...Factors Ailing the Japanese Economy The second largest developed economy in the world and the third overall has not been able to recover from its times of the lost decade. Following the asset price bubble burst in the 1990s after the Bank of Japan eased monetary policy to sustain growth, Japan really could not catch up with the pace of the economic growth in economies world over. Individuals and businesses have been sceptical about consumption and have thus preferred to pay off debt rather than consume more and invest. The low growth in consumption spending and investments are one of the major reasons of concern for the Japanese economy. The government to a certain extent increased its spending to revive growth but could do it to a limited extent due to huge government debt which currently stands at about 240% of the GDP of the country. This period of low consumption and investments led Japan into a state of deflation which led to a catastrophic fall in the future prospects and thus the investments in the economy. The BoJ and the government allowed the currency to depreciate with respect to the dollar to boost export income and thereby lead to a current account surplus but attempts failed due to lower export volumes owing to the low business investments. The current target for the economy is to reach a stage of 2% real GDP growth with a moderate 2% inflation rate. The targets are slowly being reached but owing to the huge debt and the availability of easy money, the prospects...
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...mechanism behind Japanese foreign trade VS China & South Korea. Background information: After World War 2 japan recovered very rapidly and had economic boom. Japans economic growth was very high. Here is a table showing Japan’s economic growth. Behind this scenario were couple essential factors: JETRO- japans external trade organization, MITI- ministry of international trade and Industry, after renamed to METI- Ministry of Economy Trade and Industry, Sogo-Shosho independent trading houses, Japan bank for international corporation, Institute of developing economies under METI and Ministry of Finance. MITI: Combining to two different sectors under single ministry already emphasizes how long oriented and strategic meaning it carries. The main engine of Japanese economy was industry that includes- machinery, high-tech, etc… And coming to trade it is also main accumulator of Japans GPD. Japans economy relies on export mostly. Japan in early 80-90 had huge gap of budget surplus. It exported much more than it imported and that imbalance between export and imports directly influenced US economy. Japan had and still has very exclusive channel distribution. Foreign companies cannot directly sell to japan. There are many informal barriers for foreign companies. More than that Japanese companies used predatory pricing strategy wherever they go. They set aggressive pricing strategy against competitors that couldn’t survive in market. In addition to these, Japanese yen until Plaza...
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...Отчет по теме «Потоки прямых иностранных инвестиций: Япония» В экономике Японии инвестиции занимают очень важную позицию. В приложенной к данному отчету таблице была сделала попытка оценить потоки прямых иностранных инвестиций (ПИИ) и прямых зарубежных инвестиций (ПЗИ) Японии (количественно и качественно через характеристику секторного и географического распределения потоков инвестиций). Для более детального анализа потоков инвестиций в Японии сначала стоит отметить факторы привлекательности Японии для ПИИ и мотивы для экспорта капитала в форме ПЗИ из Японии. Сразу стоит отметить, что Япония является чистым экспортером инвестиций, и объемы ПЗИ во много раз превышают объемы ПИИ. Это обусловлено рядом исторических и экономических причин и факторов, о которых и будет рассказано ниже. Япония – высокотехнологичная, но бедная природными ресурсами страна, поэтому очень многие программы по экспорту инвестиций сосредоточены именно в сфере разработки, добычи и переработки полезных ископаемых. Существует ряд совместных проектов (например, Сахалин-2 с Россией или совместные предприятия в Казахстане), основной целью которых является обеспечение Японии нефтью, газом и прочими ресурсами. В связи с этим, ПИИ в Японию в добычу полезных ископаемых (как и в другие отрасли первичного сектора) практически равны нулю. Еще с 80-х годов (бум ПЗИ Японии) ключевым фактором и мотивом для экспорта капитала был не столько доступ к технологиям (которые Япония как раз сама и экспортировала), а доступ к...
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...1. In the 1980s Japan was viewed as one of the world’s most dynamic economies. Today it is viewed as one of its most stagnant. Why has the Japanese economy stagnated? The Japanese has stagnated due to Japanese banks. The banks over lent, made it easy to borrow and in turn created bad debt, it make it difficult to replace the money borrowed and cause a deficit causing the deflation in the country. “The Nikkei average plunged from nearly 39,000 points in December 1989 to about 14,300 points in August 1992, thereby losing about 60% of its value. As a result, investors lost the equivalent of (U.S.) $2 trillion and property values plummeted by about $10 trillion. Property values in certain parts of the country declined by 70% and plunged Japan into a deep recession for 10-years.” (Alston, 2013) To summarize the stock market collapsed, property prices dropped, banks curtailed the easy lending practices the created the economic boom, consumer spending halted- recession created, deflation, and the Japanese government was unsuccessful 2. What lessons does the history of Japan over the past 20 years hold for other nations? What can countries do to avoid the kind of deflationary spiral that has gripped Japan? Other nations can learn from what happened with Japan. Strict lending practices should have been in place to begin with, this would help decrease the amount of bad debt. The Government need to watch its spending. Japan is stuck because its debt is so high, it is extremely...
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...business the same way ,with identical processes, functions, and operations while approaching this elevated stage; but by the time they attain it, successful companies do share certain qualities and practices. Firstly, this kind of style is created, as we all know multinationals that are conducted after international standards and expectations. John Quelch describes this style as an amalgam, built atop a U.S. model that has borrowed freely from others around the world. He characterizes the U.S. model of management as focused on immediate outcomes and results and generally accustomed to having its way. But it has an added feature that enables it to remain powerful even as it is transformed. A prime example is America's absorption of Japanese manufacturing techniques in the 1980s." Over time, with this kind of ongoing cross-pollination, today's system of global management, to the extent it can still be called American, will look less like it used to and more like something "multinational." Secondly, international management style is developing . Harvard Business School alumni report anecdotal evidence that a youthful and growing cosmopolitan business class is bringing these different worlds closer together. Despite national differences, these transnational road warriors frequently have a common grounding in education, professional background, and global popular and business culture. In the arena of...
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.... In the 1980s Japan was viewed as one of the world’s most dynamic economies. Today it is viewed as one of its most stagnant. Why has the Japanese economy stagnated? The Japanese has stagnated due to Japanese banks. The banks over lent, made it easy to borrow and in turn created bad debt, it make it difficult to replace the money borrowed and cause a deficit causing the deflation in the country. “The Nikkei average plunged from nearly 39,000 points in December 1989 to about 14,300 points in August 1992, thereby losing about 60% of its value. As a result, investors lost the equivalent of (U.S.) $2 trillion and property values plummeted by about $10 trillion. Property values in certain parts of the country declined by 70% and plunged Japan into a deep recession for 10-years.” (Alston, 2013) To summarize the stock market collapsed, property prices dropped, banks curtailed the easy lending practices the created the economic boom, consumer spending halted- recession created, deflation, and the Japanese government was unsuccessful 2. What lessons does the history of Japan over the past 20 years hold for other nations? What can countries do to avoid the kind of deflationary spiral that has gripped Japan? Other nations can learn from what happened with Japan. Strict lending practices should have been in place to begin with, this would help decrease the amount of bad debt. The Government need to watch its spending. Japan is stuck because its debt is so high, it is extremely...
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...Strategies for Reviving the Japanese Economy Introduction 1. Assessment of the Current Economy The Japanese economy has begun to show some signs of change as the effects of recent large-scale economic packages have gradually helped to stop the severe economic downturn. But despite this progress, private demand as a whole remains stagnant. Therefore, the economic prospects for self-supported recovery are still uncertain once the economic effects of the last packages have phased out. The fundamental problems pertinent to the weak economy are twofold. First, the true adjustment of the burst of the bubble economy is still insufficient. Second, against the background of the sharp decline in the number of births and the rapid aging of the population, the pace of which has not been experienced in other industrialized nations, the "Japanese system"--the engine of the country's astonishing high growth in the postwar era--has turned problematic with regard to economic growth. First, fears about employment prospects, future pension plans, and the sharp rise in government deficits are obviously restraining an economic turnaround. These fears are attributable to eroding sustainability in the Japanese-style wage and employment systems and the generous social security system. To cope with the situation, provisions of renewed safety nets are urgently needed. Furthermore, the rising fiscal deficits are restraining economic upturn by making people serious about future tax hikes...
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...risen to become the world’s second-largest economy. Japanese companies seemed to be obliterating entire American industries, from automobiles and semiconductors to earthmoving equipment and consumer electronics. Japanese companies were buying assets in the United States, including movie studios (Universal Studios and Columbia Pictures), golf courses (Pebble Beach), and real estate (the Rockefeller Center in New York). The stock market was booming, the Nikkei index hitting an all-time high of 38,957 in December 1989, an increase of more than 600 percent since 1980. Property prices had risen so much that one square mile of Tokyo was said to be worth more than the entire United States. Books were written about the Japanese threat to American dominance. Management theorists praised Japanese companies for their strategic savvy and management excellence. Economists were predicting that Japan would overtake America to become the world’s largest economy by 2010. It didn’t happen. In quick succession the stock market collapsed and property prices rapidly followed it down. Japanese banks, which had financed much of the boom in asset prices with easy money, now found their balance sheets loaded with bad debt, and they sharply contracted lending. As the stock market plunged and property prices imploded, individuals saw their net worth shrink. Japanese consumers responded by sharply reducing spending, depressing domestic demand and sending the economy into a recession. And there it stayed—for...
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...The Economic Malaise Case Study 1. In the 1980s Japan was viewed as one of the world’s most dynamic economies. Today it is viewed as one of its most stagnant. Why has the Japanese economy stagnated? The Japanese has stagnated due to Japanese banks. The banks over lent, made it easy to borrow and in turn created bad debt, it make it difficult to replace the money borrowed and cause a deficit causing the deflation in the country. “The Nikkei average plunged from nearly 39,000 points in December 1989 to about 14,300 points in August 1992, thereby losing about 60% of its value. As a result, investors lost the equivalent of (U.S.) $2 trillion and property values plummeted by about $10 trillion. Property values in certain parts of the country declined by 70% and plunged Japan into a deep recession for 10-years.” (Alston, 2013) To summarize the stock market collapsed, property prices dropped, banks curtailed the easy lending practices the created the economic boom, consumer spending halted- recession created, deflation, and the Japanese government was unsuccessful 2. What lessons does the history of Japan over the past 20 years hold for other nations? What can countries do to avoid the kind of deflationary spiral that has gripped Japan? Other nations can learn from what happened with Japan. Strict lending practices should have been in place to begin with, this would help decrease the amount of bad debt. The Government need to watch its spending. Japan is stuck because...
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...analysis Strategic Management Topic: PEST ANALYSIS OF JAPAN. Submitted To: Sir Faiez H. Sayel Submitted By: Ali Ahmad Majoka 006 Ifrah Javaid 045 Muhammad Habibullah 084 Nayab Ameen 115 Sharjeel Arslan 139 Zahid Yousaf 166 Qaiser Abbas 175 Section: MBA-13C COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore PEST Analysis of Japan: Political analysis: • Political System: Japan is a democratic country, but it is a very different kind of democracy to that prevailing in most of Europe in countries like France and Germany. The main reason for this is the dominant position of one party – the Liberal Democratic Party – which held power almost unbroken for more than 50 years. The Diet Japan is a parliamentary kingdom governed by a Prime Minister and his cabinet. The parliament is called the Diet and is composed of the upper House of Councilors and the lower House of Representatives. The House of Representatives can be dissolved anytime by the Prime Minister. The lower house holds most of the decision power. The party which achieves a majority in the lower house can nominate the Prime Minister (usually the party president). Political parties The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) is the only stable party of the last 4 decades. It has been in power since its foundation in 1958, keeping an undisrupted...
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...Islamic Architecture in the UAE Many cities all over the world are developing to become important urban areas in all respects like Tokyo, New York and Mumbai. Every city has some reasons for their develop like building factories, importance of the location and much more. On the other hand there are some cities that had decline like Detroit, Flint and Cleveland because they only have depended on one resource for income. Abu Dhabi has grown through its economic vision and it is trying to sustainable its development through diversification to avoid declining. Development and growth in cities is shown through some reasons. The strategic location of the city. For this reason, most major cities are on rivers or at the junction of important overland routes (City, 2008). Moreover some cities owe for the importance of religion and became centers of worship (City, 2008). For example the city of Rome survived the collapse of the Roman empire because it was the capital of western Christendom (City, 2008). Early cities that developed strong military forces added to their territory, wealth and importance by conquest. Favorably located settlements often became large and prosperous through commerce (City, 2008). Also some modern cities owe to their development and to the fact that they were built as national capitals. Like Washington, D.C; Canberra, Australia (City, 2008). Climate also is a an important factor; the cities of Florida owe much of their growth to the state’s...
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...more surprising when you consider the importance of trade and cultural exchanges. Japan is Hong Kong's 3rd largest trading partner and our 2nd largest source of imports. In fact, Hong Kong has been Japan's largest overseas market for food and agricultural products since 2007. Investment ties between the two partners have never been stronger. Among the 7,000 overseas companies which have a base in our city, more than 220 regional headquarters were set up by Japanese companies. An additional 900 Japanese companies have also set up regional and local offices here. This makes Japan the 2nd largest group of overseas companies next to the United States. As more Japanese companies set up regional headquarters in Hong Kong, the relationship is set to grow even closer. Japanese firms have also been expanding globally, driven by mergers and acquisitions. Total outbound direct investments by Japanese firms reached US$119 billion in 2014. The level of FDI into Japan, on the other hand, has historically been low for an advanced economy. But that is starting to change. FDI in Japan reached US$2.3 billion in 2013, an increase of 33% from the previous year. In 2014, FDI in Japan surged 285% to reach US$9 billion. The amount is still some way from Prime Minister Abe’s target of increasing FDI to 35 trillion yen by 2020. But he has reiterated that his Abenomics reforms are starting to attract investors. With FDI in Japan at almost US$3 billion for the first quarter of this year, he seems to be...
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...including a possible wage raise. In recent articles it has been stated: If Toyota decides to build up to 100,000 Camrys or Highlanders each year at the plant, it will mean 1,000 jobs, according to Gary Henriott, chairman of the Lafayette-West Lafayette Economic Development Corp. "It would be an incredible boost to our local economy," Henriott said of jobs that would pay more than $20 an hour. "It would improve every facet of our economy." "Paradoxically, Lafayette had very little automotive employment at that time. So adding SIA to our employment mix was actually a diversification of our local employment base. Over 200 Japanese companies are now located in Indiana, many of whom are suppliers to Subaru and Toyota, so the positive economic impact of foreign investment all across Indiana is easy to document." A report compiled by the Northwest-Midwest Institute, a Washington, D.C.-based research organization, shows manufacturing represented 27.9 percent of Indiana's gross state product, which totaled $227.5 billion in 2004. "The SIA-Toyota decision is a vote of confidence in the Lafayette area economy," McNamara said. "SIA-Toyota is investing in the Lafayette economy because it is a good...
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... How to calculate the GDP? - Its consumer spending, investment, government purchases and net exports. The GDP is the statistics of the current economic state. It represents the total dollar value of all goods and services produced over a specific time period - you can think of it as the size of the economy. Usually, GDP is expressed as a comparison to the previous quarter or year. The current trends and statistics of the GDP are made up of the economic trends. When looking for trends they look at the unemployment rate the, the exchange rate, and how it’s affecting the stock markets. They can also look at consumer spending generally if the GDP is high then the economy is doing well (Investopedia ULC, 2011). When business make decisions using the GDP, they are looking for economic trends that will coincide with there business type. For example when auto companies forecasted higher gas prices they started to produce fuel efficient cars, and trucks, because consumers want more miles per gallon. Investors use the GDP as a forecasting tool to make important investments decisions with businesses. Investors look at GDP growth to see if the economy is changing rapidly so they can adjust their asset allocation. In addition, investors compare country GDP growth rates to decide where the best opportunities are. GDP is measured by the BEA quarterly. The BEA revises estimates as it receives better data throughout the next quarter. To compute economic growth, it compares...
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...Introduction BRIC is used in economics to refer to the combination of Brazil, Russia, India, and China which make up over 42% of the world's population. These nations are going to play a major role in the future of global economy. BRIC or BRICs are terms used in economics to refer to the combination of Brazil, Russia, India, and China. General consensus is that the term was first prominently used in a thesis of the Goldman Sachs investment bank. The main point of this 2003 paper was to argue that the economies of the BRICs are rapidly developing and by the year 2050 will eclipse most of the current richest countries of the world. Goldman Sachs argues that the economic potential of Brazil, Russia, India, and China is such that they may become among the four most dominant economies by the year 2050. The thesis was proposed by Jim O'Neill, global economist at Goldman Sachs. These countries are forecast to encompass over thirty-nine percent of the world's population. Goldman Sachs predicts China and India, respectively, to be the dominant global suppliers of manufactured goods and services while Brazil and Russia would become similarly dominant as suppliers of raw materials. Cooperation is thus hypothesized to be a logical next step among the BRICs because Brazil and Russia together form the logical commodity suppliers to India and China. Thus, the BRICs have the potential to form a powerful economic bloc to the exclusion of the modern-day G8 status. Brazil is dominant in...
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