...Rosalind Franklin Research Paper Rosalind Elsie Franklin was born in July 25th, 1920 on Notting Hill, London, England. She came from a family that was very involved in social and public works. Franklin's father wanted to be a scientist, but World War I cut his education short, and therefore, he became a college teacher instead. From an early age Rosalind Franklin was extremely intelligent. By the age of 15 she knew what career path she wanted to follow, being a scientist. However, her father strongly discouraged her interest since it was very difficult for women to have a career in dominantly male field. Though, with her excellent education from St. Paul's Girls' School, one of the few institutions at the time that taught physics and chemistry...
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...of DNA James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin What did they discover about DNA? James Watson, along with Francis Crick, studied the molecular structure of DNA that had been extracted from cells and showed how it could serve as the chemical basis of inheritance. Although it is commonly known that everything they "discovered" they stole from Rosalind Franklin, who proceeded to obligingly die. That said they're incorrectly famous for discovering that DNA is composed of sequences of purines and pyramidines hydrogen-bonded together and held in place by two sugar-phosphate strands that form a double helix due to more hydrogen bonding. Maurice Wilkins is not credited for the actual discovery of the structure of DNA rather that distinction goes to James Watson and Francis Crick and is known as the Watson-Crick model. Wilkins did share in the Nobel prize because his work in spectroscopic studies on nucleic acids led to the use of X-ray crystallography to define the Watson-Crick model of DNA. Rosalind Franklin discovered the molecular structures of DNA, RNA, viruses, coal and graphite. She was a British biophysicist and X-ray crystallographer who was best known for her work on the X-ray diffraction images of DNA which led to discovery of DNA double helix. Rosalind Franklin's critical contributions to the Crick and Watson model include an X-ray photograph of B-DNA (called photograph 51), that was briefly shown to James Watson by Maurice Wilkins in January...
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...Alexandra Gehrs James Watson James Watson was born on April 6th, 1928, in Chicago, Illinois. He was the only son of Jean and James D. Watson, who was a businessman from English descent. He had one sister named Elizabeth Jean Watson, whom he loved very much. Watson grew up on the southside of Chicago and attended the public schools in the area.Watson attended Horace Mann Grammar School for eight years, and South Shore High School for two years. During his childhood, Watson was fascinated with bird watching with his father, pointing out all of the different types of birds and their ways of living. In 1943, he received a scholarship to the University of Chicago, where he enrolled at fifteen years old. Four years later, he graduated with his Bachelor of Science degree in Zoology. He then attended Indiana University to work on his PhD in Zoology. He graduated in 1950 from Indiana and started to transform his childhood love of bird watching into genetics. During his time at Indiana, Watson had begun to work with X-ray imaging. His thesis was a study based on the effect of intense X-rays on bacterial reproduction, which led him to study more in depth with X-ray imaging and observing photographic patterns created by them. In the fall of 1951, Watson met Maurice Wilkins at Cambridge University. He saw for the first time crystalline DNA’s X-ray diffraction...
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...Rosalind Franklin: Life through X-ray Crystallography and DNA Rosalind Franklin, the woman who contributed to scientist of the future understanding DNA structure. Scientist such as James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins benefited greatly from her findings. They received a Nobel Prize based off of her findings. Rosalind was also an X-ray crystallographer. X-ray crystallography is used for looking at atomic and molecular structures of crystal. This work contributed to her discovering the structure of DNA. Franklin was born in London, England, July 25, 1925. She attended an all girls school, which was one of the only schools that offered physics and chemistry. Clearly Franklin excelled at chemistry, as well as all of her other academics. In 1938, franklin attended Newnham College in Cambridge and graduated in 1941. In her graduate year she started a fellowship but in 1942 she started working at the British Coal Utilization Research Association. During this time she studies the porosity of coals, and compared it to the density of Helium. She found that through the pores of coal, substances were expelled in molecular sizes as the temperature increased. These findings helped with coals performance for fuel purposes. Franklin’s work with coals helped with the earning of her doctorate in physical chemistry that she earned in 1945 from Cambridge University. From 1947-1950 Franklin worked in Paris at Laboratoire Central des Services Chimiques de l’Etat. Here Franklin...
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...In 1962 James Watson along with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins were awarded a Noble Prize for the paper that they published about the discovery of the double-helix model of deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA. The discovery of the helical structure of DNA is considered as one of the most important achievements in the field of the science history. However, James Watson does not deserve the recognition of discovering the helical model of DNA. Watson should lose his nobel prize, not only did he not give any credit to the person who was really the one responsible in discovering the helical shape of DNA he is also making rude and prejudiced opinions. Few people know Rosalind Franklin, a scientist who devoted herself in the scientific study of the structure...
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...Maurice Wilkins was a very important scientist. He earned many different awards from his findings. He is well-known for beginning the X-ray diffraction images of DNA that contributed to Watson and Crick's discovery of the double-helix structure of DNA. Maurice Wilkins was born on December 15, 1916. He was born in Pongaroa, New Zealand. His father is Edgar. He was a physician who had a strong interest in public health. The family moved to London in 1922 so his father could pursuit a diploma in public health. When he finished his studies the family moved to Birmingham. His father then became a school doctor. In an autobiography Wilkins said he developed a love for science. He had a childhood hobby of building models of flying machines. He later studied astronomy and physics at Cambridge University because of this. Maurice Wilkins was popular at Cambridge. He was very social and smart. He was active in many different kinds of student organizations. Some of the organizations he was in are the Cambridge Scientists’ Anti-War Group and the National Sciences Club. Wilkins had a mentor in...
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...but skeptical of Avery’s research was James Watson, a young American student and former child prodigy. Watson was born in 1928 in Chicago, Illinois, and he attended the University of Chicago for college, where he earned a bachelor's degree in 1947. In 1950, he received a PhD in ornithology from the University of Indiana, and, after reading What is Life? By Erwin Schrodinger, decided to pursue genetic research. The problem was, Watson had almost no experience whatsoever in chemistry. In 1950, Watson began his studies with a microbiologist, where he was assigned to write a thesis paper on phages, a simple type of virus. These studies proved difficult due to Watson’s lack of chemical knowledge, and his supervisor realized that more information about phages, proteins, and genes would become apparent if they understood the structure. In attempt to acquire some basic chemical experience, Watson began a short internship at a lab where he nearly caused a catastrophic explosion. Following this unfortunate incident, Watson’s knowledge of chemistry remained unimpressive, as shortly thereafter, the...
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...element that carried all genetic material. The confirmation that it was DNA that carried genetic material paved the way for a lot of advances in genealogy ,forensic science and the study of genetics to determine inherited diseases. Erwin Chargaff discovered what we know ar “Chargaff’s rules.” The first rule was that the number of guanine bases equals the number of cytosine bases, and that the number of adenine bases equals the number of thymine bases. The second rule was that the DNA varied from species to species. Rosalind Franklin helped in understanding the structure of the DNA by discovering the A and B forms of the DNA. She had applied the technique of x-ray diffusion in conducting her research. Franklin had figured out, from her x-ray, that the tops of the DNA made an ‘X’ shape. Since Franklin had a lot of copies of the x-ray her partner Maurice Wilkins took one of her copies, without her knowing, and gave it to James Watson and Francis Crick. Watson and Crick figured out, with the help of Franklin’s x-ray) a double helix is two antiparallel chains of nucleotides held together by base pairs between A and...
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...HSC Biology – Blueprint of Life 4. The structure of DNA can be changed and such changes may be reflected in the phenotype of the affected organism. The phenotype of an organism is its total appearance determined during development by an interaction between its genetic make-up (genotype) and the environment. A genome is all of the genetic material (DNA) within a cell and is specific to each organism. Genomes influence nearly all the traits or phenotypes. The phenotypic appearance is therefore directly affected by gene expression. The extent of phenotypic differences depends on how different the DNA sequences are in individuals, but may also be influenced by the environment. • Outline evidence that led to Beadle and Tatum’s ‘one gene-one protein’ hypothesis and explain why this was altered to the ‘one gene – one polypeptide’ hypothesis Beadle and Tatum carried out experiments with red bread mould. The normal variety of mould can manufacture certain substances that it needs for living, including vitamin B1, B2, B4 and B12. The normal moult possesses specific enzymes that catalyse the different reactions that produce these vitamins. Beadle and Tatum produced several varieties of the bread mould, each of which had a change in one of its genes. They tested these varieties and found that some had lost their ability to make vitamin B2 while others could no longer make vitamin B4 and so on. The results obtained by Beadle and Tatum showed that a change in various...
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..."Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid" was an article published by Francis Crick and James D. Watson in the scientific journal Nature in its 171st volume on pages 737–738 . It was the first publication which described the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA. This article is often termed a "pearl" of science because it is brief and contains the answer to a fundamental mystery about living organisms. This mystery was the question of how it is possible that genetic instructions are held inside organisms and how they are passed from generation to generation. The article presents a simple and elegant solution, which surprised many biologists at the time who believed that DNA transmission was going to be more difficult to deduce and understand. The discovery had a major impact on biology, particularly in the field of genetics, enabling later researchers to understand the genetic code . Origins of molecular biology The application of physics and chemistry to biological problems led to the development of molecular biology. Molecular biology is particularly concerned with the flow and consequences of biological information at the level of genes and proteins. The discovery of the DNA double helix made clear that genes are functionally defined parts of DNA molecules and that there must be a way for cells to make use of their DNA genes in order to make proteins. Linus Pauling was a chemist who was very influential in developing...
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...DNA The Building Blocks Of Life Edward J Lechleitner 11/3/2015 We all know that elephants only give birth to little elephants, giraffes to giraffes, dogs to dogs and so on for every type of living creature. Why? The answer lies in a molecule known as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which contains the biological instructions that make each species unique. DNA, along with the instructions it contains, is passed from adult organisms to their offspring during reproduction. In organisms called eukaryotes, which includes all living animals, DNA is found inside the area of the cell called the nucleus. Because the cell is very small, and because organisms have many DNA molecules per cell, each DNA molecule must be tightly packed. This packed form of the DNA is called a chromosome. During DNA replication, DNA unwinds so it can be copied. At other times in the cell cycle, DNA also unwinds so that its instructions can be used to make proteins and for other biological processes. But during cell division, DNA is in its compact chromosome form to enable transfer to new cells. Researchers refer to DNA found in the cell's nucleus as nuclear DNA. An organism's complete set of nuclear DNA is called its genome. Besides the DNA located in the nucleus, humans and other complex organisms also have a small amount of DNA in cell structures known as mitochondria. Mitochondria generate the energy the cell needs to function properly. DNA is made of chemical building blocks called...
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...News Science Genetics Notes & Theories science blog Next Previous Blog home What is life? The physicist who sparked a revolution in biology Erwin Schrödinger introduced some of the most important concepts in biology, including the idea of a 'code' of life Share 642 inShare9 Email Redeye tree frog Insights from biology and computing built upon Schrödinger's genius, changing our view of life forever. Photograph: Rick Sammon/AP Seventy years ago, on 5 February 1943, the Nobel prizewinning quantum physicist Erwin Schrödinger gave the first of three public lectures at Trinity College, Dublin. His topic was an unusual one for a physicist: "What is Life?" The following year the lectures were turned into a book of the same name. One of Schrödinger's key aims was to explain how living things apparently defy the second law of thermodynamics – according to which all order in the universe tends to break down. It was this that led my colleague Professor Brian Cox to use Schrödinger as the starting point of his BBC series Wonders of Life, leading to What is Life? shooting up the Amazon sales chart. But Schrödinger's book contains something far more important than his attempt to fuse physics and biology. In that lecture 70 years ago, he introduced some of the most important concepts in the history of biology, which continue to frame how we see life. At a time when it was thought that proteins, not DNA, were the hereditary material...
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...Mr. Yuri was a professor at Leningrad University in Russia. The rest of the world did not know a whole lot about genetics, genes, and the theory of evolution around the time that Theodosius was experiment. They knew the shape of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, and had already created a 3D model of it. Rosalind Franklin, Linus Pauling, James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins all helped create the first three-dimensional model of DNA. (DNAI) Dobzhansky and Morgan worked on the genes. The rest of the world, though, did know quite a lot about the Theory of Evolution. Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace developed the Theory of Evolution in the 1800’s and Darwin explained it, in detail, in his On the Origin of Species. At this point the Theory of Evolution was an idea and had been proven by small...
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...Contributions to the Discovery of DNA |Contributor(s) |Contribution | | |Demonstrated and quantified inheritance of traits between generations. 1857, Austria | |Gregor Mendel | | | |Discovered transformation. 1928, bacteriologist trying to develop a vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Two | |Frederick Griffith |strains, smooth edge (with polysaccharide capsule) and rough (without). S bacteria killed mice, R did not. Dead S | | |bacteria did not. Heat killed S. with the capsule did not. R bacteria mixed with heat-killed S bacteria killed mice. | |Vaccine |Material produced from weakened or killed microorganisms to stimulate an immune response and thereby protect the body | | |against infection. | |Transformation |A change in phenotype when bacterial; cells take up foreign genetic material. | | ...
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...Cell Theory * A scientific theory is based on many observations, observations help us make predictions * The cell theory states that cells are present in all living cells, cells are the smallest units of life and cells come from pre-existing cells * Under a microscope, cells are seen to contain small structures called organelles. * Cells of living things are said to contain a nucleus (eukaryotic) or no nucleus (prokaryotic) * Viruses cannot be classified as cells as it relies on its host cell for its nutrients and reproduction * Viruses do not respire * Multicellular organisms (plant/animal cell) are composed of specialised tissues * Multicellular organisms aim to provide essential nutrients and chemicals to cells and eliminate wastes * Identical cells tissues organs a system * There are about 200 different cells in the body * Cells such as red blood cells are replaced frequently, nerve cells in the brain are never replaced and other cells such as liver cells are replaced when damage occurs * DNA needs to be an exact replication in new cells and after replicating, the fertilised egg divides continuously by mitosis * All cells in the respiratory system need glucose and oxygen to produce energy * Glucose can be found in the mitochondria of cells * Equation of glucose and oxygen being converted into energy: Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy * Digestive system converts carbohydrates into glucose...
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