...The Broad Street cholera outbreak was a severe outbreak of cholera that occurred near Broad Street in the Soho district of London, England in 1854. This outbreak is best known for the physician John Snow's study of the outbreak and his discovery that contaminated water, not air, spread cholera. This discovery came to influence public health and the construction of improved sanitation facilities beginning in the 19th century. Later, the term "focus of infection" would be used to describe places like the Broad Street pump in which conditions are good for transmission of an infection. In the mid-19th century, the Soho district of London had a serious problem with filth due to the large influx of people and a lack of proper sanitary services: the London sewer system had not reached Soho. Many cellars (basements) had cesspools underneath their floorboards. Since the cesspools were overrunning, the London government decided to dump the waste into the River Thames. That specific action contaminated the water supply, leading to a cholera outbreak. On 31 August 1854, after several other outbreaks had occurred elsewhere in the city, a major outbreak of cholera reached Soho. John Snow, the physician who eventually linked the outbreak to contaminated water, later called it "the most terrible outbreak of cholera which ever occurred in this kingdom."[1] Over the next three days, 127 people on or near Broad Street died. In the next week, three quarters of the residents had fled the area....
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...Regardless of how it came to pass, John Snow became one of the heroes of medical science by discovering how cholera was transmitted. It was a tough journey for him. Being a farmer’s son proved it difficult for him to convince a disbelieving medical establishment that his findings were valid. He trekked all the way to the metropolis. Little did he know that he will be the savior of this great city. His story is legendary. To date, he remains a towering figure in many fields. Psychologists have a few lessons that they can learn from him. He was born in York. A son of Yorkshire labourer who became a relative good farmer. At the age of fourteen, the youth was connected to an enlightened surgeon who was his mentor. His first encounter with cholera was when it swept through the nearby town during the 1831-1832 epidemic. It broke again in 1846, but this time round, Snow was in London. By this time, he had completed medical training. He was a well know investigator and researcher by the late 1840s since he had already published several groundbreaking studies that included research into anesthesia. From the onset, snow was a high-minded young man. As he advanced in age, he maintained his integrity. As a bachelor, he was glued to his work and in a great manner dedicated his life to scientific and humanitarian pursuits. The basis of investigations into cholera began when he started researching on Anesthesia. He had a good understanding of the operation of gases and from there, he found...
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...Proposal For: John Snow and His Influence on Public Health Monica Rodgers PU120 Section 1 Professor Nicole Heim Unit 2 Assignment Thesis: John Snow formulated a theory on the transmission of cholera, improved the mode of administration of anesthetics, and made advancements in resuscitation. He is considered a father of epidemiology, even though many of his concepts were not accepted until years after his death. Among those who have left their mark on the development of public health is John Snow, a man who is considered a father of modern epidemiology. However, many of his concepts were not accepted until after his death. John Snow worked hard and published many great works. In this paper, I will briefly discuss John Snows background, his works, and the outcome of those works. John Snow was the son of a humble laborer in York, England. Snow’s father eventually became a farmer and landlord after acquiring a sufficient amount of property. Snow on the other hand took a different path in society, becoming an apprentice to William Hardcastle. After obtaining an education from several schools, Snow became a licensed apothecary, surgeon, and physician. John Snow first encountered cholera in 1831-32 in Newcastle. It was in the London epidemic of 1848-49 that Snow proposed that cholera entered the body through the mouth. In 1849, Snow wrote “On the mode of communication of cholera”. It was dismissed for lack of data. In 1841, Snow published his first work, entitled...
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...John Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology, because of his determination to find the source of the cholera outbreak in the SOHO District. What made Snow’s work different from others was that he established the methods to epidemiologic reasoning. This reasoning included suspicion (factors that may influence occurrence of disease), formulation of specific hypothesis, conducting studies, assess validity of association and make judgements as to whether a cause- effect relation between factor and condition exists. One of the main reasons why Snow will continue to receive recognition is because these steps of reasoning he took and “the so-called no- miracle argument in philosophy of science, according to which the success of science would be a miracle,...
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...Snow was also able and willing to work with those who did not initially agree with him and to use data and evidence of his claims as a way to sway others’ opinions in his favor. Whitehead’s knowledge of and comfort in the Soho community proved invaluable to Snow’s investigation (Johnson, 154). If Snow had behaved as Semmelweis did when faced with disagreement, he would have lacked the understanding of the workings of the Soho community to track the spread of the disease. Without this understanding, he would likely have not been able to formulate a convincing argument for removing the Broad Street...
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...Essential Components for Great Ideas Strategies for the Technical Professional Module 3 Lab 1 Mark Hicks Some of the world’s greatest ideas and accomplishments did not just appear from thin air; rather most were cultivated through years of collaboration and through multiple modifications of the original hunch or hypothesis. Group collaboration and environments that support a creative atmosphere, essential components to the process of great ideas, is seemingly the idea Steven Johnson is trying to drive home in his video, “Where Good Ideas Come From”. Steven Johnson was trying to express or convey the message that great ideas come from a particular place setting or environment of specific stimuli that allow two or more people, with similar interests, to come together and further collaborate on one or more ideas and expand on an idea or hunch. His given example of said environment was the beginning of coffee shops. Coffee shops started springing into existence in the 1650’s after people were trying to figure out what else they could drink besides alcohol due to water typically being tainted. The population was used to consuming a depressant, alcohol, all day and then coffee shops started popping up and the population started drinking a stimulant, coffee, all day. In response to the change Steve Johnson accredits coffee shops with the beginning of great ideas. In essence people would gather at the coffee shops and drink and socialize all day so many great ideas got...
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...Snow Blowers and Throwers are machines for removing snow from unwanted areas like roadway, runway, sidewalk, railroad track or driveway. Both snow thrower and snow blower are slightly different from each other, snow thrower uses a single stage to remove the snow and snow blower uses two stages to remove snow. These machines either use electric power, diesel or gasoline as fuel source to throw snow to another location. Snow throwers ranges from the very small size, capable of removing only few inches of light snow to the very large size especially designed for moving 10 foot wide snow up to 6 feet deep. Snow Blowers and Throwers use a high speed impeller to move the snow into machine as well as force it out the discharge chute. Snow thrower with a single high speed impeller is light duty machine whereas heavy duty machines are usually self-propelled. On one hand snow throwers is a helpful machine to move snow to another place without any difficulty but on the other hand because of its complicated design it can lead to cause traumatic finger amputations. Electric Snow Blower requires no gas or oil, it is easy to handle, light weight and Eco-friendly. Electric Snow Thrower is best used for small jobs like removing snow from decks, sidewalks. Tractor...
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...Winter Driving School. Ah, winter — the least favorite season for many of us as cold temperatures, snow, and ice often prevail, especially throughout snow country. I grew up in New Jersey and now live in the “sunny South,” but we have our share of wintry storms, usually delivering more ice, than snow. That makes for treacherous driving conditions, something I’ve learned to avoid by waiting for roads to clear before heading out. I’ve written extensively about tires, including the importance of checking air pressure regularly (at least monthly), rotating tires, and replacing them once tread levels fall to 2/32 of an inch. Tires are the only thing that separates thousands of pounds of vehicular mass from the road — if they’re not in optimum condition, the risk of a flat or a blowout increases, what may lead to a serious accident....
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...Thanks for downloading a sample plan from Bplans.com This sample business plan was created with Business Plan Pro, the best selling business planning software. A sample plan is a great way to get started, but you can’t just print this out and turn it into the bank. You’re still going to have to put in all your own information and do all of your own financial forecasts. With Business Plan Pro, you can easily edit this sample and create your own financial tables and graphs. You’ll also be able to: • View and edit over 500 more sample plans • Save time with linked financial tables (the formulas are built in, so you don’t have to do the calculations!) • Benefit from tons of help, advice, and resources. • Present your plan with confidence, with automatic charts and graphs corresponding to your financial data. Click here to redeem your $20 Business Plan Pro credit today! Cover Page [pic] This sample business plan has been made available to users of Business Plan Pro®, business planning software published by Palo Alto Software. Names, locations and numbers may have been changed, and substantial portions of text may have been omitted from the original plan to preserve confidentiality and proprietary information. You are welcome to use this plan as a starting point to create your own, but you do not have permission to reproduce, resell, publish, distribute or even copy this plan as it exists here. Requests...
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...A Cold Case There are four clues in the story that implicate or exonerate one of the suspects. With a partner, identify the clues and use reporting language to tell what each of the suspects said – then decide who committed the crimes. Bryan Durell Grieve Collier Jacques Bourbonne Ruth Majick Corporal James Prescott of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police leaned back in his chair and looked out the window of his tiny office, located in the rear of the small station house. He almost went snow-blind just glancing at the brilliant white scenery outside. A weekend snowstorm had blanketed the surrounding countryside in another twenty inches of the white stuff, and the bright sun in the cold, clear sky reflecting off the crisp snow dazzled the eyes. Corporal Prescott blinked and turned away, took another sip of coffee from the steaming mug on his desk. He jumped when Constable Marchildon suddenly stuck her head in the door and said, “All four of them are here now, Jim.” “Right,” Prescott replied. The door closed again and the corporal reopened the file in front of him. Investigative information pertaining to the murder of the hermit ‘Red’ Temeck and the theft of the Canadian Maple Leaf gold coins the recluse had hoarded away in his root cellar. Tembeck’s battered and bloodied body had been found behind his ransacked shack out on Rural Route 21, at the entrance to his underground root cellar. The discovery of the body had been made Tuesday morning by the rural mailman...
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...wrists of posts As ankles of a queen Then stills its artisans like ghosts, Denying they have been. Paraphrase The snow falls from the sky through the clouds like flour. It powders all the trees. It fills every cracks of the road with the white. It makes the mountain and the plain becomes flat land in white. As far as we can see is white from east unto the east again. The snow reaches the fence, and wraps it by rail until cannot be seen but white snow. The snow deals the sky layer. Coming noisy and full fill the farm acres of joints where harvest were, recordless but for them. The snows annoy the pole of posts as well turned of queen. Then stills its artisans and disappear in silence, denying they have been make an annoyance. ☺ The Imageries of “It Sifts from Leaden Sieves” There are some imageries used in this poem, but, personification is the major imagery used by the writer. It can be found in these sentences: 1. It sifts from leaden sieves, 2. It powders all the wood. 3. It fills with alabaster wool 4. It makes an even face 5. It reaches to the fence, 6. It wraps it rail by rail 7. It deals celestial veil All of those underlined words are the signal of personification used by the writer. Personification is an imagery that describes an inanimate object that has the human qualities of actions. The inanimate object here is the snow. The writer wants to show...
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...Skiing or Snowboarding? Skiing and snowboarding are both great activities to enjoy during the winter months. Not only do they offer a nice leisure experience, but they are both beneficial to your health as they are both excellent forms of exercise for whatever skill level you may be. Deciding which activity to partake in should be thought with care and consideration. They are both costly activities but can result in a generous payoff for a person’s mind and body. When deciding which winter sport to participate in, first consider the various similarities and differences between skiing and snowboarding. As with any other sport or hobby, the equipment used is a decision to consider. Skiing involves a pair of skis appended to boots by the way of bindings that clip in and the use of two poles to help keep balance. A person’s body is positioned facing forward with feet straight ahead, facing the front. Snowboarding on the other hand uses a single board which is attached to a person’s feet using special boots and bindings facing sideways with the body perpendicular to the direction of movement. The stance is an important factor when deciding which sport to participate in due to the abundant varieties of skiing and snowboard positions. The rider must determine which position feels the most comfortable for the direction in which an individual’s body faces as this is a primary aspect of both activities. Some other factors to consider are the basics of the sport, such...
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...founders applied to over the years. The Strategy SSI created partnerships with ski resorts to secure sales and revenues. The global strategy was to create small branches with limited liability with SSI workers and locals in each resort, infrastructure needed would be either purchased or leased and SSI software license would be included for 3 years. Their strategy allowed resorts to increase safety, conviviality and improve the ski experience, still they needed to innovate constantly to maintain their competitive advantage. The Potential The success in the industry depended on several factors, the seasonality of the industry evidenced that the SSI product needed to adapt to several conditions in the markets. The increase of ski and snow boarding lessons demand in the US between 2003 and 2004 and the popularity of extreme sports and Telemark Skiing showed a promising international market. Competition was tough but the small independent companies strength was their constant innovation. SSI’s competitive advantage in Australia was the uniqueness of their product in applications and services. In...
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...Effect of Salt on Ice By: Aymen Syed 12/20/15 Table of Contents Testable question and background research……………………………….page 3 Hypothesis, variables, material, procedure…………..…………………….page 4 Data………………………………………………………………………...page 5 Conclusion………………………………………………………………....page 6 Bibliography……………………………………………………………….page 7 Testable Question: Can an ice cube be lifted from a glass of water using a string? Background Research: Ice is frozen water. The state of matter ice is at in room temperature is liquid. When the temperature of water comes below a certain point, called the freezing point, it starts to solidify. The freezing point of pure water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit, but when water comes into contact with different substances the freezing point can sometimes move up or down. Salt is a white crystalline substance that gives seawater its characteristic taste. The chemical formula for table salt is sodium chloride. Salt has many uses in day to day life, and is used as a preservative, seasoning, and as a preventative measure for icing over on bridges. The reason for it being used to prevent ice forming on bridges is that it lowers the freezing point of water to slightly below 0 degrees. What is supposed to happen in this experiment is that the salt, thrown in a thin layer on top of the ice cube, should lower the melting point of the ice and melt a thin layer. The water should then cool down a bit further...
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...behind. Jack makes a daring leap across what seems to be a 7 foot crevice in the ice. He makes it across and gets the samples but as he is about to leap back across to the safety of his colleges the ice splits again, and he narrowly escapes falling in the crevice. After getting the samples back to the lab and testing them he realizes that there is an issue with the samples and also that there was a sheet of Ice the size of Texas that broke off, so he goes to a convention to warn other people of the facts that he has learned. Discussion One thing that I liked about this movie is the snow. The fact that the frigid cold could freeze your skin, crystalize your lungs, freeze Jet fuel at -200 Fahrenheit in a matter of seconds. Also it froze the ocean solid enough that it could be driven on and walked upon. It was pretty cool how they could drive across the ocean and the super deep snow and nothing happens to them. Flag poles and flags were frozen stiff at the eye of the storm and this is what all humans should have been aware of but some did not care and chose to trek on anyway and they lost their lives. The crazy thing about the weather was that only the northern states and mid-western states were...
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