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Jada Hill

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Indian Freedom versus White Civilization
Throughout the novel, Richter clearly differentiates between the natural, free world of the Indians and the restricting, "civilized" domain of the whites. Whereas Indians roam the land free from the burdens of earthly goods, whites are concerned with creating stable settlements in which they can set up industry. As Bejance points out, white people gradually force you to conform to their standards of behavior. True Son eventually discovers that outsiders lose their freedom little by little, and before they know it they are living in a house, sleeping in a bed, and eating with knives and forks. The last paragraph of the novel leaves us with a particularly ugly idea of white society: True Son is forced to leave the "wild, beloved freedom" of the Indian country for the empty and prison-like world of white society.
Furthermore, whites are portrayed as more intolerant and exclusive about who can exist within their "civilized" society, and they have been known to betray Indian converts and enslave blacks. As Bejance and True Son's stories suggest, Indians are willing to include members of any race in their free culture so long as they are loyal. White captives adopted by Indians become loved and fully assimilated members of Indian families, as we see in the case of True Son. The Conestoga Indians, however, are never fully accepted into the white community they embrace. Even though they have done nothing wrong and consider themselves Christians, they are brutally massacred by the Paxton bullies.

The Victimization of Children
Throughout the novel, Richter demonstrates the tragic effects of frontier life on children. We learn through the stories of the Paxton boys and of Thitpan and his cronies that both Indians and whites scalp innocent children despite the children's lack of involvement with the war. As Gordie's naïve

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