...Behavioral Cognitive Theories and Techniques Frederick Community College There were several predominant theorists in the cognitive behavioral meta-theory. Each theorist came to their conclusions, were received, and added to therapeutic skills in different ways. Their biographical history allows for a better understanding of how they came upon their conclusions. Their theories add to the understanding of human nature. Their critics expose flaws or oversights in the theories. The techniques used in the action stage of therapy today all have some historical roots in these theories and the theories of others. The overall goal being to focus on making changes in behaviors, thoughts, and feelings while continuing to explore feelings and examine values, priorities, barriers. Behaviorism began when Ivan Pavlov’s dogs began to salivate upon hearing the sounds of food being prepared. Unfortunately this phenomenon ruined his saliva measuring experiment but it contributed the theory of classical conditioning. The theory is that when an unconditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus many times a conditioned stimulus and conditioned response will result. The unconditioned stimulus (US) in Pavlov’s experiment was the food, which caused the dogs to salivate. The unconditioned stimulus normally elicits this reaction. The neutral stimulus, something that does not normally elicit the same reaction as the unconditioned stimulus, was a tone or bell. When the two were presented together the...
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...behaviourist perspective is grounded on the idea that we can understand any type of behaviour by examining what individuals have learnt. This includes various personality traits such as confidence, shyness, being helpful, pessimistic or optimistic. Behaviourist theorist claim behaviour is a resulting factor of experience. Two very important figures who have both had a great hand in developing most of the ideas explained by this perspective is Pavlov and Skinner. Although both theorist had very different procedures in which they took to investigate their ideas, they both came to the conclusion that nearly all types of behaviour is produced as the result of learning. The first theory of learning was developed and introduced by Russian psychologist, Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), which he called ‘Classical Conditioning’. His initial study was based on the investigation of dogs and their digestive system. Pavlov had them secured and attached monitors in their stomach area and mouth to measure the rate of saliva that they produced. He noticed that one day that his dogs produced a high rate of saliva when his lab assistant entered the room with a bowl of food, rather than producing saliva whilst they ate. This was an unusual result as dogs usually produce saliva when food has touched their tongue. Pavlov guessed that the dogs had learnt to associate the lab assistant to their food. He then developed this idea further by looking at all the consisting factors: * The food uncontrollably caused the...
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...become processed by sensation and perception converting the information into data used to modify learned behavioral patterns (Davis, 2004). This physical process of sensation shows in the use of the five senses responding to the stimulus. The sensory means of perception becomes the analysis of the stimulus. The brain continually sorts the information gathered to make decisions. This unique concept stores unnecessary information from the interpretation of the stimulus. The ability to decide on multiple options shows the subject responding to only the priming prompt (Davis, 2004). Classical Conditioning Technique The classical conditioning technique teaches a subject to respond to the same stimuli every time (Izard, 2009). A top researcher, Ivan Pavlov unexpectedly discovered the associative learning process. He continued researching to understand the various aspects and elements used to create the learned behavioral control conditioning (Izard, 2009). The acquisition stage of learning begins with...
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...CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Classical Conditioning: Raspberry Diet Carolyn Crump Psychology 103/Point University Abstract Classical conditioning can be, and is, used and applied every day. It was discovered by Ivan Pavlov through his studies on physiology of digestion in dogs, but classical conditioning, as it applies to learning and behavior, has nothing to do with salivating dogs. Pavlov’s contribution was just the catalyst for later discoveries. Clinical trials and studies used to educate researchers looking to improve the lives of people are generally a good ideal. The raspberry ketones is an example of classical conditional after Dr. Oz says you will lose weight if you take this pill and subscribes raspberry ketones as his # 1 “miracle in bottle” fat buster, and the supplements has been flying of the shelves. Classical Conditional Raspberry Diet Classical Conditioning: Raspberry Diet After being mentioned on Dr. Oz, the sales of Raspberry Ketone have gone through the roof. This is in part due to the clinical study that was mentioned on his website. To be clear, Dr. Oz does not endorse any specific raspberry ketone product, but this study was mentioned on his website and can be used as a guideline. The New Year with new goals to lose weight and you just heard that Dr. Oz is saying that Raspberry Ketone is way to go to new you is a prime example of the unsolicited responses triggered by nonrelated stimuli is the result of Classical Conditioning, which is the...
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...This essay has 2462 words ‘Behaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of the learning principles that sustain and maintain it. Discuss this statement and show how a behaviourists approach to therapy is in stark contrast to a psychoanalytic one’ Behaviorism was originally founded by John B. Watson who believed that behavior had the means to be measured, trained and changed (1913) The Behavioural theory is firstly based on experiment and secondly by describing how human behaviour is learnt through principles and rules. Maladaptive behaviour is when an individual is unable to adjust to situations; psychologists use this term to describe patterns of emotional disturbance. Both behavioural and psychoanalytic psychologists use this in different ways. The behavioural theory is based on two main factors being biological drives such as primitive needs and sex drive and what is learnt. The three main principles in the behavioural theory are Stimuli, response and conditioning. Behaviour is believed to be a conditioned response to an environmental stimulus. Individuals are obliged to react to stimuli using their senses such as seeing and hearing. There are short lived unlearned behaviours such as suckling and unlearned grasping. Responses are overt and implicit, learned or unlearned. Response can be foreseen if stimuli are available and stimuli can be predicted from the response. Unlearned responses are automatic such as breathing heavily and perspiring when running. Unlearned...
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...Michael Milken and Manuel Noriega Michael Milken is guilty of 6 counts of security fraud. His brother, Lowell, who was involved was accused of wrong doing. His grandmother was being interviewed about Michael’s business. With a lot of pressure being put on his family, the government gave him an option to plead guilty to these tax and security fraud with a payment of $600 million and in return, they would drop the charges on his brother. April 1990 Milken agreed to the charges. Meserve (2012), “Three of the charges were linked to the convicted inside trader and arbitrager Ivan Boesky. He was also banned from the securities industry” (para. 22). Initially, he was supposed to serve 10 years in prison but because some of the financers didn’t found his guilty he ended up serving 22 months in federal prison. 1991 In 1991, the governments estimated the charges of $4,7 million but the federal judge said it was $318 million. He was then released in 1993. (Meserve, 2012) In comparison and contrast to Manuel Noriega, former leader of Panama, he was sentenced to 30 years in prison for smuggling cocaine in 1992. He was charged 8 counts of multiple felonies. “Convicted in federal court in Miami of turning Panama into a transshipment point for Colombian traffickers smuggling cocaine to the United States” (Jolly, 2010, para. 4). Noriega was charge for multiple counts. After serving federal prison in 2010 he was sentenced 7 years in prison for money laundering by a French judge and forfeit...
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...Learning and Cognition Paper Salma El Gharabawy PSY 390 University of Phoenix Everyday, people tend to learn something new in their lives; whether through watching other people or through their own experiences, people learn. We all “know” things, and naturally perform a lot of actions, meaning we exhibit in a lot of behaviors. Ever stop to think where all of this came from? Some are innate, while others are only acquired actively; therefore, any knowledge or behavior that we have now and were NOT born with, was one way or the other, “learned”. Learning is an integral part of all living things’ lives; some certain behaviors we are born with, innate (genetically predisposed at birth or maybe even during conception) such as certain reflexes and some specific species behaviors; while others are only gained through learning. Learning, in the field of psychology has been best described as “ . . . .a relatively permanent change in behavior or in behavioral potentiality that results from experience and cannot be attributed to temporary body states such as those induced by illness, fatigue, or drugs” (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2005). That said, in order to get a complete understanding of the mechanism of learning, in regards to the psychology field, it is really important for a person to first understand the specific role that is played by behavior, in learning, the different types of learning as well as the relationship between the two; learning and cognition. Needless to say...
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...Learning Perspective and Lesson Plans Classical conditioning was developed by Ivan Pavlov who discovered that animals as well as people can be conditioned to respond to a stimulus when the stimulus is not always present. Today its implications extend further to dissolving inappropriate responses and helping with the education of students. Under this section there are two methods to use: (1) present the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus thus causing the conditioned response to disappear and (2) use counter-conditioning, more desirable responses are conditioned to offset the inappropriate conditioned responses (Utexas.edu). Students should actually look forward to learning and doing the homework instead of dreading it (Utexas.edu). Some familiar classical conditioning responses in a classroom include: (1) the teacher entering the room and the students becoming quiet. (2) The teacher begins the lesson and the students have their pencil and paper ready. Previously, the teacher had to instruct the students in both situations on how to get ready for the class. After repeated instruction the students begin to perform the actions automatically without the teacher having to speak to them. Skinner is the founder of operant conditioning which involves the subject performing an action and then experiencing a consequence. Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and punishment are found under this type of learning perspective (Utexas.edu). According to...
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...Classical Conditioning Paper Nicole Young PSY/390 January 23,2012 Dr. Steve Lazarre Classical Conditioning Paper In the mind of B. F. Skinner learning is considered to be a relatively permanent change in an individual or animals behavior due to practice and experience. Classical condition is a type of learning generated by a response from one stimulus to another unlearned stimulus. This form of classical conditioning was founded by Ivan Pavlov and he is most famous for his experiment with dogs and the bell. In Pavlov’s experiment with classical conditioning it involved the salivary glands of canines. The scenario for this paper will teach a dog to not chew on furniture, using classical conditioning and, vinegar in a spray bottle. Classical conditioning was discovered accidentally by Ivan Pavlov, who was a Russian physiologist. Pavlov discovered this form of learning while researching digestion. Pavlov’s classical conditioning is a form of learning through acquired experiences. Classical conditioning is where an earlier or previously neutral stimulus causes a reaction or reflex to a physical response (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). As he observed dogs beginning to drool when food was shown Pavlov could then begin to predict the other forms of stimulation. As Pavlov further researched the response from the canine, Pavlov found that when he presented a bell to the animal he could then reproduce the animals’ reaction to salivating with just the sound of the bell and...
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...Classical conditioning is a learning procedure that happens through associations between a naturally occurring stimulus and an environmental stimulus. It was discovered by Ivan Pavlov who was a Russian physiologist. Classical conditioning is based on behaviorism which states that learning happens through interactions with the environment. Classical conditioning is used to decrease or increase a behavior. This theory occurs by placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex. Additionally, classical conditioning focuses on involuntary, automatic behaviors. The most effective way for classical conditioning to be successful is if the signal comes a half second before the reflex. The dictionary states that classical conditioning is “a process of behavior modification by which a subject comes to respond in a desired manner to a previously neutral stimulus that has been repeatedly presented along with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits the desired response” Ivan Pavlov conducted an experiment using classical conditioning with dogs. In this experiment he used the sound of a tone as the neutral signal and the dogs salivating when he presented with food as the naturally occurring reflex. The conclusion of his experiment was the dogs would salivate at the sound of the tone because they knew they would be getting food right after the sound of the tone. The key concepts associated with classical conditioning are the unconditioned stimulus, the unconditioned response, the...
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...Psyc 341 Studyguide Ch. 6 Ivan Pavlov – Classical Conditioning of Personality - Dog Studying (And Baby Albert) o Unconditioned stimulus o Unconditioned response o Conditioned response ♣ Neutral Stimulus linked with Unconditioned Stimulus ♣ Unconditioned Stimulus removed ♣ Neutral Stimulus -> Conditioned response - Generalization o Conditioned responses can occur in response to stimuli similar to conditioned stimulus - Discrimination o Learning to tell the difference between different stimuli and only responding to conditioned stimulus and not to similar stimuli - Extinction o When the pairing of the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus stops o Gradual decrease in the response to the conditioned stimulus - Explains emotional aspects of personality o Neurotic behavior o Phobias o Superstitious behavior John B. Watson – Behaviorism - Founded behaviorism - Applied conditioning principles to humans - Rejected introspection (examining one’s own mental and emotional processes) - Tabula rasa “blank slate” approach (Coined by John Locke) o Personality is based on environmental effects B. F. Skinner – Radical Behaviorism - Personality IS a group of responses to the environment - Radical determinism o All behavior is caused - Operant Conditioning o Behavior is changed by its consequences o “Skinner box” (operant chamber) - Reinforcement o Increases activity after consequence - Punishment o Decreases activity after consequence - Positive o Stimulus...
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...Describe and evaluate the learning theory explanation of attachment. Attachment is a strong emotional bond between an infant and their caregiver. When an infant is attached to their primary caregiver (usually their mother) they show signs of distress when they are separated and pleasure when they are reunited. The leaning theory suggest that these attachments are learned and the learning is motivated through drives such as hunger. These kind of drives which are related to biological needs are known as primary needs. Learning can be due to associations being made (Classical conditioning) or behaviour can be altered by reinforcements or punishments (Operant conditioning). Learning through association is called classical conditioning. It’s a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired to the point where the response that happens from the unconditioned stimulus now happens when only the conditioned stimulus is present. This is because they have been associated. An example of this in attachment is between a baby and its other as they provide it with food when it’s hungry, getting rid of the hunger and instead making it happy. Eventually the mother then becomes associated with the satisfaction of the unconditioned stimulus (the food) and so becomes the conditioned stimulus. Meaning the baby shows signs of happiness when they are present even if the food is not. Operant conditioning is the process of changing behavior by rewarding or punishing a subject...
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...Student Name: | Rae Loulache | Check | Requirement | | This checklist is the first page of my paper. | | The “Title Page”, which is formatted in accordance with APA Guidelines, is the second page of my paper. | | The page following the Title Page is marked page #2 and subsequent pages are numbered sequentially. All page markings appear in the lower, right hand corner of the each page. | | My entire paper (everything) is double spaced. | | I have not included an “introduction” or “opening paragraph” and have instead launched right into the review of the assigned topic. | | Each claim or fact presented in my paper is supported with a reference citation. | | For each quotation, there is a citation of the page number(s) from the original source. | | On average, there are no more than one quotation every two pages. | | I have not cited or mentioned the first and last names of authors in the body of my text. I have included first initials and last names of authors on the “Reference” page, which is the last page of my paper. | | I have not cited or mentioned the title of an article or book in the body of my paper, but have instead included this information on the “Reference” page. | | I have made sure that when citing a reference at the end of a sentence that I have placed the period after the parentheses which contains the reference (example). | | My paper does not include any personal stories from my own life or experience. | ...
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...PSY 490 Week 4 Quiz Click Link for the Answer: http://workbank247.com/q/psy-490-week-4-quiz/27203 http://workbank247.com/q/psy-490-week-4-quiz/27203 1) Ivan Pavlov pioneered the theory of | A. Social Learning Theory | | B. classical conditioning | | C. operant conditioning | | D. Cognitive Psychology | | | | 2) Philosophers who believe that truth can emerge from the careful use of reason are known as | A. Rationalists | | B. Nativists | | C. Dualists | | D. Empiricists | | | | 3) The most commonly used statistic in Psychology is | A. mean | | B. criteria | | C. mode | | D. range | | | | 4) In a topographical representation of the motor cortex, the homunculus is the largest area devoted to | A. the face | | B. the hands | | C. arms and legs | | D. the tongue | | | | 5) What theorist presents a hierarchy of needs and motivations? | A. Carl Jung | | B. Sigmund Freud | | C. Abraham Maslow | | D. B.F. Skinner | | | | 6) Consider the biological theories of aging. Which of the following best represent components of that theory? | A. Attachment Theory | | B. The Nun Theory | | C. Cellular Dial Theory | | D. Hormonal Stress Theory | | | | 7) In operant conditioning, which of the following is accurate? | A. Any response that is followed by reward tends to become extinct. | | B. Any response that is followed by punishment is likely to not be repeated. | | C. Any response...
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...p1 Behaviourism Behaviourism is a psychological approach which focuses on an individual’s behaviour. Behaviourists focus on the relationship of response and stimuli. The behaviourism approach can be studied without the psychology and without the state of mind theory, this means that all behaviour can be observed. Behaviourists believe that behaviour can be explained by classical or operant conditioning. These two concepts are very important in psychology. Even though both result in learning, they’re quite different. Classical conditioning was first described by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist. Pavlov looked at this concept through the use of his dogs and their ability to salivate in response to being fed and even if Pavlov just walked through the door. The reflex is ‘hard-wired’ into the dog. In behaviourist terms, is is an unconditioned response (a stimulus response that didn’t require learning). Unconditioned Stimulus (Food) > Unconditioned Response (Salivate) He conducted this experiment by presenting the dog with a bowl or food and measuring the amount of saliva. However, when Pavlov discovered that the dog associated anything with food which triggered the same unconditioned response. This is when he realised he made an important discovery. Pavlov continued throughout his life to study this type of concept and discovered that the dog did not salivate towards certain things afterwards (e.g. lab assistant). This must of been learnt because there was points...
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