unification of Italy and how were these overcome? Before the year of 1848, the Italian faced a lot of difficulties to urge the unification movement. Until, 1848, the situation had been changed and directly contributed to the unification movement. After 1815 Italy was once again a mere geographical expression. Austria was to control a large part of Italy directly, that is, Lombardy and Venetia, and indirectly through the restored Bourbon Kings in some minor Italian states. Italian unification was once again frustrated ever the Risorgimento was quickly in advance. The explosion of Austrian power in Italy was the main problem which discouraged an early unification of Italy. Moreover, the general political atmosphere in Europe did not allow new concessions to Italian balance when the powers were concerned with maintaining the balance of power and to prevent the setting of French hegemony in Europe again. So a united Italy in 1815 would only mean French domination of Italy, so the powers generally accepted the settlement even though the 1815 settlement ignored the moral principles which first French Revolution and the Romanticism had unleashed in Europe. Even liberal powers like Britain and the mother of Revolution, France did not dare to take the risk of a war which may be caused if Italy was united and this might invite foreign intervention in the young Italy. So foreign aid was generally unavailable...
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...To understand an event as large as the Italian Unification one must draw an analysis from the causes of that event. Many small case-specific causes can be found, but the key is to find general causes that can explain the whole unification. When looking at the time frame 1815-1870, one can find three general causes that mostly, but not always, worked towards Italian Unification. The complete Italian unification in 1870 occurred because of the actions of significant personalities, more specifically: Cavour, Mazzini and Garibaldi, it also came about because of the role of foreign players and lastly because of the not always successful, but reoccurring peoples movement. After Napoleon’s adventure into Europe had been extinguished, the parties at the Congress of Vienna in 1814/1815 were determined to re-establish old conservative order. Prussia, Russia, Great Britain and Austria-Hungary were the “Big Four” throughout the meetings, all of them, except Great Britain, being interested in highly conservative monarchical rule. New concepts such as liberalism were thwarted (Murphy, et al. 2000) and laid aside; the “old way” should provide peace, which was the ultimate aim of the Congress, for the next centuries. A Congress System was established; hereby the aforementioned Powers would meet in a regular basis to negotiate and solve problems by peaceful means. Besides reintroducing old hierarchies, the Vienna Congress also brought territorial changes. They were mostly supposed to create...
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...Philip Mazzei When Thomas Jefferson was asked to draft the Declaration of Independence, his words “All men are created equal” were paraphrased from the writings of Philip Mazzei, an immigrant from Tuscany. “All men are by nature equally free and independent,” Mazzei wrote in the Virginia Gazette in 1774. “Such equality is necessary in order to create a free government.” Filippo Mazzei was born in Poggio a Caino in Tuscany, Italy on December 30, 1730. He studied medicine in Italy for several years before moving to London in 1755 to begin a career as a mercantile importer. While in London, he met Benjamin Franklin, who convinced him to start a new business in Virginia. In 1773, Mazzei led a group of Italians who cultivated the first vineyards, olives, and other Mediterranean fruits in the colonies. By some historical accident, Mazzei became a neighbor and friend of Thomas Jefferson....
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...D. Analysis Reda Belmaachi Question: To what extent was economic development from 1815 – 1871 the most influential in causing the unification of Germany in January 1871? D. Analysis The German economy of 1815 was a disaster, lacking industry and urban areas. Throughout this time the states in Germany started industrializing. The state that played a great role in industrialization of German states was Prussia, its economic policy facilitated trade and economic expansion in Germany. Prussia was also in the main control of the Zollverin, who controlled most of German states. The zollverein was a custom union that involved all the Germans state economic involvement. This also caused a growth of German national consciousness, meaning German states could compare their status in the policy compared to other states, and reflect whether they would be stronger economically stronger or alone. Through the era of the 19Th century, German states developed communication and shipping, largely grew in capital and machine industry, and developed industrially. By the end of 1871 all the German states and especially Prussia, would make the greatest industrial nation of Europe if they combined, and all this economic increase also made nationalism increase. Throughout the summary of evidence, we learn that the economy and especially the industry were rapidly increasing from 1815 to 1871. This expansion formed a sort of bond with all the German states. The states knew if they could combine...
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...How far does the role of individuals explain the outbreak of the German Wars of Unification? The German Wars of Unification can be blamed on a myriad of reasons however the pragmatism of Otto Von Bismarck often allowed him to take advantage and shape the course of German history. Conversely it would be remiss to state that Bismarck was solely responsible for the German Wars of Unification, nationalist elements as well as growing calls for liberalism all spurred the way for the beginning of a German state. Compounding this was the economic prosperity of Prussia, as Prussia grew economically stronger it diminished Austria’s sphere of influence in the region. This would also spur calls for greater German unity whilst isolating Austria. Prussian ambition can be first seen to rival Austria with the creation of the Zollverein. Prussia in 1818 created a law to integrate Prussian customs systems onto neighbouring small states, over the next fifteen years through a complex mixture of threats and concessions the Prussians managed to create a concrete policy that would lay the foundations for the Zollverein. In 1833 the Zollverein was created and most importantly Austria was firmly excluded. The importance of this is summed up in Metternich’s quote “a smaller rival confederation..which all too quickly will become accustomed to following its own objectives with its own means”. Metternich’s fears would eventually become a reality, this is reiterated by the historian Treitschke...
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...What is the Unification Church? Symbol of the Unification Church. Rev. and Mrs. Moon praying over an altar in Korea, 1997. Photo: TParents.org. Sun Myung Moon with Richard Nixon at the White House. Photo: US Gov. Reverend and Mrs. Moon conducting the 1992 Blessing Ceremony for 30,000 people in Korea. Photo: TParents.org. Sun Myung Moon with his granddaughter in 2006. Photo: TParents.org. The Unification Church (officially named the Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity) is a new religious movement founded by Reverend Sun Myung Moon in Korea in 1954. The Unification Church is a unique interpretation of Christianity that regards Rev. Moon as the Messiah and believes world peace can be attained through the creation of "true families." It is especially known for its mass weddings and seeking of converts. Both the Unification Church and Moon himself have been the source of controversy in Asia and especially the USA. The movement's followers have been dubbed "Moonies" by critics. History Sun Myung Moon was born in 1920 in what is now North Korea. At the time, Korea was under Japanese rule. Moon was raised in thePresbyterian church, one of many faiths persecuted by the Japanese rulers. The political upheavals caused divisions and new movements inKorean Christianity, including a group known as "spiritualists" who received new revelations from God and looked for a Korean messiah. Moon says that on Easter morning at the age of 16, he had a vision in which...
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...John O’Malley Visionary Leaders Project Guided Questions 1) Who is your guided leader? (Give some background: When born/died, basic life overview, personality). -My guided leader is Otto Von Bismarck (1815-1898). Otto Von Bismarck was conservative Prussian statesman, and was later the Prime Minister of Prussia, appointed by King Wilhelm I. He dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890. Early on in his political career, promised to promulgate a constitution, agreed that Prussia and other German states should merge into a single nation-state in 1848. In 1849, he opposed the unification of Germany, arguing that Prussia would lose its independence in the process. He grew up representing the land-owning nobility. His mother also had close connections to the Prussian court. He opposed his mother’s beliefs and ambitions. 2) Where/when is your leader from? What major historical events connect with his/her life? (Think in terms of national, international, and global context). -Bismarck was born in Saxony, Germany in 1815). He spent his childhood and college years studying in Germany as well. The Crimean War of the mid-1850s shocked Bismarck. The Eastern Crisis of the 1870s, put fear in Bismarck and pushed him to signing the Dual-Alliance with Austria-Hungary in 1879. He launched his political career during the revolutions of 1848. 3) In concrete terms, what was your leader’s “vision”? (Political goals, life mission, etc.) How does that vision connect to nationalism...
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...For any idea, effective negotiation and selling is necessary in order to persuade your target audience. Through means of systematic persuasion the communicator will appeal to reason and logic to help change attitudes, or they may appeal to emotion and habit by means of heuristic persuasion to change beliefs. Every communicator aims to gain different and desired results. For example, sales people, politicians, and leaders in other areas all have different goals and audiences, but use persuasion to their benefit. Cult leaders and other extremists in history have used persuasion to immerse followings and gain social loyalty. Over time they have evolved with different religious, political, and revolutionary motives. A cult by definition is a small religious group that is not part of a larger and more accepted religion and that has beliefs regarded by many people as extreme or dangerous. They are typically characterized by their distinct beliefs and rituals related to devotion to a god or person, are isolated from their surrounding “evil culture,” and have a charismatic leader (Myers, 252). These charismatic leaders of will use persuasion to influence the intentions, attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, and motivations of different individuals (Thoms and Walden, 2007). Vulnerability in the larger community is the main reason individuals find consolation in cults (Richard, 2010). Feelings of inferiority, ignorance, social threat, and other such factors influence an individual’s ability...
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...Sicilian Americans Lisa M. Kline ETH 125 December 4, 2011 ADRIENNE CRISTE Sicilian Americans The ethnic group I have always identified with more is my Sicilian/Italian side. Even though I am only a 1/4 Sicilian, I still feel like I belong to that side more. My grandmother on my dad’s side was full-blooded Sicilian and her parents were immigrants to the United States. The Sicilians have been in America for over 300 years. In the late 17th century, two brothers sailed to what is now New York and were in charge of the Onondaga fort. On the west coast, it is recorded that a Sicilian priest was in charge of converting he natives to Christianity. He was later killed by the natives in 1695. Immigration of the Sicilians was slow until the late 1880s. In 1906, over 100,000 Sicilians came to the United States in that year alone. Most Sicilian immigrants never planned to stay in the US permanently. There is even a special phrase that was coined for Sicilians: "Birds of Passage" since their intent was to be migratory laborers. Even though about 75% of Sicilian immigrants were farmers in Sicily, they did not wish to farm in the US (as it implied a permanence that did not figure in their plans). Instead, they headed for cities where labor was needed and wages were relatively high. Many Sicilian men left their wives and children behind because they expected to return (and many, many did). In any event, for many Sicilian immigrants, migration could not be interpreted as a rejection...
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...immigrants, in turn, sent word back to Roseto about the promise of the New World, and soon one group of Rosetans after another packed up their bags and headed for Pennsylvania, until the initial stream of immigrants became a flood. In 1894 alone, some twelve hundred Rosetans applied for passports to America, leaving entire streets of their old village abandoned. The Rosetans began buying land on a rocky hillside, connected to Bangor only by a steep, rutted wagon path. They built closely clustered two story stone houses, with slate roofs, on narrow streets running up and down the hillside. They built a church and called it Our Lady of Mount Carmel, and named the main street on which it stood Garibaldi Avenue, after the great hero of Italian unification. In the beginning, they called their town New Italy. But they soon changed it to something that seemed more...
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...Originality of the Italian Language HUMA215 Kharyssa Rhodes November 21, 2013 Italian is a Romance Language spoken mainly in Europe: Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, and Vatican City by minorities in Malta, Monaco, Croatia, Slovenia, France, Somalia, Libya, Ethiopia, and Eritrea and by expatriate communities in the Americas, and Australia. Many speakers are native bilinguals of both standardized Italian and other regional languages accordingly to the Bologna statistics of the European Union, Italian is spoken as a native language by 59 million people in the EU (13% of the EU population), mainly in Italy, and as a second language by 14 million (3%).Including the Italian speakers in non-EU European countries (such as Switzerland and Albania) and on other continents, the total number of speakers is more than 85 million. In Switzerland , Italian is one of four official languages it is studied and learned in all the confederation schools and spoken, as a native language, in the Swiss cantons of Ticino and Grigioni and by the Italian immigrants that are present in large numbers in German- and French- speaking cantons. It is also the official language of San Marino, as well as the primary language of the Vatican Italian is descended from Latin. Unlike most other Romance languages, Italian retains Latin's contrast between short and long consonants. As in most Romance language is distinctive. Among the Romance languages, the Italian is the closest to...
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...The Origins of the Italian Language Debra Cummings American Intercontinental University Abstract Latin is to be credited for having great influence on the Italian language as it is known through out history and today. Its vocabulary is characterized by Roman and ancient Greek words and verbs. Italian has many dialects dependent upon the various regions of the land. Tuscan is the most prominent dialect. The spread of Italian language is largely due to literary works of three authors who chose to write in the vernacular language of their region as opposed to the more widely used Latin language. The Origins of the Italian Language The Italian language is derived from Latin, imposed upon the conquered Italian natives. It is considered one of the Romance languages of the Indo-European family of languages and is the language that most resembles Latin. The vocabulary of Italian is characterized by a large percentage of words and verbs from both Roman and ancient Greece. Of all the Romance languages, “Italian is the closest to Latin in terms of vocabulary.” (Language Translation, Inc., 2013) The oldest definitive document dated back to 960-963 A.D. in vulgar Italian is a legal document called “Placito Cassinese”. This archive is kept in the Abbey of Montecassino. This famous text is a testimony of a man about the ownership of a piece of land. There was an argument between the Benedictine friars of the Abbey...
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...Since the unification of Italy, Italy's governments had proved themselves weak and the majority of the Italian population still remained poor. During the first twenty years of the twentieth century, there were frequent riots and strikes during which Italian workers had occupied the factories where they worked. The Italian government of the time was unable to maintain order and control these upheavals. The state of affairs gave Benito Mussolini the opportunity to rise to power in Italy. Teacher, journalist and soldier, Mussolini advocated extreme right-wing policies. Promising order and upholding the ideal of patriotism, Mussolini had gathered around him his own private brigade and army. Mussolini's followers carried out a campaign of violence against opposing political parties and against all those who did not share their ideals. By 1922 Mussolini had enough power to demand representation in the actual government of the country. When this demand was turned down, Mussolini and his followers decided to make the challenge of force. On 28th October 1922 supporters of Mussolini converged on the city of Rome from various parts of the country, in what was to be called "La Marcia su Roma" (The March on Rome). King Victor Emanuel III and the army refused to resist them, and they enetered Rome unopposed. The King then asked Mussolini to form a government and assume the post of prime minister. This famous march on Rome heralded the rise of Fascism to importance in Italy. The fascist Party...
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...Pages 6-7 ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT..............................................................Page 7 POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT................................................................Pages 7-8 MORE INTEREST (FOOD)..................................................................Page 8 BUSINESS MODEL.............................................................................Page 8 Italy has been a nation-state since “1861 when the regional states of the peninsula, along with Sardinia and Sicily, were united under King Victor EMMANUEL II”.(World Factbook) Italy is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the European Economic Community (EEC). It’s at the forefront of the European economic and political unification since the Economic and monetary Union in 1999.Italy’s problems include sluggish economic growth, high youth and female unemployment, organized crime, corruption, and economic disparities between southern...
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