...in China. Internationally, these wars changed China’s position in the world. Before the failure of these wars, China was at the center of the world economy as Europeans and Americans sought Chinese goods. Under the influence of the Confucianism for thousands of years, China viewed itself as “the Center of Civilization” and carried out the Tribute System towards other countries who wanted to trade with it. The results of these two wars were that China was forced to sign a series of unequal treaties, which made China cede territory to the UK, pay a great amount of reparations, and opened 16 treaty ports and so on. China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society and its international status was severely threatened. These wars also mean the end of the Tribute System. Meiji Restoration was a series of events that restored imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under the Meiji Emperor. It brought about the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate and returned control of the country to direct imperial rule under the emperor Meiji and the beginning of Meiji Period. This revolution contributed to the build of a successful modern nation-state, the rapid modernization and westernization of Japan and also it meant the origin of Japan’s economic growth. Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) was the conflict between Japan and China. It marked the emergence of Japan as a major world power and demonstrated the weakness of the Chinese empire. China was forced to sign for the unequal treaty- the...
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...this war? The answer to that question, from the American perspective is simple: the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor. The Americans were angry at the Japanese for their invasions of first Manchuria (1931), then China (1937), and later French Indochina (1940). After the Japanese moved into Indochina, President Roosevelt ordered a trade embargo on American scrap steel and oil, on which the Japanese military depended. But the American people felt that Asia was far away, and a large majority of voters did not want to go to war to stop Japan. The surprise attack on the Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 changed this, outraging was the prevailing sentiment among Americans, along with a pretty unanimous belief that it was time to go to war with Japan. Why did Japan decide to attack the United States? This question is a little bit more complicated. Japan was fully aware of the fact that the United States was economically and militarily powerful, but it was not afraid of any American attack on its islands. Japan did worry however, that the Americans might help the Chinese resist the Japanese invasion of their country. When President Roosevelt stopped U.S. shipments of steel and oil the Japan, he was doing exactly this: the Japanese are dependent on other countries for raw materials because they have almost none on their archipelago. Without the ability to import oil and steel, the Japanese military could not fight for very long. Without oil, the navy would not be able to move...
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...country, which the author thinks is what diwa ng Lunan is about: the memories people create in a place that make it different. Having a rich past, all the occurrences in our history have contributed to the uniqueness that Filipino architecture has established to the minds of the Filipinos. The most prominent historic constructions in the archipelago are influenced by the Spanish, Chinese and Japanese culture. The Philippine architecture is like a narration of the country’s past, even before the colonization happened. The pre-colonial structures our forefathers built, the nipa huts, are made of materials found in nature. In present days, although replaced with stone houses, we always see nipa huts as something that defines the Filipino culture. They remind us of where and how the first Filipinos, our ancestors, used to live. During the three hundred years of Spaniard colonization in our country, our architecture had been influenced by Spanish culture. The “Bahay na Bato” style emerged for the large houses, built out of stone and wood combining Filipino, Spanish and Chinese influences. Parish churches, mostly made from local materials like...
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...The Hammer or the Anvil The 19th Century in Europe was a time of power-balancing, revolution, industrialization, and imperialism. The turn of the century marked the end of French continental domination and the beginning of longest period of European peace in history following the Congress of Vienna. Up until 1848, the delicate balance of European power was maintained from an international perspective, but in that year, domestic uprisings plagued much of continental Europe. Given Britain’s geographical isolation and the success of its early colonies (like Australia), it experienced general domestic and foreign tranquility, as well as economic success and worldwide naval supremacy. However, as the British Empire continued to expand, its domestic industrial infrastructure was almost altogether abandoned, causing its inevitable technological obsolescence by the last quarter of the century. The relative decline of British industry and global dominance began in the 1870s along with a shift in gross national investment from domestic markets to overseas, requiring British foreign policy to ensure the naval, military, and financial security of its empire through defensive build-up and diplomacy at the turn of the 20th Century; in response to Britain’s relatively weaker position, German policy became more aggressive in an effort to assert Germany’s new global power status and attract Great Britain to an Anglo-German alliance. Britain’s escape from the revolutionary fervor engulfing...
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...The influence of the West transformed Japan, a once isolated, feudalistic society into a modern, industrial power in just under 40 years. The Meiji restoration allowed Japan to compete amongst great Western powers like the United States and Britain, learning from China and India, that modernisation was critical to maintain security. Western intervention beginning in 1853 with the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry initiated a period of change which greatly impacted Japanese society by ending the period of isolation, reshaping Japan’s social and political structure, educational system, and causing Japan to expand their military. The demand that Japan open its country to foreign trade with the United States initiated the removal of the Shogunate state. This allowed the new government to come to power, and the abolishment of traditional society, which had flourished during the Tokugawa era. While the US was interested in extending their whaling industry and establishing links with...
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...were colonial policies the main reason for the lack of progress of pre-WWII nationalism in SEA? (I try to brainstorm on colonial policies and see what I can come up with first) Intro: Definitions: -Lack of progress: tangible vs intangible progress/ultimate aim of independence -colonial policies: direct/indirect rule, benign/brutal colonial masters which affects their policy stance -nationalism: a political and social movement aimed at creating a nation state based on collective identity Reasons for lack of progress: Colonial suppression, benign policies, disunity, inability to politicize the masses, elite-mass divide, western education Thesis: The repressive elements of colonial rule remain the critical factor for the lack of progress of pre-WWII nationalism. By impeding the progression and politicization of nationalist movements through hindering the attainment of mass support and common united front, pre-WWII nationalism was doomed to fail. The success of nationalist movements hinges on the willingness of colonial masters to concede to their accessions, but even so, weaknesses present in these nationalist movements themselves, such as factionalism, elite mass divide also prevents the formation of a solid base to challenge the colonial masters and undermines their own nationalist influence. Thus, with colonial policies as the main impediment and the weaknesses of nationalists as a ‘helping hand’, tangible progress was doomed. 1.The type of rule by the colonial masters...
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...Knowledge of birth control was an unfamiliar topic in colonial Korea, understanding that reproduction was just a natural process that was uncontrollable. As Japan’s influences greatly impacted Korea, information on birth control slowly became recognizable, letting women have several alternatives. The realization of birth control was evidently useful, however the actions behind several aspects of this matter was not fully understood. Birth control became a leading factor to abortion, causing additional problems regarding hygiene, correct surgical methods, and ethical issues. It brought both positive and negative effects to the society, leading to new issues that were unheard of before birth control set foot into Korea. As women were described as “tools for reproduction,” they were commonly characterized as weak and unhealthy. Most women in the colonial period were used to having multiple children, leading them to have continuous deliveries with short recovery periods. Even with poor circumstances, children were still born into poverty, many families not being able to support their own...
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...Factors that led to the formation of hostile alliance in Europe from 1800-1900 Odugbesan Opeyemi .A 137479 Umoh nse lina 137493 Idowu Babagbemi .A 13794 Introduction This paper attempts to explain the reason why some European countries joined or formed secret alliances, which was to undermine its purpose of maintaining peace in Europe during our period of study. Shortly after the Franco-Prussian war in 1870, Germany became the European strongest power until the fall of Germany in 1914. The unification of Germany brought about changes to the European diplomatic scene, with the appointment of Otto von Bismarck as the German chancellor in 1871 by Kaiser Williams 1, he reorganized the German military and increased industrialization in Germany. Through Bismarck’s political strategies Germany was able to become European’s instrument for peace and balance of power. According to some research we realize that during the reign of Napoleon Bonarphte coalition were also formed against the French aggression, therefore we can say the alliance systems had been occurring in Europe before the coming of Bismarck, but for the purpose of our study the system of alliance that was going to change the political order of Europe, both in the east and west was formed between 1871-1907. This system of alliance was not aggressive but gradually it generated into the outbreak of the First World War which occurred as a result to the Balkan crisis and various territorial dispute in...
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...United Kingdom and its people. Spain The cultures of Spain are European cultures based on a variety of historical influences, primarily that of Ancient Rome, but also the pre-Roman Celtic and Iberian culture, and that of the Phoenicians and the Moors. Japan Japanese is the official and primary language of Japan. Japanese is relatively small but has a lexically distinct pitch-accent system. Korea The traditional culture of Korea refers to the shared cultural heritage of the Korean Peninsula. Since the mid-20thcentury, the peninsula has been split politically between North and South Korea, resulting in a number of cultural differences. Cameroon Over 250 ethnic groups live in Cameroon's 10 provinces. Across the different regions, communities have an allegiance to local chiefs as well as being ruled by central government. Brazil The culture of Brazil presents a very diverse nature showing that an ethnic and cultural mixing occurred in the colonial period involving mostly Indigenous peoples of the coastal and most accessible riverine areas, Portuguese people and Africans. New Zealand The culture of New Zealand is largely inherited from British and European custom, interwoven with Maori and Polynesian tradition. Thailand The culture of Thailand incorporates cultural beliefs and characteristics indigenous to the area known as modern-day Thailand coupled with much influence from ancient China, Cambodia, Laos, India along with the neighboring pre-historic cultures of Southeast Asia...
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...Literature in English I. Pre-Colonial Period - Consisted of early Filipino literature passed down orally; oral pieces have a communal authorship – it was difficult to trace the original author of the piece since oral literature did not focus on ownership or copyright, rather on the act of storytelling itself; - Many oral pieces became lost in the wave of the new literary influence brought about by the Spanish colonization; however, according to the Philippine Literature: A History & Anthology, English Edition (Lumbera, B. & Lumbera C.), the pre-colonial period of Philippine literature is considered the longest in the country’s history; - Literature in this period is based on tradition, reflecting daily life activities such as housework, farming, fishing, hunting, and taking care of the children as well; - Oral pieces told stories which explained heroes and their adventures; they attempted to explain certain natural phenomena, and, at the same time, served as entertainment purposes; - Pre-colonial literature showed certain elements that linked the Filipino culture to other Southeast Asian countries (e.g. oral pieces which were performed through a tribal dance have certain similarities to the Malay dance); - This period in Philippine literature history represented the ethos of the people before the arrival of a huge cultural influence – literature as a cultural tradition, than a form...
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...1990s, Japanese scholars and policymakers have enthusiastically taken it up, eagerly exploring how Japan’s soft power resources could be exploited to burnish Japan’s image in the world and help reshape its environment in subtle but important ways. Some—perhaps encouraged by the new attention given to the popularity of Japanese anime and manga, and by the general buzz about ‘‘Cool Japan’’—have even described Japan as a ‘‘Soft Power Superpower.’’2 It sometimes seemed, in more overheated moments, that Pokemon and Sailor Moon would conquer the world, succeeding where the Imperial Army and Navy had failed.3 That soft power would prove attractive is unsurprising. Although Japan has considerable hard power resources, it has shown great reluctance to actually use them in the way that students of international relations would T 1 The idea was originally advanced by in Joseph Nye, Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power (New York: Basic Books, 1990). He has since expanded on the concept in Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (New York: Public Affairs, 2004). 2 See the very useful volume by Watanabe Yasushi and David L. McConnell, editors, Soft Power Superpowers: Cultural and National Assets of Japan and the United States (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2008). 3 Former Prime Minister Aso Taro (2008–2009) is said by Japanese diplomats and reporters to have been particularly enamored with the possibility that soft power could be used to leverage Japanese diplomatic...
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...Q1. ans: They were descendants of Japan’s first indigenous people. They were self-sufficient fishers, hunters, food collectors, and lived in permanent villages. they were also considered non-humans. Q2. ans: The Russo-Japanese War was 110 years ago. The war killed upwards of 125,000 people, and limited Russian influence in Northeast Asia. The shogun and the bakufu were warned to be prepared for the trouble that came from the outside world. Q3. ans: China already had some knowledge about Europeans, but the change was in 1543 when the portuguese were the first europeans to arrive in Japan, creating a great impact, because of firearms, which were unknown. In Japan the portuguese also reseted trade, the first global trade since they had a lot of outposts and forts linking Japan and Europe for the first time. But the the Bakufu in Japan decided to expel all the foreigners....
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...technological innovations produced an increasingly material world; and colonial empires expanded tremendously into various continents. As a result of the commercial relationships with the colonies and the rest of the world, Europe was engaging with an unprecedented variety and depth of cultural exchanges. Looking at the refreshingly exotic forms of foreign art from the point of view of great imperial powers, European artists sought to incorporate the Oriental elements into European society as a means to either strengthen the existing conventions of the society, or to undermine them. One example of this phenomenon was the construction of a street named Rue du Caire as part of the Worlds’ Fair Exposition in Paris in 1889. Another example was the painting titled La Japonaise by Claude Monet in 1876. Both La Japonaise and the Rue du Caire appropriated and modified Eastern artistic elements to meet the imaginations and needs of the French viewers of the 19th century. However, their executions varied because of their respective forms of art as well as the existing perceptions held by West towards the two different societies. Both the painting La Japonaise and the architecture of the Rue du Caire’s appropriated Oriental artistic elements and reproduced them within the context of 19th century France. The art of Egypt and Japan, two exotic cultures that came into contact with France, due to trade and colonial expansion, influenced the choices of the subject matters of the pieces...
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...of the history and heritage of the country. The most prominent historic constructions in the archipelago are based on a mix Indian, Japanese, Chinese, Indigenous Austronesian, American and Spanish influences. Cave and rocks was the earliest form of shelter of the Filipinos. Later on the invention of various tools allowed for the fabrication of tent-like shelter and tree houses. The pre-colonial architecture of the Philippines consisted “ Nipa Hut ” made from natural materials. The Bahay-Kubo was one of the common house of the people. The architecture of early Filipinos are also the skills that used at the time of war and battlefield. They built fortresses called “kota” or” moong “to protect their communities during war. During this period thre are three types of houses. These are the lawig or the small houses, the mala-a-walai or the large houses and the torogan or the wooden palace. Houses of the early Filipinos is similar to those found in neighboring countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia and other countries of Southeast Asia. Spanish colonization introduced European architecture into the country. The Philippine architecture was dominated by the Spanish influences. During this period the traditional “ Bahay na Bato “ style for the large houses emerged. These were large houses built of stone and wood. Other architecture during this period are the Intramuros the old walled city of Manila, the Fort Santiago which is the defense established by Spanish conquistador Miguel Lopez...
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...Introduction Following the end of the Marcos dictatorship in 1986, a new hope had dawned in the eyes of the Filipino people. A new president was put into power, along with a list of demands and requests by citizens, ultimately seeking a new direction leading to a better life. One of the issues needed to be tackled was the longstanding problems in the agriculture sector. Considered an integral part in the country’s economy, the agriculture sector accounts a significant portion of the total employment, which ranged from 45-50% during the 1980s. On the other hand, this sector also attributed significant portions of the total poor in the country for decades. Thus, in June 1988, the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) was signed into law, paving the way for extensive land distribution and reforms which communist insurgencies urged during the Marcos regime. Consequently, the initial stages of the implementation process of CARP was met with apparent complications, expectedly so given that such a policy entailed a wide scope, whilst rural landlords provided staunch opposition in seizing their ownership to government. However, as the years passed and administrations would change, the promises of sweeping agrarian reform have remained unfinished, otherwise, significantly watered down. Such arbitration would be considered a detrimental factor to the current pitfalls that have hindered the development of Philippine political economy. In that, this paper questions what led to this...
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